High payload multi-channel dual audio watermarking algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition

Digital watermarking technology is concerned with solving the problem of copyright protection, data authentication, content identification, distribution, and duplication of the digital media due to the great developments in computers and Internet technology. Recently, protection of digital audio signals has attracted the attention of researchers. This paper proposes a new audio watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and quantization index modulation (QIM) with a synchronization code embedded with two encrypted watermark images or logos inserted into a stereo audio signal. In this algorithm, the original audio signal is split into blocks, and each block is decomposed with a two-level DWT, and then the approximate low-frequency sub-band coefficients are decomposed by SVD transform to obtain a diagonal matrix. The prepared watermarking and synchronization code bit stream is embedded into the diagonal matrix using QIM. After that, we perform inverse singular value decomposition (ISVD) and inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT) to obtain the watermarked audio signal. The watermark can be blindly extracted without knowledge of the original audio signal. Experimental results show that the transparency and imperceptibility of the proposed algorithm is satisfied, and that robustness is strong against popular audio signal processing attacks. High watermarking payload is achieved through the proposed scheme.     

基于DCT和SVD的图像哈希水印算法

为使频域水印技术更好地应用于数字图像的版权保护,提出一种基于离散余弦变换和奇异值分解相结合的图像哈希水印算法。利用DWT变换提取载体图像的低频系数矩阵构造水印;对载体图像进行分块DCT变换,提取每个子块的低频系数;对低频系数所组成的矩阵进行SVD变换,在对角阵上嵌入水印;对频域系数进行逆变换得到含水印图。将已有算法和当前所提出的算法进行对比,实验结果表明,所提水印算法具有良好的不可感知性和鲁棒性。     

基于提升小波与DCT的自适应音频水印算法

为了达到版权保护的目的,利用提升小波变换计算速度快、离散余弦变换（DCT）后直流系数的听觉容差性强的特点,提出了一种在提升小波域进行DCT的自适应音频水印算法。原始音频信号经提升小波变换后分解为低频子带和高频子带,对其低频子带进行DCT,将水印序列嵌入到DC系数上。考虑到水印音频信号的不可感知性和鲁棒性之间的平衡问题,采用了水印序列自适应调整嵌入。实验结果表明,该水印算法计算复杂度低,且对噪声、 低通滤波等常见信号攻击及恶意替换操作均表现出很强的鲁棒性。     

用于MP3作品版权保护的数字水印新算法

以MP3压缩攻击特点与听觉掩蔽特性为基础，提出了一种可用于MP3音乐作品版权保护的混合域数字音频盲水印算法．首先，结合MP3压缩等攻击特点，对原始数字音频进行自适应的分段处理；再对每个音频数据段进行DWT和DCT；最后，结合听觉掩蔽特性与MP3压缩攻击特点，自适应确定量化步长，并将水印信号嵌入到音频数据段的低频分量中．仿真实验表明，所提出的算法不仅具有较好的透明性，而且对诸如重新采样、重新量化、叠加噪声、低通滤波等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性．特别地，该算法对于最为普通的MP3压缩攻击具有极强的抵抗能力（尤其是高压缩比下）．     

基于DWT和DCT的自适应双重音频水印

针对数字音频版权保护和内容认证的问题, 提出了一种用于版权保护和内容认证的自适应双重音频水印算法。算法对每段原始音频信号进行离散小波变换和离散余弦变换, 分别提取混合变换域的低频系数和中低频系数作为水印的构造和嵌入域, 利用音频载体的统计特性自适应地构造零水印和嵌入半脆弱水印, 实现音频版权保护和内容认证。实验结果表明, 该算法的不可感知性很好, 在抵抗多种攻击时具有良好的鲁棒性, 并且能够对恶意窜改进行定位。     

一种可抵抗MP3压缩的音频水印算法

提出了一种稳健的自适应混合域数字音频水印算法，该算法具有以下特点:(1)通过采纳更为稳健的同步信号及其全新嵌入策略，提高了音频水印的抗攻击能力；(2)充分利用DWT的多分辨率特性和DCT的能量压缩特性，改善了数字水印的隐藏效果；(3)结合听觉掩蔽特性自适应确定量化步长，提高了数字水印的不可感知性；(4)以保证不可感知性和稳健性的良好平衡为前提，实现了数字水印的盲检测．仿真实验表明，所提出的算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性，而且对诸如重新采样、重新量化、叠加噪声、低通滤波、随机剪切等攻击均具有较好的稳健性．特别地，该算法对于最为普通的MP3压缩攻击具有极强的抵抗能力(尤其是高压缩比下).     

