两类IGCC发展现状之比较

通过对布格农（Buggenum)和平,派恩（Pinon Pine)两个IGCC示范电站工艺的介绍,比较与分析,进一步地了解和掌握国外在IGCC这一新型清洁煤发电技术的发展方向及取得的经验,为我们今后引进该项技术提供一些有益的借鉴。     

什么叫IGCC

IGCC全名（Intergrated Gasification Combined Cycle）即整体煤气化联合循环发电，是一种新一代的先进的净洁煤燃烧发电技术。IGCC先通过煤气化炉将煤气化成中，低热值的合成粗煤气，然后经净化系统将其除尘，脱硫，除染而制成可供燃气轮机使用的精煤气，进人燃烧室产生高效燃气带动汽机做功，同时还利用燃气轮机排气经余热锅炉卢生不同参数蒸汽，以驱动蒸汽轮机发电。以及供热等。     

燃用褐煤气化燃料的燃气轮机电站

对在邱允弗莱索瓦一个现有的褐煤气化厂内装设的两台９Ｅ型燃气轮机联合循环装置的情况作了介绍,特别是在能源利用最佳化,燃料适应性,环保和良好的社会影响等方面进行了描述。     

燃气轮机技术的发展与应用

结合国外燃气轮机的研发及应用情况,综述了先进燃气轮机及其联合循环的技术进展，探讨了燃气轮机在我国的应用前景，特别是在即将到来的西部大开发中的应用，提出了我国发展燃气轮机工业的对策及相应的西部能源开发政策的建议。     

关于IGCC的发电成本问题

提出了粗略估算IGCC发电成本的简化方法,由此可以预估各种主要因素对发电成本的影响关系,同时可估算出几种IGCC方案夺发电成本恒定不变的前提下,供电效率的增量△-/ηN与比投资费用增量△SIC的极限值之间的定量关系,最后概述了国外比投资费用和发电成本的变化趋势及其影响因素。     

整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)技术进展

本文基于大量文献资料的分析研究,论述了ＩＧＣＣ技术进展;发展历史背景和系统特点;早期原理概念的成功验证和呈现的主要问题,上世纪９０年代五大集成关键技术长足进步和一批商业示范装置达到的水平;当前相关新技术、新概念、新循环的开拓研究和新一代ＩＧＣＣ系统的构思以及新世纪发展前景的展望等。     

IGCC蒸汽侧合理的运行方式

通过对两种ＩＧＣＣ系统的变工况分析,比较了蒸汽侧滑压运行与定压运行时的性能,指出以选用滑压运行为佳,这时不仅ＩＧＣＣ的效率高些,且汽轮机的排汽干度较高,有利于汽轮机的安全运行。     

对目前世界上五座IGCC电站技术的评估

本文对目前世界上正在商业运行和调试之中的五座ＩＧＣＣ示范电站的技术现状进行评估,以便客观地评价ＩＧＣＣ电站中某些关键设备（如煤的气化炉和燃气轮机等）的优缺点,同时概述了国外对２１世纪初期ＩＧＣＣ性能参数的预估。     

IGCC气化站的动态建模

以荷兰Buggenum的IGCC项目的气化站为研究对象,建立了气化站的动态模型,气化炉由流动模型、化学反应平衡模型、传热模型、渣层模型四个子模型构成,渣层动态模型是气化炉动态模型的基础,引入三个组成模块：气体容积模块,饱和节点模块和气液接触设备分段模块来构建气化站的其他设备动态模型。进行了气化站的稳态和动态仿真,得到的稳态结果和动态趋势与有关文献的结果一致。为气化站的动静态特性研究和气化站的控制研究打下了基础。     

Technology development in the U.S. photovoltaic program

This paper explores the current activities of the U.S. Photovoltaic (PV) Program to advance the technological development and commercialization of PV technologies. The U.S. PV Program assists industry to develop photovoltaic technology that will both provide competitive electricity generation and become an important contributor to the national and global energy mix. Under the Program's leadership, great strides have been made in PV technology in recent years—in materials, manufacturing processes and products. Important technological and economic challenges remain, however, and the PV Program is addressing these through a multifaceted technology development strategy, comprised of strategic research and development, technology development, and systems engineering and applications.     

