防膨抑砂射孔液在渤海A油田的应用

针对渤海A油田5%~10%高粘土含量、50~300mD岩心渗透率的中低渗储层,研发一种防膨抑砂射孔液体系。体系配方的药剂为有机胺类小阳离子粘土防膨剂(BH-FP03)+阳离子表面活性剂(BHQ-04)+无机盐A(NH4Cl)+无机盐B(KCl)。室内实验评价结果表明,这种防膨抑砂射孔液在地层温度条件下,防膨率可以达到85.1%,防塌效果好;针对不同矿化度的作业用水,粘土含量质量分数为10%、渗透率在50~300mD的人工岩心,防膨抑砂射孔液的渗透率恢复值均大于80%。经渤海A油田B井射孔作业表明,使用防膨抑砂射孔液进行射孔后,启泵投产6天后达到预期水平,防膨抑砂射孔液具有良好的储层保护作用。     

耐高温黏土稳定剂的研制与性能评价

针对渤海油田水敏性稠油油藏注热开采易引起的黏土矿物水化膨胀、储层物性变差等问题,研制了一种耐高温黏土稳定剂.通过室内正交试验考察了不同的因素对单体聚合反应的影响,合成了季铵盐型阳离子聚合物CSL-1,并以CSL-1为基础研制了耐高温黏土稳定剂CS-H,对其进行了静态防膨、耐水洗、耐高温、动态防膨性能等评价研究.实验结果表明:CSL-1的最佳合成条件为单体质量分数为60％,反应温度为60℃,pH值为6,引发剂用量为0.75％.CS-H具有优异的防膨性能,质量分数达到2％以上时,CS-H的防膨率可达到90％以上,且耐水洗性能良好,耐温可达到250℃,对应用于稠油热采油田具有较广的温度适用范围.200℃以及250℃的动态防膨实验结果表明:CS-H对岩心的渗透率保留率均达到了89％以上,该黏土稳定剂有利于保护地层渗透能力、减轻水敏伤害.     

阳离子聚合物粘土稳定剂的合成及性能研究

以二甲胺、环氧氯丙烷为原料,通过缩合聚合反应,合成了阳离子有机聚合物粘土稳定剂。考察了原料配比、反应温度、反应时间对防膨率的影响。结果表明,最佳合成工艺条件为:环氧氯丙烷与二甲胺的摩尔配比为1∶1.2,反应时间5 h,反应温度60℃。粘土稳定剂用量2.0%时,防膨率为87.5%;与KCl或NH4Cl以1∶1复配,用量为4%时,防膨率分别为94.9%,93.2%。粘土稳定剂用量2.0%时,第1次和第2次岩屑回收率分别为82.16%,79.49%;2%聚合物+1%KCl+1%NH4Cl三元复配,第1次和第2次回收率分别为89.66%,86.41%。     

压裂用黏土稳定剂的筛选及室内评价研究

油田开发过程中,粘土矿物容易发生膨胀和运移,为了减少对储集层渗透率的伤害,需要在压裂液中加入粘土稳定剂。本文根据粘土稳定剂的分类和特点,进行体积压裂用粘土稳定剂的筛选试验,确定评价粘土稳定剂的标准和评价方法,研究温度和加热时间对粘土稳定剂的防膨效果的影响,以及对粘土稳定剂的耐水洗性能的评价,从而对粘土稳定剂进行筛选。研究表明:可以采用离心法测定防膨率,可知无机盐类中氯化钾的防膨效果最好,但是长效性差;有机类中聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与乙二胺盐酸盐防膨效果较好。温度及加热时间对粘土稳定剂的防膨效果的影响较小。耐水洗实验方法大体可以说明无机类耐水洗性差,有机类较好;但是其室内评价方法还有待于研究。     

一种季铵盐型阳离子粘土稳定剂PTE的合成及性能

由四乙烯五胺和环氧氯丙烷合成季铵盐阳离子粘土稳定剂PTE的最佳合成条件:四乙烯五胺和环氧氯丙烷的摩尔比1∶5,四乙烯五胺质量浓度40%,反应温度70℃,反应时间5 h。抗膨胀率高达91.03%,具有良好的稳定粘土的效果。与质量比1∶1的KCl∶NH4Cl无机盐有很好的复配效果,当PTE与无机盐质量比为1∶3,加量1.0%时,防膨率达95.35%。在90℃下PTE仍然具有良好的粘土防膨性,耐温性好,耐pH为2～12的酸碱性,加量为1.0%时,耐水洗性强,抗洗率达到93.1%,泥岩损失率为15.3%。具有良好的防止粘土膨胀、分散、抗冲刷性能。     

一种季铵盐型阳离子粘土稳定剂PTE的合成及性能

由四乙烯五胺和环氧氯丙烷合成季铵盐阳离子粘土稳定剂PTE的最佳合成条件:四乙烯五胺和环氧氯丙烷的摩尔比1∶5,四乙烯五胺质量浓度40%,反应温度70℃,反应时间5 h。抗膨胀率高达91.03%,具有良好的稳定粘土的效果。与质量比1∶1的KCl∶NH4Cl无机盐有很好的复配效果,当PTE与无机盐质量比为1∶3,加量1.0%时,防膨率达95.35%。在90℃下PTE仍然具有良好的粘土防膨性,耐温性好,耐pH为2～12的酸碱性,加量为1.0%时,耐水洗性强,抗洗率达到93.1%,泥岩损失率为15.3%。具有良好的防止粘土膨胀、分散、抗冲刷性能。     