Imperceptible digital watermarking scheme in multiple transform domains

A novel imperceptible digital watermarking scheme in multiple transform domains is presented, where the cover image is dealt with by discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete fractional random transform (DFRNT), while the watermark image is scrambled by Arnold transform and logistic map. First the watermark is scrambled by the Arnold transform, then the row and the column of the resulting watermark are scrambled by the Logistic map, respectively. In addition, four sub-band images are generated from the host image by the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. The low-frequency sub-band images are divided into 8?×?8 small matrices, and a coefficient matrix is produced by performing the discrete cosine transform on each matrix. An intermediate matrix with the same size as the watermark image is constructed by the intermediate frequency coefficients. Then the discrete fractional random transformation is performed on the intermediate frequency coefficient matrix and the scrambled watermark is embedded into the discrete fractional random transformation domain. Compared with the previous schemes, the proposed digital watermarking scheme has stronger imperceptibility and robustness.     

Perceptually adaptive spread transform image watermarking scheme using Hadamard transform

The present paper proposes a digital image watermarking scheme using the characteristics of the human visual system (HVS), spread transform technique and statistical information measure. Spread transform (ST) scheme is implemented using the transform coefficients of both the host and the watermark signal. Watermark embedding strength is adaptively adjusted using frequency sensitivity, luminance, contrast and entropy masking of HVS model. The choice of Hadamard transform as watermark embedding domain offers several advantages, such as low loss in image information (higher image fidelity), greater reliability of watermark detection and higher data hiding capacity at high degree of compression. Performance of the proposed method is compared with a number of recently reported watermarking schemes based on spread spectrum (SS) and quantization index modulation (QIM).     

实离散分数Krawtchouk变换及其在数字图像水印中的应用

目的传统Krawtchouk变换处理图像时存在变换域信息表示单一、不可调节等问题,传统分数阶Krawtchouk变换处理实信号表示有冗余等问题。为了构造更加灵活的图像变换域表示,提出了实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换,并应用于数字图像水印。方法利用对传统Krawtchouk变换矩阵特征值分解的方式,通过对分解后的特征值矩阵的实矩阵分数化构造得到了实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换的变换矩阵,从而构造出实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换。然后,利用所提变换从实数域变换到实数域这一特性,提出了在实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换嵌入水印信息的图像水印算法。算法采用了图像分块处理的方式,对每个图像块的实离散分数Krawtchouk变换系数进行奇异值分解,将水印信息嵌入奇异值分解矩阵中,然后进行逆向实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换得到嵌入水印后的图像。结果通过比较所提实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换域水印算法和传统Krawtchouk变换域水印算法,提取水印的平均错误率在中值滤波、均值滤波、高斯滤波、JPEG压缩和缩放攻击下,分别降低了12.39%、10.04%、18.50%...     

DCT变换数字水印改进算法软件实现

在对DCT域中数字水印的嵌入算法研究的基础上,提出并通过软件仿真实现了在DCT变换后根据数据特性在各个频段分别嵌入水印的改进算法,实验证明该算法具有很好的视觉效果,是一种切实可行的数字水印算法。     

