Irrigation monitoring by following the water balance fromNOAA-AVHRR thermal infrared data

Thermal infrared data from NOAA-AVHRR are used to map surface temperature with pixels of 1 km². Physical relationships give evapotranspiration from surface temperature and readily available meteorological parameters. Maps of evapotranspiration are then made for areas where sugarcane is dominant and are used to follow the water balance and to manage the irrigation for this crop     

卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度在北京2008年地面空气质量监测上的应用

利用卫星遥感地面空气质量是近年来随着空间遥感手段的进步而发展起来的一项新技术,如何利用卫星遥感的大气气溶胶光学厚度产品来定量评估地面空气质量是个难题.利用高分辨率的大气气溶胶光学厚度产品,经过垂直分布的订正和湿度影响的订正,分别得到地面气溶胶消光系数和地面"干"气溶胶消光系数.通过与地面PM10质量浓度的相关分析表明,地面气溶胶消光系数具有比大气气溶胶光学厚度更高的相关系数,而经过湿度订正的"干"气溶胶消光系数具有比前两者更高的相关系数.利用华北地区"干"气溶胶消光系数的分布评估了2008年夏季气溶胶变化情况,与往年同期相比,地面气溶胶消光季节平均下降约17%～20%,而华北平原其他城市和地区则没有显著变化,说明北京地区气溶胶浓度的下降与局地减排有直接关系.     

Using spatial context in satellite data to infer regional scaleevapotranspiration

An estimate of evapotranspiration is developed by relating variations of satellite-derived surface temperature to a vegetation index computed from satellite visible and near-infrared data. The method requires independent estimates of evapotranspiration for a completely vegetated area and for a nonvegetated area, although such areas need not appear in the satellite data. A regional estimate of evapotranspiration is derived despite the lack of precise estimates for individual satellite measurements. The method requires spatial variability in the satellite data: it does not apply in uniform areas. In addition, a property is identified which permits discrimination of cirrus clouds from areas of varying soil moisture     

Evaluating evapotranspiration at local and regional scales

Combining remotely sensed data with ground-based meteorological data allows the evaluation of evapotranspiration (the evaporation of water from soil and plant surfaces) at local and regional scales. Remote sensors can provide information on reflected solar radiation and surface temperatures. The remaining variables in the energy balance equations must be measured at ground level, estimated, modeled, or ignored. It is how these variables are evaluated that distinguish the several approaches to estimating evapotranspiration. In general, regional scale methods would apply to part or all of a satellite image, and use meteorological data from local weather stations. Local scale techniques would rely largely on airborne remote sensors and on-site measurements of the pertinent meteorological factors at the time of remote-data collection. In this paper, methods for estimating evapotranspiration on both local and regional scales are reviewed, and some factors that complicate its measurement are discussed.     

A Simple Method to Disaggregate Passive Microwave-Based Soil Moisture

This paper develops two alternative approaches for downscaling passive microwave-derived soil moisture. Ground and airborne data collected over the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed during the Monsoon'90 experiment were used to test these approaches. These data consisted of eight micrometeorological stations (METFLUX) and six flights of the L-band Push Broom Microwave Radiometer (PBMR). For each PBMR flight, the 180-m resolution L-band pixels covering the eight METFLUX sites were first aggregated to generate a 500-m ldquocoarse-scalerdquo passive microwave pixel. The coarse-scale-derived soil moisture was then downscaled to the 180-m resolution using two different surface soil moisture indexes (SMIs): (1) the evaporative fraction (EF), which is the ratio of the evapotranspiration to the total energy available at the surface; and (2) the actual EF (AEF), which is defined as the ratio of the actual-to-potential evapotranspiration. It is well known that both SMIs depend on the surface soil moisture. However, they are also influenced by other factors such as vegetation cover, soil type, root-zone soil moisture, and atmospheric conditions. In order to decouple the influence of soil moisture from the other factors, a land surface model was used to account for the heterogeneity of vegetation cover, soil type, and atmospheric conditions. The overall accuracy in the downscaled values was evaluated to 3% (vol.) for EF and 2% (vol.) for AEF under cloud-free conditions. These results illustrate the potential use of satellite-based estimates of instantaneous evapotranspiration on clear-sky days for downscaling the coarse-resolution passive microwave soil moisture.     

Adaptive segmentation of MRI data

Intensity-based classification of MR images has proven problematic, even when advanced techniques are used. Intrascan and interscan intensity inhomogeneities are a common source of difficulty. While reported methods have had some success in correcting intrascan inhomogeneities, such methods require supervision for the individual scan. This paper describes a new method called adaptive segmentation that uses knowledge of tissue intensity properties and intensity inhomogeneities to correct and segment MR images. Use of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm leads to a method that allows for more accurate segmentation of tissue types as well as better visualization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, that has proven to be effective in a study that includes more than 1000 brain scans. Implementation and results are described for segmenting the brain in the following types of images: axial (dual-echo spin-echo), coronal [three dimensional Fourier transform (3-DFT) gradient-echo T1-weighted] all using a conventional head coil, and a sagittal section acquired using a surface coil. The accuracy of adaptive segmentation was found to be comparable with manual segmentation, and closer to manual segmentation than supervised multivariant classification while segmenting gray and white matter.     