有机胺粘土稳定剂的合成及性能评价

以环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺为主要单体,乙二胺为交联剂,合成了3种有机胺粘土稳定剂,采用离心法测定粘土稳定剂的防膨性能及与无机盐复配性能.结果表明,粘土稳定剂EED合成最佳条件为：环氧氯丙烷与二甲胺摩尔比为1∶1,温度为60℃,反应时间为4h,交联剂乙二胺用量为单体总质量的2％.采用交联剂合成的粘土稳定剂EED防膨性能和复配性能优于未加交联剂的粘土稳定剂,稳定剂EED质量浓度为1.2％时,防膨率为88.96％,与无机盐复配后,防膨率进一步提高.     

酸化用季铵盐阳离子黏土稳定剂的合成与性能评价

酸化是海上油田低渗储层开发的重要措施之一，酸液进入地层时易破坏地层黏土矿物结构，造成黏土膨胀运移堵住酸流通道。加入防膨性能优异的黏土稳定剂可防止黏土水化膨胀，还可恢复长期酸化造成的膨胀分散运移等伤害。试验通过季铵化反应合成了枝状季铵盐AS-1，并以此为基础研制了黏土稳定剂ASFP-V，考察了黏土稳定剂的防膨、耐酸碱、耐水洗、泥岩损失率、渗透率、保留率等性能。结果表明,黏土稳定剂ASFP-V防膨性能良好，酸碱配伍性较好，耐水洗性能可达到95%以上，质量分数1.5%为较优使用用量。该黏土稳定剂可为酸化作业过程减少储层的水敏伤害，对储层起到保护作用。     

压裂体系用粘土稳定剂的复配及性能评价

针对防膨剂在井深1500³000米的井下压裂施工的使用,通过室内实验复配了适用于此类油田的粘土稳定剂,其最佳复配工艺为:氯化钾10%,3-氯-羟基丙基三甲基氯化铵15%,水75%。该粘土稳定剂与压裂体系配伍性良好,冻胶不会出现破胶现象;与COP-1粘土稳定剂相比,其防膨率大大提高,高达95%;适用于低渗透油气田压裂施工体系。     

YG-Z防膨／驱油剂的研制和性能评价

实验制备了新型防膨/驱油剂,并且对合成的产品就防膨率、对地层渗透率伤害程度以及降低原油/水界面张力的能力这三个方面的性能进行了评价。结果表明：①对于膨润土/蒸馏水体系,防膨/驱油剂YG-Z的防膨率高达86％以上,对岩心渗透率的伤害只有18％；②在浓度较低的情况下,防膨/驱油剂YG-Z能够将某原油/水的界面张力降低至超低(10~(-3)mN/m)。     

焦宝石、磷石膏制备混凝土膨胀剂的试验研究

对焦宝石进行低温煅烧的方法活化,利用工业废弃物磷石膏煅烧脱水制得硬石膏,将煅烧焦宝石和磷石膏按一定的质量比制备水泥混凝土膨胀剂.试验结果表明,膨胀剂符合<混凝土膨胀剂>JC476-2001的各项要求.从掺膨胀剂水泥浆体90 d的SEM图可以看出,烧焦宝石和磷石膏研制的膨胀砂浆或混凝土的膨胀主要因钙矾石和高硫铝C-S-H凝胶的形成和吸水膨胀而产生.     

压裂用粘土稳定剂的研究进展及性能评价方法

压裂技术是一项确实有效的提高采收率的方法。由于粘土易发生膨胀和运移,为了减少对储集层渗透率的伤害,需要在压裂液中加入粘土稳定剂。本文在对粘土稳定剂的分类及特点了解的基础上,对其应用现状、发展趋势及作用机理进行介绍,最后介绍了压裂用粘土稳定剂的性能评价指标和方法。     

Preparation of polystyrene–clay nanocomposites via dispersion polymerization using oligomeric styrene‐montmorillonite as stabilizer

This study describes the preparation of polystyrene–clay nanocomposite (PS‐nanocomposite) colloidal particles via free‐radical polymerization in dispersion. Montmorillonite clay (MMT) was pre‐modified using different concentrations of cationic styrene oligomeric (‘PS‐cationic’), and the subsequent modified PS‐MMT was used as stabilizer in the dispersion polymerization of styrene. The main objective of this study was to use the clay platelets as fillers to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of the final PS‐nanocomposites and as steric stabilizers in dispersion polymerization after modification with PS‐cationic. The correlation between the degree of clay modification and the morphology of the colloidal PS particles was investigated. The clay platelets were found to be encapsulated inside PS latex only when the clay surface was rendered highly hydrophobic, and stable polymer latex was obtained. The morphology of PS‐nanocomposite material (after film formation) was found to range from partially exfoliated to intercalated structure depending on the percentage of PS‐MMT loading. The impact of the modified clay loading on the monomer conversion, the polymer molecular weight, the thermal stability and the thermomechanical properties of the final PS‐nanocomposites was determined. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Role of different types of water in bentonite clay on hydrate formation and decomposition