A new DCT audio watermarking scheme based on preliminary MP3 study

In this paper, a new audio watermarking scheme operating in the frequency domain and based on neural network architecture is described. The watermark is hidden into the middle frequency band after performing a Discrete Cosine transform (DCT). Embedding and extraction of the watermark are based on the use of a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) architecture. In addition, the selection of frequencies and the block hiding the watermark are based on a preliminary study of the effect of MP3 compression at several rates on the signal. Experimental results show that the proposed technique presents good robustness and perceptual quality results. We also investigate the application of the proposed technique in video watermarking. Traditional techniques have used audio channel as supplementary embedding space and adopt state-of-the art techniques that resist to MP3 compression attack. In these techniques, the MPEG compression attack is only evaluated on the video part and the audio part is kept unaffected. In this paper, we adapt the preliminary MP3 study to video watermarking technique but with a preliminary study of the MPEG compression applied to the audio channel. Here again, we notice that the application of the preliminary MPEG study to the audio channel improves the robustness of the video watermarking scheme though keeping high-quality watermarked video sequences.     

鲁棒的混合域音频信息隐藏算法

提出了一种基于离散小波变换(DWT)和离散余弦变换(DCT)的音频信息隐藏算法。对载体音频整体进行小波分解,将其划分成若干频带,然后根据人耳听觉的频率掩蔽效应,选择对人耳听觉不敏感的频带所对应的小波系数,将小波系数分段进行离散余弦变换,将水印嵌入到DCT直流系数上。实验表明,嵌入水印后的音频文件不仅具有良好的不可感知性,而且对诸如噪声、低通滤波、重采样、回声和Mp3压缩等的攻击具有很强的鲁棒性,并能抵抗一定程度的样点裁剪攻击,算法的鲁棒性和不可感知性达到了很好的平衡。     

一种新的基于量化的音频数字水印算法

文章提出了一种新的基于量化的音频数字水印算法,该算法首先将视觉上可辨的二值水印图像降为一维序列,再将水印序列伪随机排序,最后对数字音频信号进行分段DCT(离散余弦变换),水印信号通过量化处理过程嵌入到DCT变换后的系数中,提取水印信号无需使用原始数字音频信号。仿真实验表明水印是不可察觉的,经过mp3有损压缩、低通滤波、重采样等操作后仍具有很强的稳健性。     

稳健局部特征非下采样小波域数字水印

目的 基于数字水印技术的音乐作品版权保护是学术界的研究热点之一,多数数字音频水印方案仅仅能够对抗简单的常规信号处理,无法有效抵抗破坏性较强的一般性去同步攻击。为此,提出了一种基于稳健局部特征的非下采样小波域数字水印算法。方法 利用非下采样小波域平滑梯度检测算子从载体音频中提取稳定的音频特征点,结合数字音频样本响应确定局部特征音频段,采用量化调制策略将数字水印信号重复嵌入局部特征音频段中。结果 选取4段典型的采样频率为44.1 kHz、量化精度为16 bit、长度为15 s的单声道数字音频信号作为原始载体进行测试,并与经典算法在不可感知性和鲁棒性两方面进行对比。结果表明,本文算法在含水印音频与原始载体音频间的信噪比平均提升了5.7 dB,同时常规攻击和去同步攻击下的平均检测率分别保持在0.925和0.913,高于大多数传统算法,表明了本文算法具有较好的不可感知性。在常规信号处理（MP3压缩、重新量化、重新采样等）和去同步攻击（幅度缩放、随机剪切、音调伸缩、DA/AD转换、抖动等）方面均具有较好的鲁棒性。结论 本文利用描述能力强且性能稳定的平滑梯度刻画局部数字音频性质,提出一种基于平滑梯度的非下采样小波域音频特征点提取方法,有效解决了音频特征点稳定性差且分布极不均匀的缺点,提高了数字音频水印对音调伸缩、随机剪切、抖动等攻击的抵抗能力。     

Multiresolution fragile watermarking using complex chirp signals for content authentication

This paper proposes a wavelet-domain multiresolution fragile watermarking scheme using an improved quantization-index-modulation (QIM) embedding technique. A secure embedding zone is exploited in our proposed scheme to reduce the false detection rate of Kundur's scheme. The frequency modulated (FM) complex chirp signal is employed as watermark. Both the real and the imaginary parts of the chirp signal are embedded simultaneously in a hierarchical manner. Unlike the conventional schemes, the proposed scheme does not require the original watermark for content integrity verification and quality assessment for the distorted watermarked content. The blind authentication process allows embedding of arbitrary FM chirp watermarks.     

