40Cr激光熔凝硬化组织形态及硬度研究

利用CO2轴流激光加工机对40Cr钢表面进行激光熔凝硬化处理。利用扫描电子显微镜、金相显微镜和显微硬度计研究了不同工艺下熔凝硬化层及基体的显微组织和硬度分布特征。实验表明：熔凝硬化层由熔化区、相变硬化区和热影响区组成;由表及里组织分别为极细隐晶马氏体＋少量残余奥氏体、隐晶马氏体＋碳化物＋残余奥氏体、马氏体＋回火屈氏体＋铁素体。硬化层最高硬度约是基体的3倍;随着扫描速度的增加表层硬度先增加后减小,当扫描速度为2.5m·min^-1时,表层硬度最大,为1097.9HK。     

40CrNiMoA钢激光淬火+氮化复合处理

对40CrNiMoA钢分别经激光淬火、气体氮化、氮化-激光淬火复合处理及激光淬火-氮化复合处理的硬化层深度及其表面硬度分布进行了比较分析。结果表明，在激光淬火-氮化复合处理中，激光淬火可使随后氮化处理的表层硬度提高100-200HV，硬化层深度可成倍增加；在氮化-激光淬火复合处理中，激光淬火可使预先氮化处理的硬化层深度有大幅度的提高，而表层硬度变化不大。     

光纤激光器功率对Cr12MoV钢表面淬火组织与性能的影响

由于光纤激光的良好光束质量,光纤激光器在金属材料表面强化方面的应用日益引起学者的重视。使用YLS-3000W光纤激光器对Cr12MoV冷作模具钢进行激光表面淬火处理的工艺试验,研究了不同工艺参数对硬化层深度和显微硬度的影响及硬化层显微组织特征。结果表明,Cr12MoV表面经光纤激光表面淬火后得到淬火层、过渡层和基体3层不同的组织。淬火层的晶粒细小,由隐晶马氏体、弥散分布的碳化物组成。过渡层由马氏体及弥散分布的碳化物和残留奥氏体组成。在扫描速度和离焦量一定的条件下,相变硬化层深度随光纤激光功率的增大而增加。在最佳工艺(光纤激光功率900W,扫描速度0.3m/s,离焦量-4mm)条件下,硬化层平均硬度达609HV。分析认为光纤激光淬火造成的组织细化和过饱和的隐晶马氏体的形成是硬度提高的主要原因。     

GCr15钢表面激光硼化研究

在已经过常规淬火的GCr15轴承钢表面,利用脉冲Nd∶YAG激光进行了B4C粉末硼化改性处理.采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度仪及摩擦磨损试验仪器对激光硼化处理后改性层的显微组织及性能进行了研究.结果表明:激光硼化改性层由树枝晶的FeB、Fe2B和基体组成,改性层的表面硬度高达HV1560,相比处理前硬度提高了81.8％,硬化层深度约为150μm,磨损率相比处理前降低了67.55％,激光硼化后GCr15钢表面的硬度和耐磨性能显著提高.     

介绍用M4—EHT系统可不破坏工件快速检测有效硬化层深的新方法

EMCOMAIER COMPANY,Hallein研究出了一种新的有效硬化层深的测定方法,它不同于传统的必须进行金相的制样、观察、硬度测定、绘制曲线,并对照标准,确定有效硬化层的深度,而只需一次使用专用的压头压入工件的表面就可以检定出淬硬层的深度,具有不破坏工件、快速测定的优点,下面介绍使用EMCOTEST M4—Eht系统测定硬化层深的原理、数据的评估及其特点等。 1 工作原理 测试步骤可分为3步: (1)首先将具有90度刀尖角宝石压头以3—30—3RP的压力压入表面,记录不同的深度值。 (2)然后将载荷加到300RP,加荷过程中其载荷的深度的关系由软件记录。并作相应的处理。 (3)进行最大载荷为750RP的加载,和第一步一样记录深度差。 根据测得的各种记录、系数、信号以及存贮的与工件有关的参数,软件可计算出HRC或HV表示的表面硬度以及表面硬化深度Eht,并显示出来。 当工件表面上有软化部分时,如果超出50μm rcsp时就会被显示出来,它超过可变的预置值(最大深     

