一种波杂饮料的工艺研发

波杂是一种以谷物为原料经传统发酵而成的民族特色发酵饮品.以大米粉、小米粉、玉米粉为原料,以酵母菌、乳酸菌作为发酵剂进行发酵生产,考察不同发酵时间下波杂的pH值、总酸、总糖、灰分、蛋白质、固形物含量、酒精度和黏度变化,最终根据感官评价评选出最优发酵时间.试验结果表明,发酵时间为48 h时口感最好,特有的发酵酒风味更醇厚,...     

复合波杂自然发酵工艺研究

波杂是以谷物作为原料,采用传统手工制作方法酿造而成的一种低酒精含量的柯尔克孜族传统发酵饮料。其具有CO2杀口感、低糖度、质地浓稠等特点。该研究以大麦、糜子（黑皮）、玉米三种谷物为原料,用传统发酵工艺进行自然发酵生产波杂,研究原料配比,发酵温度,发酵时间,酶制剂添加量对复合波杂品质的影响,并通过响应面试验法确定最佳发酵条件。结果表明,复合波杂自然发酵最佳工艺条件为大麦∶糜子∶玉米=1.0∶2.5∶1.5,发酵温度30.8 ℃,发酵时间29 h,酶制剂添加量3.25%。在此条件下波杂酒精度达到（3.67±0.06）%vol,可溶性固形物含量（8.70±0.29）°Bx,感官评分为（88.33±2.08）分。     

A review on traditional Turkish fermented non-alcoholic beverages: Microbiota,fermentation process and quality characteristics

Shalgam juice, hardaliye, boza, ayran (yoghurt drink) and kefir are the most known traditional Turkish fermented non-alcoholic beverages. The first three are obtained from vegetables, fruits and cereals, and the last two ones are made of milk. Shalgam juice, hardaliye and ayran are produced by lactic acid fermentation. Their microbiota is mainly composed of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei in shalgam fermentation and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei and Lactobacillus casei subsp. pseudoplantarum in hardaliye fermentation are predominant. Ayran is traditionally prepared by mixing yoghurt with water and salt. Yoghurt starter cultures are used in industrial ayran production. On the other hand, both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation occur in boza and kefir. Boza is prepared by using a mixture of maize, wheat and rice or their flours and water. Generally previously produced boza or sourdough/yoghurt are used as starter culture which is rich in Lactobacillus spp. and yeasts. Kefir is prepared by inoculation of raw milk with kefir grains which consists of different species of yeasts, LAB, acetic acid bacteria in a protein and polysaccharide matrix. The microbiota of boza and kefir is affected from raw materials, the origin and the production methods.     

Determination of Boza's Organic Acid Composition as it is Affected by Raw Material and Fermentation

In the current study boza, a low-alcohol-content beverage, is produced from rice, maize, millet and wheat flours by spontaneous fermentation at 24 ± 1°C for 24 h. During the fermentation and storage period, changes in total titritable acidity, pH, alcohol and organic acid profiles, and sensory properties were determined. The major organic acids were found as oxalic, lactic, pyruvic, and acetic acids. Even though the ratings of sensory parameters were not within wide limits, they were significantly affected by storage time. Maize boza scored higher due to the similarity in its colour and flavour to that sold in the market.     

Biogenic amine content of boza: A traditional cereal-based, fermented Turkish beverage

Boza is a fermented beverage made from millet, maize, wheat or rice. Biogenic amine contents of 10 boza samples from different manufacturers in Turkey were analysed for the first time, using HPLC after derivatisation with benzoyl chloride. Of the 11 biogenic amines under study, putrescine, spermidine and tyramine were detected in all boza samples. Tyramine was the prevailing biogenic amine. Tyramine concentrations of boza samples were between 13 and 65 mg/kg. Total biogenic amine contents of boza samples were between 25 and 69 mg/kg. Consequently, consumption of boza might represent a health risk for patients being treated with drugs containing monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The pH values of boza samples were in the range from 3.16 to 4.02; total dry matters were from 15.3% to 31.1% (w/w); protein contents were from 0.50% to 0.99% (w/w). No significant correlations were detected between biogenic amine concentrations and pH, protein content and total dry matter content.     