A new video watermarking algorithm based on shot segmentation and block classification

In this paper, we propose a new video watermarking algorithm based on shot segmentation and block classification to enhance the robustness, imperceptibility and real-time performance based on the H.264/AVC codec. A method of selecting host frames is proposed based on shot segmentation to avoid embedding watermark frame by frame, so as to improve the robustness and the real-time performance. The watermark signal is cropped into small watermarks according to the number of shots in the host video, and small watermarks are respectively embedded into different shots. The watermarking capacity and the perceptual quality are greatly improved by this way. A method of selecting host coefficients is proposed based on block classification in the Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) compressed domain. The texture characteristics of host blocks are considered in the classification and the places of host coefficients can change adaptively according to the content of the video. The imperceptibility of the watermarked video is greatly improved by this way. The simplified quantization index modulation (QIM) is applied to embed watermark. It brings fewer artifacts to the host signal than the current main watermarking method, such as spread spectrum (SS), differential energy watermarking (DEW) and so on. The experiment results show that the proposed scheme has a good performance in maintaining real-time performance and resisting Gaussian noising, frame swapping, MPEG compression, etc.     

高稳健性图像水印算法

提出了一个以8位灰度图像作为水印的DCT域水印算法。首先对以往的基于人眼视觉掩蔽特性(HVS)的块分类方法进行了改进，使其能更充分地挖掘载体图像的信息隐藏能力。在图像水印的嵌入方法上，将水印图像进行DCT变换，然后将DCT系数的低频分量嵌入到拉伸因子较大的块中。同时，对水印图像的DCT系数进行调整，使得各频率的能量基本相当，间接地提高了提取的水印图像的信噪比。实验结果表明，所提出的水印算法对多种攻击具有较好的稳健性，尤其对JPEG压缩、旋转和剪切攻击。其稳健性更明显。     

一种基于量化DCT域音频水印新算法

提出一种新的基于量化DCT域的音频水印算法,根据DC分量和AC分量在水印的鲁棒性和不可听性中起着不同的影响来设计水印算法,使水印的鲁棒性和不可听性得到更好的权衡。首先,把音频数据分成含有8个数据的不重叠块,然后,对每个数据块进行DCT变换;通过对DCT系数中DC分量和第四AC分量进行轮流调制来完成水印嵌入,每个数据块嵌入1 bit信息。实验表明该水印算法对于叠加噪声,有损压缩,重量化等常见的数字信号处理具有较好的鲁棒性,同时,水印系统具有很好的不可听性。     

一种新的JPEG图像认证半脆弱水印算法

提出了一种用于JPEG图像认证的半脆弱数字水印算法,它根据JPEG图像压缩过程中的DCT系数的不变性原理进行水印生成和嵌入调制,并结合一种有效的算法隐性地考虑到所有非零DCT系数的符号、大小关系,在未增加水印信息嵌入强度的情况下,实现了图像应对变换域攻击的更有效保护。同时,在检测算法中加入对虚警区的判断,增加了对窜改区域定位的准确性。实验表明,该算法实现的水印有很好的视觉透明度,有效的承受JPEG压缩,同时对其他恶意篡改敏感并能够准确定位篡改位置。     

用于版权保护与内容认证的半脆弱音频水印算法

提出了一种可同时用于版权保护与内容认证的半脆弱数字音频盲水印算法. 该算法具有以下特点: 1)结合音频自身特性, 不仅能够自适应划分音频数据段, 而且能够智能调节水印嵌入强度, 增强了数字音频水印的鲁棒性; 2)能够同时进行数字音频的版权保护与内容认证, 并可大致确定篡改发生区域. 仿真实验表明, 文中算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性, 而且对常规处理具有较好的鲁棒性, 同时能够对替换等恶意篡改作出报警并确定被篡改位置.