水分含量对番茄粉非酶褐变及玻璃化转变温度的影响

测定了番茄粉的吸湿等温曲线,同时,采用差示扫描量热仪测定了在不同水分活度下番茄粉的玻璃化转变温度.另外,对番茄粉的非酶褐变与贮藏温度T和玻璃化转变温度Tg的差值(T-Tg)之间的关系进行了探讨.研究表明当水分活度超过0.50以后,番茄粉吸湿能力明显增强.随着番茄粉水分含量的增加,番茄粉的玻璃化转变温度迅速下降,要使番茄粉的玻璃化转变温度高于20℃(室温),番茄粉的水分含量不能超过5%.当贮藏温度低于玻璃化转变温度时,番茄粉的非酶褐变速率非常慢;而当贮藏温度高于玻璃化转变温度时,随着T-Tg的增加,番茄粉的非酶褐变速率迅速增加.     

龙眼干贮藏过程的褐变研究

本文研究了龙眼干在不同的包装形式（抽真空,避光）和不同贮藏温度（4 ℃、25 ℃和37 ℃）下贮藏30 d内龙眼果肉的褐变情况,通过测定贮藏期间的色泽变化,研究了龙眼干的褐变动力学,探讨了不同影响因素对龙眼干贮藏效果的影响,利用通径分析的方法分析了龙眼干贮藏过程中褐变的主要原因。结果表明,对龙眼干色泽变化影响最大的因素为贮藏温度,其次是空气和光照：贮藏温度越高,龙眼干的褐变越快,空气和光照的存在均会不同程度地加速龙眼干褐变;本文推导了龙眼干储藏过程中的颜色变化符合零级动力学方程,定量地描述龙眼干在储藏中的褐变情况;通过分析龙眼干贮藏过程中Vc、总酚、5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）含量的变化表明龙眼干在贮藏过程中色泽变化的主要原因是抗坏血酸降解和美拉德反应。     

菊芋泡菜贮藏期间非酶褐变的研究

研究不同包装材料和加工用水对菊芋泡菜褐变的影响,并对其贮藏期间部分理化指标的变化进行测定,初步揭示菊芋泡菜在贮藏期间发生褐变的机制。结果表明,菊芋泡菜贮藏期间发生的褐变主要是多酚的氧化聚合以及美拉德反应导致的非酶褐变,而低浓度的金属铁离子并不会导致褐变的发生。在菊芋泡菜中添加不同的抗褐变剂(异抗坏血酸钠、柠檬酸亚锡二钠和EDTA),可以减少菊芋泡菜在贮藏期间的褐变。加速贮藏实验表明,柠檬酸亚锡二钠是菊芋泡菜贮藏期间良好的抗褐变抑制剂。     

贮藏温度、包装材料对脱水紫薯贮藏期品质的影响

为解决脱水紫薯贮藏期品质下降的问题,研究了贮藏温度及包装材料对其品质的影响以延长货架期。采用铝箔、塑料两种材料分别包装脱水紫薯后避光贮藏,置于低温、室温储藏室。检测花色苷、水份活度、复水比以及非酶褐变的变化情况。结果显示,四种组合方式的脱水紫薯品质均发生不同程度的下降,花色苷降解符合一级动力学反应。其中低温铝箔包装的脱水紫薯品质保持最好,其花色苷残留量最高,一级动力学降解速率常数k最小,水份活度上升幅度小、复水比及非酶褐变的变化最小,室温铝箔包装次之,塑料包装的脱水紫薯品质变化最大。综上所述,低温、铝箔包装材料可减缓脱水紫薯贮藏期间品质的劣变。     

贮藏温度、包装材料对脱水紫薯贮藏期品质的影响

为解决脱水紫薯贮藏期品质下降的问题,研究了贮藏温度及包装材料对其品质的影响以延长货架期。采用铝箔、塑料两种材料分别包装脱水紫薯后避光贮藏,置于低温、室温储藏室。检测花色苷、水份活度、复水比以及非酶褐变的变化情况。结果显示,四种组合方式的脱水紫薯品质均发生不同程度的下降,花色苷降解符合一级动力学反应。其中低温铝箔包装的脱水紫薯品质保持最好,其花色苷残留量最高,一级动力学降解速率常数k最小,水份活度上升幅度小、复水比及非酶褐变的变化最小,室温铝箔包装次之,塑料包装的脱水紫薯品质变化最大。综上所述,低温、铝箔包装材料可减缓脱水紫薯贮藏期间品质的劣变。      