The pasting behaviour of lactic‐fermented and dried uji (an East African sour porridge)

The effects of sun‐, cabinet‐, and drum‐drying on the behaviour of submerged culture lactic‐fermented pure cassava, maize and finger millet and composites of maize–finger millet and cassava–finger millet were investigated in a Brabender amylograph. The cereal flours and maize–finger millet composite had higher onset and peak gelatinization temperatures but lower peak viscosities than cassava or cassava–finger millet composites. Fermentation alone or in combination with drying increased the viscosity of the flours, except for the fermented and drum‐dried cassava–finger millet composite flour. This increased viscosity of uji on fermentation and drying makes it more difficult to cook. Fermented and drum‐dried flours recorded high initial viscosities, at 30 °C, when the amylograph was switched on. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

A Traditional Turkish Lactic Acid Fermented Beverage: Shalgam (Salgam)

Shalgam is a traditional lactic acid fermented beverage in which black carrot, bulgur flour, sourdough, salt, turnip, and water are used for production. It is a red coloured, cloudy and sour soft drink mainly consumed in southern Turkey, however, its consumption is currently increasing in other parts, as well. Shalgam is produced on an industrial scale. Although there is no standard production technique in industry, it could be stated that there are two methods for shalgam production: the traditional method and the direct method. The traditional method comprises sourdough fermentation and carrot fermentation. In the direct method, however, the sourdough fermentation is omitted and only the carrot fermentation is applied. During fermentation, mainly lactic acid bacteria give shalgam its typical taste and flavour by producing lactic acid, ethanol, and some other organic compounds. This article reviews some aspects of shalgam production.     

粟米乳酸发酵饮料的研制

通过一次回归正交实验确定了粟米乳酸发酵的最佳工艺条件为起始糖化醪糖度为12％，乳酸菌接种量为2.5％，37℃发酵60h。并对糖化液发酵前后的营养成分进行了测试，结果表明，乳酸发酵可明显提高粟米的营养价值。     

ACID PH PRODUCED BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA PREVENT THE GROWTH OF BACILLUS CEREUS IN BOZA, A TRADITIONAL FERMENTED TURKISH BEVERAGE

The growth and survival of Bacillus cereus, a known pathogen commonly found in cereals, during lactic acid fermentation of boza, a traditional Turkish cereal beverage, was studied. In the boza base inoculated with both the starter culture and B. cereus, the acidity developed to pH 2.6 and 0.8% titratable acidity after 72 h; the growth of B. cereus was reduced from 3.9 log cfu/mL to 1 log cfu/mL within 72 h. The control boza base to which starter was not added had a pH of 3, titratable acidity of 0.8%. The B. cereus in this boza base to which no starter culture was added dropped to 1 log cfu/mL after 72 h. No strains of lactic acid bacteria were found to produce bacteriocins antagonistic to B. cereus. Low pH and acidity were found to be the major factors inhibiting growth of B. cereus in boza.     

乳酸菌和酵母菌混合发酵制备谷物发酵饮料的工艺研究

以大麦芽、小米、赤小豆、燕麦为谷物原料,酵母菌和乳酸菌为发酵菌种混合发酵制备谷物发酵饮料。以感官评分为评价指标,先通过单因素试验研究了乳酸菌接种量、发酵温度等5个因素对谷物发酵饮料品质的影响,筛选出了乳酸菌接种量、发酵温度、酵母接种量三个主要影响因素,再通过响应面法进行了工艺优化。在优化其工艺条件的基础上,对谷物发酵液进行了调配。结果表明,最佳制备工艺为发酵温度38 ℃,乳酸菌接种量3.3%,酵母菌接种量0.7%,原麦汁浓度8 °P。添加发酵液50%,三氯蔗糖0.025%,槐花蜜5%制得的谷物发酵饮料感官评分为97分,酒精度为0.12%vol,接受度较高,可推广应用。     

Effect of drying lactic fermented uji (an East African sour porridge) on some carboxylic acids

Maize, finger millet, cassava, maize–finger millet and cassava–finger millet flours were fermented and sun‐, cabinet‐, or drum‐dried. Total titratable acidity (TTA), fixed acidity (FA), pH and carboxylic acids were determined. The TTA of the non‐fermented flours ranged from 0.22%(w/w) lactic acid in cassava to 0.36%(w/w) lactic acid in the maize–finger millet composite. After fermentation the TTA ranged from 3.26%(w/w) lactic acid in cassava–finger millet to 4.54% in maize‐finger millet while FA ranged from 2.86% in cassava–finger millet to 4.26% in cassava and maize–finger millet. Fermentation decreased the pH from about 5.5 to 3.7–4.1. Drying did not change the pH but TTA decreased by 20–60%. Acetic acid levels in the fermented slurries varied from 0.80 to 0.95 µg per 5 µg while those of hexanoic acid varied from 0.9 to 1.8 µg per 5 µg. Propionic acid was absent in the fermented slurries. Acetic and formic acids were completely lost when the fermented slurries were dried. On average hexanoic acid losses on drying varied from 33% in maize to 91% in cassava fermented slurries. These losses were not significantly influenced by the drying system. In sensory evaluation panellists could not detect flavour loss as a result of drying. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

