金正大包膜尿素与普通尿素不同掺混比例对玉米肥效试验的研究初报

从金正大包膜尿素与普通尿素不同掺混比例对玉米肥效的试验结果看:70%包膜尿素 30%普通尿素掺混比例处理产量最高,667m2为586 kg,比包膜尿素处理增产5%,比普通尿素处理增产22%;从作物经济性状产量构成因素看,主要在穗粒数表现差异较大。     

控失BB肥在小麦上的应用效果

为了验证控失BB肥的优越性并发现其在施用过程中存在的问题,为进一步改进控失尿素产品提出建议,对控失BB肥在小麦上的应用效果进行了大田试验和示范处理。试验结果表明,控失BB肥能有效提高氮肥利用率,但氮肥利用率随氮肥使用量的增加而下降。示范结果表明,控失BB肥比普通BB肥处理小麦增产372.0 kg/hm~2,增产率4.7%。     

新型多元素螯合肥对冬小麦增产效果的影响

新型多元素螯合肥具有活化土壤、提高肥料利用率、改善土壤板结、培肥地力等作用。试验研究了新型多元素螯合肥在冬小麦上的增产效果,结果表明其可以显著提高冬小麦的产量,其中较等养分复合肥增产404.2 kg/hm~2,增产率5.1%;较农民习惯施肥增产923.8 kg/hm~2,增产率12.4%;较不施肥处理(CK)增产2 433.0 kg/hm~2,增产率41.1%。     

水溶性有机硼锌肥在黄瓜上的喷施效果

在黄瓜生长过程中进行叶面喷施水溶性有机硼锌肥田间试验。结果表明,黄瓜茎粗、单株总果数、平均单果质量均明显增加;与清水对照比较,667 m2增产241.5 kg,增产率为16.6%;与空白对照比较,667 m2增产278.6 kg,增产率为19.6%,产投比达到20以上,经济效益明显。     

生物促控多功能肥料的生产和施用

为了应对极端气候对农业造成的危害,研发生物促控多功能肥料。该肥料以尿素-黄腐酸为原料添加生物促控调节剂尿囊素、甲壳胺,辅以中微量元素扑粉包衣制得。小麦田间试验结果表明,生物促控多功能肥料处理667m2产量达到523．3kg,较复混肥料＋猪厩肥处理增产14．3kg,增产率2．8％;小麦病虫害发生率降低10．3％～17．5％;小麦茎秆粗壮,抗旱能力明显提高。     

控释尿素与普通尿素掺混对小麦和玉米轮作产量及氮肥利用率的影响研究

对小麦/玉米轮作制下进行了控释尿素与普通尿素掺混比例试验.试验结果表明：控释尿素与普通尿素掺混处理的产量是在小麦、玉米上均以控释尿素70%＋普通尿素30%处理最好;小麦产量分别为8 000和8 150 kg/hm2,比100%控释尿素处理增产6.2%和7.2%,比100%普通尿素处理增产17.0%和16.7%,比对照增产39.9%和34.5%,它们之间的差异达1%显著水平;玉米产量分别为6 780和6 550 kg/hm2,比100%控释尿素处理增产5.1%和5.6%,比100%普通尿素处理增产16.2%和17.8%,比对照增产22.1%和20.8%,它们之间的差异达1%显著水平.     

控失尿素对氮素利用率、土壤硝态氮含量及冬小麦增产效果的影响

为探索控失尿素的施用方法,发现控失尿素在施用中存在的问题,以冬小麦为试验对象,开展了田间小区试验,考察了不同施肥处理和施肥方式对冬小麦产量、氮素利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明：施氮处理的冬小麦产量高于不施氮处理的,处理间差异极显著;氮素施用量和施肥方式相同时,控失尿素处理的冬小麦产量高于普通尿素处理的,处理间差异极显著;氮素施用量和肥料品种相同而施肥方式不同时,底施+追施的增产效果优于全底施的,处理间差异显著;控失尿素氮素施用量比普通尿素减少20%的条件下,冬小麦产量无显著性差异;与施用普通尿素的处理相比,施用控失尿素的处理不仅氮素利用率高,且均不同程度地降低了土壤中硝态氮的含量。施用控失尿素可以提高冬小麦的产量和氮素利用率,降低土壤中硝态氮的含量。     

控释尿素与普通尿素配合施用对夏玉米的增产效果研究

对控释尿素与普通尿素配合施用进行试验,试验在驻马店市农科所农场进行。夏玉米试验结果表明,控释尿素与普通尿素配合施用的产量均以控释尿素70%+普通尿素30%处理最好。产量为8115kg/hm2,比控释尿素单施(处理1)增产390kg/hm2,提高5.0%;比普通尿素单施(处理5)增产1230kg/hm2,提高17.9%;比处理6(CK)增产2940kg/hm2,提高56.8%;它们之间的差异达1%显著水平。     

砂姜黑土区控释尿素与普通尿素掺混对小麦/玉米轮作的产量及氮肥利用率的影响

试验结果表明:控释尿素与普通尿素掺混处理的产量在小麦玉米轮作上均以控释尿素掺混30%普通尿素处理最好。小麦产量:新坡村与农科所农场的产量分别为8096kg/hm2,8211kg/hm2;比控释尿素单施处理增产5.4%和7.2%,比普通尿素单施处理增产21.0%和22.6%,比对照(CK)增产40.2%和44.2%,它们之间的差异达5%或1%显著水平。小麦氮肥利用率变化趋势与产量变化趋势基本一致,均以控释尿素掺混30%普通尿素处理最高,新坡村与农科所农场小麦氮肥利用率分别为54.5%和52.7%。玉米产量:新坡村与农科所农场的产量分别为8715kg/hm2,9020kg/hm2,比控释尿素单施处理增产6.1%,6.7%,比普通尿素单施处理增产16.2%,16.1%,比对照增产55.7%,56.6%,它们之间的差异达1%显著水平。     

施可丰稳定性肥料在玉米上的应用效果

施可丰稳定性肥料是加入脲酶抑制剂和(或)硝化抑制剂的一类含氮肥料,通过在东北玉米上的试验表明:与农民习惯施肥处理比较,施可丰肥全量处理和减量10%处理分别增产7.0%和5.1%,667 m2增加收益分别为79.4元和77.3元。施可丰稳定性肥料在东北玉米上表现出良好的增产潜力,可在进一步试验基础上推广应用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。