淬硬轴承钢平面磨削变质层的特性

采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、维氏硬度仪和X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分别观测了不同磨削条件下淬硬轴承钢GCr15磨削表层的微观组织、显微硬度和残余应力,对淬硬轴承钢磨削变质层进行了系统的实验研究.研究发现,磨削表层由表及里依次是白层、暗层和基体组织,暗层与白层的厚度之比在1.6～3.2之间变动.白层由致密的细晶马氏体、碳化物和残余奥氏体组成,而暗层由不同的回火组织构成,白层主要是磨削热和材料的强烈塑性变形共同作用的结果.白层硬度最大值达到983 HV,比基体组织高,而暗层硬度值仅为512 HV,较基体组织低.白层表面存在大小为612.24 MPa的残余拉应力,且随着白层的增厚而增大,而暗层则呈现出残余压应力.当白层较厚时,白层内会出现微裂纹,其中以贯穿白层的中位裂纹以及白层外侧和白层/暗层过渡区的横向裂纹居多.     

钢件渗碳淬火有效硬化层深度的测定

按国家标准，就如何正确地测定渗碳淬火后硬化层深度问题进行了探讨。     

10Ni3MnCuAl钢加工表面析出硬化层的性能研究

对10Ni3MnCuAl钢磨削、电火花加工表面完整性进行了研究,测量出表面析出硬化层的显微硬度、三维形貌及表面粗糙度,并用X射线衍射法(XRD)分别测试了10Ni3MnCuAl钢析出硬化层的残余应力,得到磨削、电火花加工试样不同深度处残余应力的变化规律。实验结果表明,与电火花加工相比,使用磨削方式加工10Ni3MnCuAl钢可以得到较好的表面完整性,应力集中敏感性较低,而对复杂形状的零件进行加工时,电火花加工有磨削加工不可比拟的优势,为提高10Ni3MnCuAl钢加工表面完整性提供了依据。     

温度对40Cr13钢等离子表面渗铌层组织的影响

为提高马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀和耐磨性能,选择40Cr13不锈钢为基材、纯铌板为靶材,采用双辉等离子表面冶金技术在不锈钢表面制备合金化层.用SEM、GDOES、XRD等方法分析渗铌温度对铌合金层组织、成分、相组成、表面形貌及硬度的影响,并对渗层形成机制及表面硬化机理进行了研究.结果表明:在900~1 000℃形成的铌合金层组织均匀致密,合金层主要由Nb2C、Nb C、Fe2Nb、Cr2Nb及铌组成;合金层表面粗糙度随渗铌温度的提高而增加;合金层厚度随渗铌温度改变发生不同变化规律,950℃渗铌形成的渗层约13μm,900和1 000℃渗铌后合金层厚度均为7μm左右;不同温度渗铌后试样的表面硬度与基体相比均有较大幅度的提高,1 000℃渗铌后试样表面硬度高达约985 HV0.025,900℃渗铌后约758 HV0.025,而950℃渗铌后表面硬度最低,约698 HV0.025.     

马氏体气阀钢多元共渗层的组织及性能

用固体粉末法,在4Cr10Si2Mo马氏体气阀钢表面制备了Al—Cr二元渗层及Al—Cr—Ce三元渗层,研究了渗层的显微组织和成分分布,测定了渗层由表及里的显微硬度。Al—Cr渗层厚度约为3501μm,硬度为580Hv;Al-Cr—Ce渗层厚度约为420μm,硬度为500Hv。     

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on the induction hardening of a ball screw

To improve the distribution of the hardened layer and avoid potential defects, the effects of induction hardening parameters on the hardened layer were researched using the finite element method (FEM). A FEM model of single coil induction hardening was built, and temperature curves on the surface region of a ball screw were attained by numerical simulation. The hardenability and phase transformation of 55CrMo steel were researched by experiment. The simulation and experimental results show that the temperatures Ac1 and Ac3 rise with increasing heating rate. Non-uniformity of temperature at the groove region can lead to non-uniformity of austenitization and hardness. High temperature can result in cracks, coarse grain size and overheating defects at the groove tip. Martensite produced during cooling transforms into tempered martensite due to the residual heat, and the remaining austenite transforms into martensite at a low cooling rate. A 5010-type ball screw cannot attain a hardened layer with the thickness of 2.5 mm at the groove bottom without defects at the groove tip by single coil induction hardening. Multiple induction coils with a certain gap would be helpful to improve the uniformity of temperature and hardness.     