Demand and supply of hydrogen as chemical feedstock in the U.S.A.

This paper is a summary of the presentations and discussions of the workshop on “Supply and Demand of Hydrogen as Chemical Feedstock,” held at the University of Houston, 12–14 December 1977. Projections are made for the demand and supply of hydrogen as chemical feedstock in the U.S.A. Industrial sectors considered are petroleum refining, ammonia synthesis, methanol production, isocyanate manufacture, edible oil processing, coal liquefaction, fuel cell electricity generation, and direct iron reduction. Presently, almost all the hydrogen required is produced by the reforming of natural gas or petroleum fractions. Specific needs and emphasis are recommended for future reseach and development to produce hydrogen from other sources, such as coal and nonfossil systems, to meet the requirements of these industrial sectors.The research described in this paper was carried out for and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Energy Storage Systems. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, acted as technical monitor.     

A comparison of offshore wind power development in europe and the U.S.: Patterns and drivers of development

Since the turn of the 21^st century, the onshore wind industry has seen significant growth due to the falling cost of wind generated electricity. This growth has coincided with an interest in the development of offshore wind farms. In Europe, governments and developers have begun establishing small to medium sized wind farms offshore to take advantage of stronger and more constant winds and the relative lack of landowner conflicts. In the U.S., several developers are in the planning and resource evaluation phases of offshore wind farm development, but no wind farms are currently operational or under construction. In this paper, we analyze the patterns of development in Europe and compare them to the U.S. We find significant differences in the patterns of development in Europe and the U.S. which may impact the viability of the industry in the U.S. We also discuss the policies used by European nations to stimulate offshore wind development and we discuss the potential impacts of similar policies in the U.S.     

Issues in coal technologies for synthetic fuels development in the Midwestern U.S.A.

A two day meeting involving researchers, industrialists, and state policymakers on the subject of coal technologies and synfuels brought general agreement on:

1. (1) the lack of a cohesive energy policy regarding coal in the United States;

2. (2) the need for long-term constancy in the regulatory environment;

3. (3) the need for coal research and development; and

4. (4) the use of conflict resolution techniques to solve synfuel issues.

     

国产非道路用小型汽油机产品排放现状和应对欧美最新排放法规的技术对策

本文首先介绍了美国加州最新颁布的尾气排放法规、蒸发排放法规,进而结合国产通机的排放现状统计资料,指出了国产通机产品排放存在的差距及面临的挑战以及应对的技术方案。     

U.S.A. experience in direct heat use

Direct heat use of geothermal energy in the U.S.A. occurs mainly in the western states. A total of 216 projects is operational, with six under construction and 21 planned. The operational projects account for about 2100 TJ/yr (233 MWt-peak) with an average load factor of 29%. The under-construction and planned projects would approximately double the energy use. Not included are an estimated 10,000 TJ (400 MWt-peak) used in enhanced oil recovery. Space and district heating account for almost half (45.8%) of the annual use, whereas greenhouses account for 20.2%, fish farming for 20.7%, industrial processing for 6.7%, and pools and spas for 6.6%. Future growth is expected to be greatest in district heating, where eight proposed projects will produce 1360 TJ annually (149 MWt-peak). Future growth of all direct heat uses in the U.S. is estimated at 8% annually.     

世行秘密报告称美欧生物燃料政策是粮荒主因

英国<卫报>7月3日发表题为"秘密报告称生物燃料是粮食危机的主要根源"的文章.     

美国的"能源之星"项目

1能源之星制定的背景及过程 为减少能源使用并有效保护环境,鼓励开发高效低耗低污染的产品,引导广大消费者购买和使用节能环保设备,同时也为了节约更多的资金,美国环保署(EPA)于1992年开始实施能源之星项目.