番茄粉中果胶含量粒径贮藏温度与色泽稳定性的相关性

以不同果胶含量、不同粒径的番茄粉为原料,研究贮藏温度对番茄粉色泽变化的影响。结果表明:番茄粉中果胶含量、粒径、贮藏温度与色泽的稳定性有一定的相关性。在不同温度条件下的整个贮藏过程中,低果胶含量的不同粒径番茄粉的L值、a值、b值均呈下降趋势,贮藏温度越高,下降幅度越大;高果胶含量的番茄粉在不同温度条件下的贮藏过程中L值均呈上升趋势,a值和b值由于贮藏温度不同呈现不同的变化趋势。     

包装对半干型荔枝干贮藏品质的影响

为了抑制半干型荔枝干在贮藏过程中果肉褐变、微生物生长,本试验研究了半干型荔枝干水分含量分布及其水分活度情况,探讨了不同包装技术,不同包装材料对半干型荔枝干贮藏效果的影响。结果表明:试验用荔枝干果肉平均含水量为36.51%,平均Aw>0.73。脱氧包装技术对延缓半干型荔枝干果肉褐变效果显著,并表现出良好的抑菌效果,保鲜剂与脱氧剂对荔枝干褐变的抑制具有协同作用,包装材料的遮光性对果肉褐变的影响不明显;普通包装方式下,荔枝干果肉褐变快,不同包装材料间荔枝干的贮藏效果相差不大,因此采用普通包装时,包装材料的选择以经济、美观为标准即可。     

番茄粉在不同贮藏温度下品质变化规律的探讨

分别采用HDPE、PET/AI/PE对番茄粉进行真空包装,在35℃、室温、5℃三种温度下进行贮藏实验,定期观察和测定其物理性状和部分理化指标的变化情况。结果表明,随着贮藏温度的升高和贮藏时间的延长,番茄粉的结块现象加快,色泽褐变现象严重,有明显的焦糖味产生;所有样品在不同储存温度下,番茄红素含量、Vc含量、还原糖含量均呈下降趋势,其中Vc含量下降最明显;含酸量普遍升高。      

雪莲果及其鲜切产品贮藏技术的初步研究

贮藏期间雪莲果容易裂果和腐烂。鲜切雪莲果容易腐烂,褐变也是影响其货架寿命的主要因素之一。实验研究了雪莲果块根的适宜贮藏温度及温度和包装材料对鲜切雪莲果保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:5℃是雪莲果及其鲜切产品较适宜的贮藏温度,0.04～0.05mm厚复合袋包装鲜切雪莲果可显著抑制失水、褐变及腐烂等现象的出现,明显延长其货架期。     

扁实柠檬汁中维生素C对抑制梨汁褐变的初步研究

研究扁实柠檬汁中维生素C受温度影响降解的过程和对库尔勒香梨梨汁褐变的抑制作用。通过研究扁实柠檬汁贮藏过程中还原型维生素C和氧化型维生素C的降解与贮藏温度、贮藏时间的关系,建立降解动力学模型,通过正交试验了解扁实柠檬汁抑制梨汁褐变的最佳作用组合。研究证实扁实柠檬汁中维生素C对热不稳定,符合一级反应动力学,2%扁实柠檬汁添加量,在榨汁前添加,保持4℃的处理温度,0.2%Na Cl添加量是抑制梨汁褐变的最佳组合。研究结果可用于扁实柠檬汁贮藏温度的选择和贮藏期预测,也证实扁实柠檬汁是一种天然健康优良的果蔬褐变抑制剂。     

Effect of different pre-treatments and dehydration methods on quality characteristics and storage stability of tomato powder

Dehydration process was carried out for tomato slices of var. Avinash after giving different pre-treatments such as calcium chloride (CaCl₂), potassium metabisulphite (KMS), calcium chloride and potassium metabisulphite (CaCl₂+KMS), and sodium chloride (NaCl). Untreated samples served as control. Solar drier and continuous conveyor (tunnel) drier were used for dehydration. Quality characteristics of tomato slices viz. moisture content, sugar, titratable acidity, lycopene content, dehydration ratio, rehydration ratio and non-enzymatic browning (NEB) as affected by dehydration process were studied. Storage study was also carried out for a period of 6 months for tomato powder packed into different types of packaging materials viz. metalized polyester (MP) film and low density polyethylene. Changes in lycopene content and NEB were estimated during storage at room temperature. Pre-treatment of 5 mm thickness of tomato slices with CaCl₂ in combination with KMS and drying using a tunnel drier with subsequent storage of product in MP bags was selected as the best process.     

