Neuartige vernagelte Lamellen‐Stützwand

New nailed lamellar retaining wall. A new nailed lamellar retaining wall will be described, which belong in the category of various permanent safeguards designed to prevent the earth behind the sides of an excavation cut from moving, and into which plants can be fitted. They are characterized by horizontal walers made out of reinforced concrete, which are anchored in the earth and support the sides of an excavation so that its final bottom can be reached, and by prefabricated lamellas attached to these walers at some later date starting at the bottom and going up to the top. Preferred means of anchoring are non‐prestressed nails. However, prestressed anchors can also be used. Advantages of this construction are highlighted. An example of the mentioned walls that has been put into practice is given and described through various photographs. The particularities of a computer program developed by the author are then briefly presented, which enables not only the described construction but also all other nailed retaining walls to be calculated, notably those walls coated with shotcrete. New approaches are explored here which bring about quicker and more exact results.     

Neuartige Sandwichfahrbahnplatte für Eisenbahnbrücken

Innovative composite deck slab for railway bridges – Analysis of the fatigue behaviour of the shear connectors using the strain‐life method. At the Technischen Universität Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Institut für Tragkonstruktionen (Institute of Structural Engineering), Research Centre of Steel Structures, a new, extremely slender steel‐concrete‐steel composite (SCSC) plate is under investigation to meet the requirements of today's standards related to the geometric conditions and noise emission in the substitution of old railway bridges. The multi‐layer structure of the plate consists of two steel cover plates with an unreinforced concrete core, hence the name of sandwich plate. Perforated shear connectors, welded alternately to only one of the outer steel plates, work together to ensure the transmission of the shear flow between the outer plates, by the activation of diagonal, horizontal concrete compression struts between neighboring dowel bars. In addition to the distribution of the vertical loads in cross direction to the main girders, the SCSC deck slab also acts as main girder bottom flanges. Investigations on the static load‐bearing capacity as well as an explanation of the load‐carrying mechanism of the SCSC plate were made in ([1] [2] and [3]). Evaluation of the fatigue behaviour is presented in this work, focusing on the fatigue behavior of shear connectors of the SCSC plate. In the course of research a nonlinear, three‐dimensional finite element model served as the basis for a lifetime calculation using the local strain‐life method [4]. The aim was to investigate the relation between the range of traffic load (Load Model 71) and the bearable number of load cycles of the SCSC plate till crack initiation in the shear connectors. This paper provides an overview of the approaches used to calculate fatigue life of the shear connectors and gives a brief summary of the results.     

Tragverhalten von Kehlnahtverbindungen von höherfesten Feinkornbaustählen

Load Bearing behaviour of fillet weld connections of high‐strength fine grain steel. Latest investigations [1] have proved, that the load bearing capacity of fillet weld connections of thermomechanically rolled fine grain steel S 460 is underestimated in actual design codes [2], [3], [4]. In this article, a possibility of calculating the load bearing behaviour using FE programs is shown. Based on these calculations and the results of large scale tests, the influences of different production processes, different weld materials and the welding parameters on the load bearing capacity of fillet welds are rated.     

Zur Komposition von Raumfachwerken von Föppl bis Mengeringhausen

The composition of spatial frameworks – synopsis of the development from Föppl to Mengeringhausen. “Architecture is frozen music”. This phrase coined by the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) is often quoted in the relevant literature. If it also applies to structural engineering objects, the design work of structural engineers can be regarded as structural composition. This article elaborates this proposition and illustrates it using the example of the historic development of spatial frameworks.     

Erhöhung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit von geschweißten höherfesten Baustählen durch Anwendung von Nachbehandlungsverfahren

Enhancement of the fatigue strength of welded high strength steels by application of post‐weld treatment methods. According to the present state of the art welded high strength steels have the same fatigue strength as welded standard steels. For an effective application of high strength steels in constructions subjected to fatigue are therefore additional efforts necessary in order to improve the fatigue strength, for example by the application of post‐weld treatment methods. However up to the present it is not possible to apply the positive effects of these methods in the fatigue design of steel structures. This paper shows first results of a research project, that examines the effectiveness of the post‐weld treatment method TIG‐dressing and the relatively new method “Ultrasonic Impact Treatment” (UIT) for the improvement of fatigue strength of welded high strength steels.     

Zur erforderlichen Größe von Zinkdurchlauföffnungen feuerverzinkter Hohlprofilkonstruktionen

Ein Element zur Vermeidung von Verzug und Rissbildung beim Feuerverzinken ist die Wahl einer möglichst großen Eintauchgeschwindigkeit. Deswegen wurde hierfür ein Mindestwert von v_E ≥ 0,8 m/min in der neuen DASt‐Ri 022 vorgeschrieben. Insbesondere bei Hohlprofilkonstruktionen hängt die Einhaltung dieses Mindestwertes stark von Größe und Anzahl der Zinkdurchlauföffnungen ab; und es hat sich herausgestellt, dass die bisherigen Regelungen zur Größe und Anordnung dieser Öffnungen nicht ausreichen. Hier setzt das Ziel der vorgestellten Untersuchungen an, nämlich Regeln für Art und Größe von Zinkdurchlauföffnungen zu entwickeln, die eine ausreichend große Eintauchgeschwindigkeit zur Vermeidung exzessiver Spannungs‐Dehnungszustände als Mitverursacher von Verzug und Rissbildung gewährleisten. Die Herleitungen bauen auf den Gesetzen der Hydraulik auf und werden mit Versuchen erprobt. Ergebnis ist ein einfacher und nachvollziehbarer Algorithmus zur Bestimmung von Größe und Verteilung von Zinkdurchlauföffnungen in Hohlprofilkonstruktionen, die auf die Vermeidung von Verzug und Rissbildung wie auch auf einen schnelleren Verzinkungsvorgang ausgerichtet sind. Daraus wird ein Bemessungsvorschlag in Form einer einfachen Tabelle abgeleitet. Required Size of ventilation openings of hot‐dip galvanized hollow sections. In order to avoid distortion and cracking during hotdip galvanizing a relatively high immersion speed should be chosen. For instance, in the new German standard to avoid cracking during hot‐dip galvanizing DASt‐Ri 022 a dipping speed of v_E ≥ 0,8 m/min has been proposed. Especially for elements with hollow sections the dipping speed is strongly dependant on the size of the ventilation openings. However, it was found that the current rules on size and distribution of these openings are not sufficient. Therefore, the aim of the research described hereafter was to find out rules for size and distribution of ventilation openings that enable a safe galvanizing by providing enough freedom for a quick immersion. Basis of the derivations are the rules of hydraulics that furthermore are verified by experiments of the immersion of hollow sections. The results yield into a simple and reasonable algorithm to determine size and distribution of ventilation openings of hollow sections, contributing to a distortion‐ and crack‐free structure. Finally a proposal in form of design a sheet is made available.