The equilibrium and kinetic of hydrate in sediments can be affected by the presence of external components like bentonite with a relatively large surface area. To investigate the hydrate formation and decomposition behaviors in bentonite clay, the experiments of methane hydrate formation and decomposition using the multi-step decomposition method in bentonite with different water contents of 20%, 40% and 60% (mass) were carried out. The contents of bound, capillary and gravity water in bentonite clay and their roles during hydrate formation and decomposition were analyzed. In bentonite with water content of 20% (mass), the hydrate formation rate keeps fast during the whole formation process, and the final gas consumption under different initial formation pressures is similar. In bentonite with the water contents of 40% and 60% (mass), the hydrate formation rate declines significantly at the later stage of the hydrate formation. The final gas consumption of bentonite with the water contents of 40% and 60% (mass) is significantly higher than that with the water content of 20% (mass). During the decomposition process, the stable pressure increases with the decrease of the water content. Hydrate mainly forms in free water in bentonite clay. In bentonite clay with the water contents of 20% and 40% (mass), the hydrate forms in capillary water. In bentonite clay with the water content of 60% (mass), the hydrate forms both in capillary water and gravity water. The bound water of dry bentonite clay is about 3.93% (mass) and the content of capillary water ranges from 42.37% to 48.21% (mass) of the dry bentonite clay.     

Influence of additional thermal stabilizers on the reprocessing of postconsumer poly(vinyl chloride) bottles

The addition of heat stabilizers is essential for preventing the degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) during its processing. The heat stabilizers consumed in the first run have to be made up before the reprocessing of recycled PVC. In this study, solvent‐cast films, which were prepared from granulated postconsumer PVC bottles mixed with plasticizers and thermal stabilizers, were used. The films were subjected to various heat treatments. No considerable structural change upon heat treatments at 140–160°C was found in IR and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. Polyene formation observed through ultraviolet analysis was not severe, indicating that the added stabilizers worked well in preventing degradation. The weight loss during the heat treatments was attributed partly to the decomposition of PVC and the evaporation of volatile components and mainly to the removal of the solvent upon heating. Although this study was conducted with water bottles that were to be recycled, it may be equally well applied to other similarly formulated PVC‐based materials, such as packaging films. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3994–3999, 2003     

PLASTICITY OF CLAY1

The cause of plasticity of clay is the formation in the moistened clay of a continuous external phase through the action of water in making gelatinous the material that forms the enveloping surface around the non-gelatinous particles and aggregates present in the clay. Peptizing and flocculating effects of electrolytes and organic matter are discussed. A possible method for evaluating the relative plasticity of clays and the results obtained on some commercial clays using this method, are given.     

用于泥页岩隔离液悬浮稳定剂的优选

测定了不同浓度的外加悬浮稳定剂的其流变性及悬浮稳定性,对比其各项性能的优劣,对常用的悬浮稳定剂进行复配,考虑其流变性、沉降稳定、API失水等综合评价确定最佳复配比。所得的最佳复配比的悬浮稳定剂可以较好的与泥页岩地层所用的常规钻井液和水泥浆体系相匹配、节省资金的同时保证施工安全环保。     

锌对化工循环水系统的缓蚀性能及其稳定性

通过实验，对比不同水处理药剂在相同条件下对锌盐的稳定作用，选出对锌盐具有较好稳定性的水处理药剂，从而指导复合水处理剂的复配。     

Methylene Blue Absorption by Montmorillonites. Determinations of Surface Areas and Exchange Capacities with Different Initial Cation Saturations (Clay-Organic Studies XIX)

Absorption isotherms have been determined for methylene blue absorbed from aqueous solutions on montmorillonites saturated with various cations. Surface areas are determined from observations of the amount of methylene blue absorbed on the clay required to produce optimum flocculation; this condition corresponds to an effective coverage of the surfaces with methylene blue ions. Cation exchange capacities are determined from saturation absorptions. With Li- and Na-saturated clays, the surface areas are approximately 750 m²/g and the exchange capacities agree with values obtained by titration techniques. With K-montmorillonites, values about 15% smaller are obtained and this is probably due to a small fraction of the clay not expanding beyond about 15Å in water. With M²⁺-montmorillonites, a marked difference in behavior is observed between a clay from Wyoming and one from Texas. The Wyoming clay gives much smaller effective flocculation areas and clearly defined saturation absorptions are not obtained. These results are attributed to relatively large particle sizes, so that external surfaces are covered when internal surfaces are only partially covered, and ultimate saturation is hindered by the large particles. With finer particles, the Texas clay gives flocculation areas nearer to those obtained with Li- and Na-clays and the apparent exchange capacities also are nearer to those obtained for the monovalent ion clays. A limitation on surface area measurements for montmorillonites with exchange capacities less than about 100 meq/100 g is discussed.