NONENZYMATIC BROWNING IN DRIED RED PEPPER PRODUCTS

The nonenzymatic browning of dried red peppers was studied under various water activities, storage temperatures, and packaging atmospheres. Whole pepper and pepper powders-coarse and fine, with and without seeds-were compared. The browning can be described by the zero order reaction, and the rate constant is strongly affected by water activity and temperature. Flushing the package with nitrogen did not have a significant effect on the browning rate. For minimum browning, the peppers should be stored at water activities below 0.3 and in the form of whole pods or coarse powder with seeds.     

添加亚麻籽粉和番茄粉对鸡肉香肠品质特性的影响

研究亚麻籽粉添加量（0%、3%、5%）、番茄粉添加量（0.0%、1.5%、3.0%）和贮藏时间（4 ℃贮藏1、14、21、28 d）对鸡肉香肠理化特性和感官特性的交互作用。结果表明：亚麻籽粉和番茄粉的添加显著降低了鸡肉香肠亮度值（L*）、pH值、亚硝酸盐残留量和水分含量（P＜0.05）,显著提高了黄度值（b*）、蛋白质、碳水化合物、灰分和总膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）;亚硝酸盐残留量在贮藏期间下降;亚麻籽粉的加入使鸡肉香肠中亚麻酸含量增加;添加3%以上的亚麻籽粉对鸡肉香肠的感官评定参数具有负面作用;亚麻籽粉×番茄粉交互作用对鸡肉香肠的水分含量、灰分含量、L*、红度值（a*）、b*、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、亚硝酸盐残留量、pH值、脂肪酸组成及感官评分均具有显著影响（P＜0.05）,亚麻籽粉×番茄粉×贮藏时间交互作用对鸡肉香肠的L*、a*、b*、TBARs值、亚硝酸盐残留量和pH值均具有显著影响（P＜0.05）。     

Use of ultrafiltration for preparing improved tomato pulp

The characteristics of high-quality tomato pulp (commercial def.: crushed or diced tomatoes with about 30% tomato juice as packing medium) canned with tomato juice pulp enriched by ultrafiltration as packing medium were compared with those covered with conventional vacuum-concentrated juice.
Both hot- and cold-break products were prepared and those containing 20% serum-reduced packing juice proved to be the best, showing no signs of syneresis on storage and with improvements in sensory properties, colour and non-enzymatic browning; some volatile components were reduced.     

蓝莓果汁贮藏中非酶褐变影响因素评价

为研究蓝莓果汁贮藏中非酶褐变影响因素,本文通过构建三种不同蓝莓汁体系,并分别置于4、25和37 ℃下贮藏,以褐变指数(BI)、总酚、抗坏血酸和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-Hydroxymethylfurfural,5-HMF)相关指标的变化对蓝莓汁非酶褐变进行评价,探究贮藏阶段褐变机理。结果表明,贮藏时间的增加和温度的升高加剧了蓝莓汁非酶褐变,其中总酚变化对非酶褐变影响较小;同时以5-HMF含量为主要指标,利用相减法得出抗坏血酸氧化分解反应是蓝莓汁非酶促褐变的主要因素,其次是美拉德反应,而焦糖化反应对非酶促褐变没有显著影响。可知蓝莓果汁贮藏过程中贮藏温度愈高,抗坏血酸非酶褐变速率越快,因而从某种水平上抑制5-HMF的生成来提高蓝莓汁在贮藏过程中的品质有很大的意义。     

Cis-trans isomerisation of lycopene and colour stability of foam—mat dried tomato powder during storage