发酵方式对玉米粉品质和风味特性的影响

以未经发酵的玉米粉为对照,对自然发酵、植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母菌及复配菌种（植物乳杆菌和酿酒酵母菌）发酵制得的玉米粉品质进行分析。结果表明：相比未发酵玉米粉,发酵后玉米粉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗灰分含量显著降低（P<0.05）,总淀粉含量显著上升（P<0.05）;发酵使玉米粉的糊化温度显著升高（P<0.05）,自然发酵和复配菌种发酵后的玉米粉衰减值和回生值显著降低（P<0.05）,玉米粉的稳定性和抗老化性能提高;植物乳杆菌和复配菌种发酵对玉米粉的微观结构影响较大;酿酒酵母菌和复配菌种发酵产生的香气和代谢产物有效改善了发酵玉米粉的不良气味。通过不同发酵方式的对比得知,植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母菌和复配菌种发酵可以将玉米粉自然发酵所需的13 d分别缩短至72、18 h和48 h,有效提高了生产效率。经复配菌种发酵后制得品质、风味且加工性能更加优良的玉米粉。     

自然发酵优势菌对小米淀粉物化性质的影响

小米自然发酵过程难控制,研究自然发酵液分离并鉴定出的优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)对发酵小米淀粉物化性质的影响,可更好地剖析小米自然发酵的机理,为掌握并控制自然发酵提供理论依据。采用质量浓度为0.2 g/100 mL的NaOH溶液提取发酵后小米淀粉,并测定自然发酵、乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵小米淀粉溶解度、膨润度、透明度、热特性、黏度特性。结果表明,随发酵时间的延长,3种发酵方式所得小米淀粉的溶解度、膨润度和透明度均降低,且乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵小米淀粉的透明度较自然发酵下降1.4%和1.0%;乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵96 h时糊化温度较自然发酵下降1.84℃和1.13℃,峰值温度较自然发酵下降1.04℃和0.43℃;终止温度降低3.69℃和2.85℃;热焓值较自然发酵相比上升1.00 J/g和0.78 J/g;而乳酸菌和酵母菌的衰减值、回生值较自然发酵分别下降978 mPa·s和400 mPa·s、743 mPa·s和471 mPa·s,峰值黏度较自然发酵相比上升185 mPa·s和103 mPa·s。自然发酵的优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)使小米淀粉发生改性,且发酵后的物化性质较自然发酵发生显著变化。     

小米布扎饮料的生产技术

介绍了小米布扎饮料的生产工艺、质量标准及其营养。     

Tarhana as a traditional Turkish fermented cereal food. Its recipe, production and composition

As a fermented product tarhana is the dry form of yogurt-cereal mixture and represents an important part of the diets of many people in Turkey. It is prepared by mixing wheat flour, yogurt, yeast and a variety of cooked vegetables (tomatoes, onions, green pepper etc.), salt, and spices (mint, paprika) followed by fermentation for one to seven days. Generally one part yogurt is mixed with two parts of wheat flour (w/w). In commercial production there are two methods for tarhana making. First method is called straight method and ingredients in the recipe is mixed and kneaded, fermented, dried and finally sieved. Second method is called sour dough method that contains three steps, each one has a different recipe. Throughout fermentation lactic acid bacteria and yeast give the characteristic taste and flavour of tarhana by producing lactic acid, ethanol, carbondioxide and some other organic compounds. Organic acids composed in fermentation period lower the pH (3.4-4.2), and low moisture content (6-10%) is a poor medium for pathogens and spoilage organisms. The nutrient content of tarhana depends upon yogurt and flour ratios as well as some other ingredients, and it is also considered to be a useful high-protein dietary supplement with average 15% protein content. Addition of set yogurt due to high dry matter content and baker's yeast increase protein content and enhances it's amino acid composition.     

乳酸菌发酵山药饮料的研究

探讨了不同乳酸菌在山药基质中的产酸情况以及最佳发酵时间,同时将发酵基质调糖后制成饮料以评价其品质。结果表明,在实验涉及的五种乳酸菌中,干酪乳杆菌产酸量最高且能保持基质原来的颜色,乳酸菌在山药基质中的最佳发酵时间为20h,以发酵基质调制之饮料在色、香、味及接受性等各方面均较佳。     

Study through surveys and fermentation kinetics of the traditional processing of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) into ben-saalga, a fermented gruel from Burkina Faso