Noninvasive estimation of the aorta input function for measurement of tumor blood flow with

Quantitative measurement of tumor blood flow with [15O]water can be used to evaluate the effects of tumor treatment over time. Since quantitative flow measurements require an input function, we developed the profile fitting method (PFM) to measure the input function from positron emission tomography images of the aorta. First, a [11C]CO scan was acquired and the aorta region was analyzed. The aorta diameter was determined by fitting the image data with a model that includes scanner resolution, the measured venous blood radioactivity concentration, and the spillover of counts from the background. The diameter was used in subsequent fitting of [15O]water dynamic images to estimate the aorta and background radioactivity concentrations. Phantom experiments were performed to test the model. Image quantification biases (up to 15%) were found for small objects, particularly for those in a large elliptical phantom. However, the bias in the PFM concentration estimates was much smaller (2%-6%). A simulation study showed that PFM had less bias and/or variability in flow parameter estimates than an ROI method. PFM was applied to human [11C]CO and [15O]water dynamic studies with left ventricle input functions used as the gold standard. PFM parameter estimates had higher variability than found in the simulation but with minimal bias. These studies suggest that PFM is a promising technique for the noninvasive measurement of the aorta [15O]water input function.     

Electrical properties of a SiC-Si multilayer structure

The charge properties of a multilayer structure, composed of silicon-carbide polytypes on a silicon substrate, are investigated. Knowledge of the properties of the space-charge region of silicon and the possibility of affecting the surface of a structure by the field effect [1] provides data on the charge processes at the interfaces between the polytypes. These data are urgent for improving the methods of synthesizing electronic structures based on SiC polytypes.     

激光非接触式三坐标测量系统的几何参数标定方法

针对文献[1 ] 介绍的回旋壳体内外曲面三坐标激光非接触测量系统 ,叙述了其扫描工作过程 ,讨论了测量数据的坐标转换 ,重点讨论了几个几何参数的标定方法。     

GaAs acoustic-surface-wave propagation losses at 1 GHz

Measurements of acoustic-surface wave propagation losses in air have yielded the following for GaAs at 1 GHz: 3.62 dB/?s for the [211] cut, [111] propagating orientation, and 4.22 dB/?s for the [110] cut, [100] propagating orientation. Air loading for these two cuts is 0.27 and 0.40 dB/?s, respectively. These results are independent of surface quality for defects up to 0.04 wavelengths in size.     

Surface-based registration of CT images to physical space forimage-guided surgery of the spine: a sensitivity study

This paper presents a method designed to register preoperative computed tomography (CT) images to vertebral surface points acquired intraoperatively from ultrasound (US) images or via a tracked probe. It also presents a comparison of the registration accuracy achievable with surface points acquired from the entire posterior surface of the vertebra to the accuracy achievable with points acquired only from the spinous process and central laminar regions. Using a marker-based method as a reference, this work shows that submillimetric registration accuracy can be obtained even when a small portion of the posterior vertebral surface is used for registration. It also shows that when selected surface patches are used, CT slice thickness is not a critical parameter in the registration process. Furthermore, the paper includes qualitative results of registering vertebral surface points in US images to multiple CT slices. The method has been tested with US points and physical points on a plastic spine phantom and with simulated data on a patient CT scan     

A new search algorithm for feature selection in hyperspectralremote sensing images

A new suboptimal search strategy suitable for feature selection in very high-dimensional remote sensing images (e.g., those acquired by hyperspectral sensors) is proposed. Each solution of the feature selection problem is represented as a binary string that indicates which features are selected and which are disregarded. In turn, each binary string corresponds to a point of a multidimensional binary space. Given a criterion function to evaluate the effectiveness of a selected solution, the proposed strategy is based on the search for constrained local extremes of such a function in the above-defined binary space. In particular, two different algorithms are presented that explore the space of solutions in different ways. These algorithms are compared with the classical sequential forward selection and sequential forward floating selection suboptimal techniques, using hyperspectral remote sensing images (acquired by the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer [AVIRIS] sensor) as a data set. Experimental results point out the effectiveness of both algorithms, which can be regarded as valid alternatives to classical methods, as they allow interesting tradeoffs between the qualities of selected feature subsets and computational cost     

Efficient wide-band evaluation of mobile communications antennasusing [Z] or [Y] matrix interpolation with the method of moments

The development of novel antennas for mobile communications often relies on performance simulations. The evaluation of the antenna surface currents for many frequencies using the method of moments (MoM) can take a long time since the impedance matrix must be computed for each new frequency. This paper investigates and compares two efficient methods for the computation of the broad-band performance of mobile communications antennas using frequency interpolation of either the MoM impedance matrix [Z] or admittance matrix [Y]. In either method, the elements of only a few matrices at relatively large frequency intervals are directly computed. These matrices are then used to interpolate the elements of the respective [Z] or [Y] matrices at the intermediate frequencies. Both methods reduce the time it takes to compute the antenna performance over a wide frequency band. The implementation of each method to evaluate the performance of several different antennas used for mobile communications is discussed. Examples with both frequency-domain and time-domain results are presented and both near-field and far-field quantities are considered. The accuracy, the simulation run times, and the computational requirements of direct MoM, [Z] matrix interpolation, and [Y] matrix interpolation are compared     