Tomato powder with ～3% moisture was obtained by foam-mat drying tomato paste (29% solids). Samples of powder were stored at various temperatures (?10° +2° +20° and +37°c), atmospheres (air, nitrogen) and humidities (with and without in-package desiccation), and colour changes were observed for periods of up to 1 year. The main cause of colour fading was the oxidation of lycopene. However, another phenomenon, trans—cis isomerisation of all-trans lycopene, can occur, with apparent loss of coloration, which is later restored by re-isomerisation. The existence of this mechanism was demonstrated by simultaneous measurements of total liposoluble colour at 420 nm and separations of carotenoid pigments by column chromatography on Al₂O₃. Neo-lycopene A (6-mono-cis-lycopene) and at least one other cis-lycopene isomer were found in fresh powder and in samples stored up to 5 months. cis-Isomers were more susceptible to oxidation. Colour changes depend upon the interplay of isomerisation and oxidation; in some cases, tomato powder was more intensively coloured after storage than when fresh. Storage at +20°c was more favourable for colour retention than storage at +2°c, or — 10°c. Excessive desiccation strongly promoted oxidation losses. Storage in an inert atmosphere improved colour retention. At +37°c non-enzymic browning, accompanied by formation of water, caused rapid darkening although carotenoid pigments were not lost to a great extent.     

Color of Dehydrated Tomato: Effects of Gum Arabic

The efficacy of gum arabic, as a color preservative and inhibitor of non-enzymatic browning of dehydrated tomato during storage, was studied and compared with sodium metabisulfite. Tomato homogenates were treated with 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10.0% gum arabic and 1.0% sodium metabisulfite, respectively, dehydrated, and color changes were monitored during four months of storage. Water activity decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) and Brix values increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in gum arabic-treated samples. pH of metabisulfite treated samples is significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than that of control and gum arabic treated samples. Lightness (L*) value increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with the addition of 5–10% gum arabic compared to the dehydrated control. Browning index of dehydrated tomato decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with the treatments, 1 and 2.5% Gum Arabic, 1% metabisulfite, 5, 10, and 7.5% gum arabic, respectively. Gum arabic at 5–10% (w/w) was more suppressed to browning than sodium metabisulfite. Gum arabic preserved color of dehydrated tomatoes up to 4 months of storage.     

热破碎番茄浆贮藏期间非酶褐变动力学分析

探讨热破碎番茄浆在贮藏过程中非酶褐变的规律,以期为番茄浆的贮藏提供指导。在0、25℃和37 ℃条件对其进行了5个月的贮藏研究,并对产品中与非酶褐变相关的指标总氨基酸、总糖、维生素C(VC)、5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)和褐变度(BD)的变化分别应用零级、一级、联合动力学模型进行了拟合分析。结果表明：联合动力学模型较零级、一级动力学模型能更好地解释热破碎番茄浆贮藏过程中非酶褐变的动态变化。25℃和37 ℃贮藏过程中,热破碎番茄浆中HMF含量和BD的变化呈线性关系,同时颜色指标亮度L*、红值a*、黄值b*是HMF的函数,可用联合动力学方程表示。较高的贮藏温度(25℃和37℃)对热破番茄浆中总氨基酸、总糖、VC、HMF含量、BD以及颜色指标(亮度L*、红值a*、黄值b*)影响显著(P＜0.05),较低温度(0℃)贮藏条件下,HMF含量、褐变度BD及颜色指标变化不明显(P＞0.05)。表明高温贮藏显著降低热破碎番茄浆的品质,而低温贮藏可有效保护热破碎番茄浆的品质。     

Kinetics of Browning and Protein Quality Loss in Whey Powders During Steady State and Nonsteady State Storage Conditions

Comparison was made between the amount of browning and protein quality loss during storage of whey powder under steady state conditions (25, 35 and 45°C and a_w's of 0.33, 0.44 and 0.65 at each temperature) and a fluctuating temperature condition of 25/45°C with alternating 5 day periods at each temperature. The results showed that the maximum rate of browning and loss of protein quality (e-DNP-lysine and RNV by Tetrahymena assay) occured at a_w 0.44 rather than at a higher a_w as is found for many dried foods. The Q₁₀'s for the reactions were about 5 and 3.7 respectively, for browning and protein quality loss. Of major importance was that storage losses at constant a_w, but under the fluctuating temperature condition, were significantly greater than at the mean temperature of 35°C. Using steady state data from the 25, 35 and 45°C conditions, the prediction of browning and protein quality losses for the fluctuating condition compared favorably (+ 10%) to actual losses, based on the simple Arrhenius relationship which indicates that temperature history does not significantly change reaction mechanisms.