Traditional cereal-based fermented foods are frequently used as complementary foods for infants and young children in Africa. This is the case for ben-saalga, a popular fermented gruel produced from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Burkina Faso. Detailed knowledge of traditional processing is a prerequisite for investigating ways to improve both the nutritional and sanitary qualities of the corresponding foodstuff. In this work, the traditional processing of pearl millet into ben-saalga was investigated in 24 production units, and fermentation kinetics were studied in pilot scale experiments. Processing steps include: washing (optional), soaking of the grains (first fermentation step), grinding and sieving of the wet flour, settling (second fermentation step), and cooking. The soaking step was mainly characterized by alcoholic fermentation whereas lactic acid fermentation occurred during the settling step. Fermentation kinetics during settling indicates a temporal variation of metabolic activity. Initially, both homofermentative and heterofermentative pathways were simultaneously active, and later only a homofermentative pathway was active. The paste produced at the end of settling had a low pH (4.0+/-0.4) and its microflora was dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with an amylolytic LAB/LAB ratio of 12%. Sucrose disappeared in the grains during soaking but was not detected in the soaking water, whereas glucose, fructose and maltose appeared transiently. Glucose and fructose were the main substrates observed for lactic acid fermentation during the settling step; however unbalanced fermentation led to the hypothesis that starch hydrolysis products may also serve as substrates for lactic acid formation. At the end of the processing, a 75% and 83% decrease was observed in phytate (IP6) and raffinose, respectively. The sour gruel ben-saalga resulting from cooking the sour paste had inadequate nutritional characteristics with respect to infants' and young children's requirements; it was characterized by fluid consistency (Bostwick flow: 137 mm/30 s) and low energy density (about 30 kcal/100 g of gruel).     

西红柿乳酸发酵饮料的工艺研究

选用保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus Bulgaria) 嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus Thermopiles)(1：1)作为菌种，以西红柿为原料，利用乳酸菌发酵研制成一种新型乳酸发酵饮料。确定了种子的扩培条件，温度与发酵周期的关系：综合研究了接种量、温度、初始pH值等因素，确定了主要工艺参数；给出了工艺流程。通过该工艺生产出的饮料，具有西红柿汁及乳酸发酵具有的独特香气。     

不同淀粉原料对鲊海椒发酵过程中滋味品质的影响

采用粳米、玉米和芋头-玉米3 种不同淀粉配料制备鲊海椒进行自然乳酸发酵,研究鲊海椒在发酵过程中主要滋味品质成分的变化。结果发现3 种不同淀粉配料制备的鲊海椒总酸、游离氨基酸含量随发酵时间延长极显著增加（P＜0.01）,盐含量略增;总酸含量在发酵15 d后上升趋缓;游离氨基酸含量在发酵30 d后上升趋缓,其中粳米鲊海椒游离氨基酸含量在发酵过程中增加迅速,发酵60～90 d时游离氨基酸含量明显高于另外两种鲊海椒（P＜0.01）;3 种不同淀粉配料制备的鲊海椒辣椒素及二氢辣椒素发酵15～45 d保留较多,在发酵60 d后相对较低。3 种不同淀粉配料制备的鲊海椒可溶性总糖含量都逐渐下降,粳米和玉米鲊海椒发酵60 d后相对较低,而芋头-玉米鲊海椒发酵15 d后可溶性总糖已降至较低水平。表明不同淀粉配料会影响鲊海椒发酵滋味品质的形成。综合鲊海椒酸辣咸鲜和微甜的滋味品质特点,以发酵30 d左右为宜,延长发酵时间可降低鲊海椒制品的辣度及微甜的滋味品质。     

Control of lactic acid bacteria in fermented beverages using lysozyme and nisin: test of traditional beverage boza as a model food system

The objective of this study was to increase quality and limited shelf‐life of boza (3–15 days), a traditional Balkan origin fermented beverage using lysozyme (LYS) and/or nisin (NIS). For this purpose, the effectiveness of NIS, LYS and LYS:NIS combinations was first tested in a broth medium at 4 °C for 3 weeks on Lactobacillus plantarum, one of the frequently isolated lactic acid bacteria in boza. Stability of LYS and NIS in boza, their effects on LAB counts, and chemical and sensory properties of boza were then evaluated during cold storage at 4 °C. Results of LAB counts as well as pH, d ‐ and l ‐lactic acid, and titratable acidity measurements showed that LAB in boza containing NIS (250 μg g^?1) or LYS:NIS (500:250 μg g^?1) could be controlled without reducing LAB counts below 6 log CFU mL^?1 during 2 weeks shelf‐life. In contrast, LYS (500 μg g^?1) alone could not control LAB in boza to delay its acidic spoilage. Positive effects of NIS and LYS:NIS application on quality of boza were also proved with sensory analysis by panelists and e‐nose measurements. This work showed that use of natural GRAS agents in preservation of fermented beverages containing probiotic LAB is possible without affecting their characteristic aroma and flavour.