The growth of high mobility heterostructures on (311)B GaAs

We demonstrate that the (311)B surface of GaAs can be used for the fabrication of high mobility (μ 2.4 × 10⁶ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹) two-dimensional electron gases, in which the mobility is found to be anisotropic with μ_{[ 33]} > μ_{[01 ]}. This paper reviews the magneto-transport properties of the (311)B system and sheds light on the nature of the scattering mechanisms determining the electron mobility. These results are of particular relevance to the current discussion of the nature of the {311} surface.

It is well known that a similar mobility anisotropy exists in hole gases grown on the (311)A surface, although attempts to interpret such results are complicated by the anisotropic and non-parabolic nature of the valence band structure. For electron gases grown on the (311)B surface we demonstrate experimentally (with ballistic focusing) that the Fermi surface is isotropic, leading to the conclusion that the most likely cause of the mobility anisotropy is anisotropic interface roughness scattering. This is also confirmed by measurements of mobility as a function of carrier density, which can be fitted by a simple interface roughness scattering theory.

Further experiments have demonstrated that ballistic quantization can be observed in both [ 33] and [01 ] directions, despite the large differences in anisotropic mobility.     

结合地物分类的湿地蒸散量定量遥感集成模型

湿地蒸散发量是湿地水量支出的重要组成部分。利用遥感技术可以合理有效地计算出地形复杂的湿地的蒸散发量。将遥感图像分类技术与定量遥感蒸散发模型结合起来,考虑各类地物不同的蒸散发源和水热传输机制,建立了集成模型,分析和计算了湿地主要地物的蒸散发量。通过对各地物类的样区平均蒸散发量与实测数据进行比较,证明结合地物分类的湿地蒸散发量计算集成模型能够取得很好的结果。     

Analysis of multiple FSS screens of unequal periodicity using an efficient cascading technique

In this paper, we present an efficient cascading procedure for analyzing frequency selective surface (FSS) systems consisting of multiple FSS screens of unequal periodicity embedded in multiple dielectric layers. In this procedure, we first find a global period for the FSS system by studying the composite in its entirety. Next, we compute the scattering matrix [S] of each of the FSS subsystems for the global Floquet harmonics by applying a relationship we establish that maps the [S] matrix of the subsystem for the individual Floquet harmonics to that for the global harmonics. This mapping-cum-filling process substantially reduces the effort needed to compute the [S] matrix of a subsystem. Finally, we compute the [S] of the entire system by applying a modified cascading formulation, in which one matrix inversion step is eliminated, resulting in a reduction in the total computing resource requirement as well as time. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the technique.     

磁光薄膜表面反射二次谐波的取向分析

给出了各向异性磁光薄膜非线性第2谐波的极化矩阵,推演了该矩阵在不同对称表面上元的个数及其分布;导出了此磁光薄膜在自剩磁磁化强度分别平行于[001],[110]和[111]晶面且外施电场作用于相应表面时,相应表面上的非线性第2谐波极化强度,以及均匀反射空间相应表面激发的相应极化组合非线性第2谐波的强度;求出了该谐波光场的两个可能的取向角;分析讨论了相应表面上出现两个可能取向的原因及其影响因素.     

A global energy function for the alignment of serially acquired slices

An accurate, computationally efficient, and fully automated algorithm for the alignment of two-dimensional (2-D) serially acquired sections forming a three-dimensional (3-D) volume is presented. The approach relies on the optimization of a global energy function, based on the object shape, measuring the similarity between a slice and its neighborhood in the 3-D volume. Slice similarity is computed using the distance transform measure in both directions. No particular direction is privileged in the method avoiding global offsets, biases in the estimation and error propagation. The method was evaluated on real images [medical, biological, and other computerized tomography (CT) scanned 3-D data] and the experimental results demonstrated its accuracy as reconstuction errors are less than one degree in rotation and less than one pixel in translation.     

Quantitative intensity measurement of equal thickness fringes in Si and MgO crystal images with an energy-filtering transmission electron microscope using an imaging plate

Quantitative measurement of intensity profiles of equal thickness fringes has been carried out in Si and MgO crystal images with an energy-filtering transmission electron microscope using an imaging plate. The crystals have a 90 degrees wedge-shape with [110] surfaces for Si and with [100] surfaces for MgO, and are observed under the exact axial incidence of a 200 keV electron beam along the [100] axis for Si and along the [110] axis for MgO. The intensities are measured in bright field and 022 and 040 dark field images for Si, and in bright field and 111, 002, 220, 113, 222, and 004 dark field images for MgO, with and without an energy slit having +/- 5 eV energy width for incident electrons. The intensity profiles obtained from the images are presented as standard experimental data for calculation of electron diffraction intensities. A few simulation programs for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy are checked by comparing the calculated diffraction intensities with the experimental data. The complex potential suitable for matching the data is discussed.