Laser Surface Hardening of 9CrSi Steel

The effects of laser hardening parameters such as beam power,beam diameter and scanning rate on microstructure and mardness of 9CrSi steel were investigated.The microstructure of the surface layer of 9CiSi steel was changed from pearlite to martensite,retained austenite and carbide by laser hardening .The depth of the hardened layer increased with increasing laser energy density and the surface hardeness increased by 3-5times as high as the untreated steel.The laser hardened surface had good wear resistance due to martensite and carbide in the surface layer.The wear mode at low speed was abrasive,while the wear mode at high speed was adhesive.     

Experimental observation and numerical modeling of formation of local plastic zones in hardened surface layers due to contact overloading

The problem of formation of plastic zones in case-hardened metallic bodies due to contact overloading is studied both experimentally and numerically. Metallic materials exposed to surface hardening demonstrate spatial variation of the material hardness and yield strength with a decreasing profile with depth and belong to the class of so-called plastically graded materials. The presented experimental program employs micro-Vickers hardness tests to map the variation in material hardness and corresponding yield strength for both virgin and loaded case-hardened specimens made of a chromium tool steel. It is shown that, depending on the profile of the yield strength in the near-surface zones and contact parameters, a plastic deformation can originate underneath the hardened layer. The distribution of the effective plastic strain extracted from the micro-hardness increment measurements are found in good agreement with the results of finite element simulations of a plastically graded material subjected to similar loading conditions. Numerical analysis reveals significant perturbations in the stress field distribution within the hardened layer due to formation of a closed-shaped plastic zone in the gradient layers, including development of a tensile stress on the boundary between the elastic and plastic zones as well as an overall increase in the effective stress intensity. It is shown that the hardened layer behaves similar to an elastic beam on a compliant foundation. These stress field perturbations in the hardened layers with low deformation capacity can greatly affect the durability and serviceability of surface treated mechanical parts.     

Induction Hardened Layer Characterization and Grinding Burn Detection by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Analysis

The quality of the ball screw shafts used in the aeronautical sector has to be controlled and certified with the most advanced non-destructive techniques. The capacity of magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) as a non-destructive technique to control the quality of ball screw shafts by assuring the appropriate induction hardened layer depth and detecting local overheated regions, known as grinding burns, which may occur during grinding processes is shown in the present work. Magnetic Barkhausen noise measurements were made with a system designed and implemented by the authors and the derived parameters were compared with microhardness measurements made at various depths after the different induction hardening treatments and the grinding processes were applied. A multiparametric study of the MBN signal as a function of the magnetic field in the surface of the sample is done in order to estimate the thickness of the hardened layer and to detect the grinding burns produced during grinding processes. The hardened layer thickness can be characterized with an error of ±200 \(\upmu \)m in the range between 150 and 2500 \(\upmu \)m by the position of the first peak of the MBN envelope in terms of the tangential magnetic field measured at the surface and the grinding burns can be detected with the position of the second peak of the MBN envelope in terms of the tangential magnetic field measured at the surface.     

Influence of minimum quantity lubrication parameters on grind-hardening process

Currently, dry grind-hardening has been studied to achieve a deep grinding harden layer. For dry grind-hardening process, the ground surface may have a poor surface quality. In our previous research, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been proved as an effective way to improve the surface quality in grind-hardening process. Unfortunately, the relationship between the surface quality and parameters of MQL is still not clear. In this paper, different spraying parameters (fluid flow, air pressure, nozzle location, spraying distance) are investigated in surface grinding experiments of annealed steel AISI 5140. Grind-hardening performances are analyzed for grinding force and surface quality, such as surface roughness, micro-hardness, and grinding harden layer depth. Consequently, the results show that MQL can improve the grinding surface roughness and the micro-hardness of the grinding harden layer. The surface roughness can be improved with a better lubrication, which can be achieved with the appropriate spray direction. The surface roughness and the harden layer depth are reduced with the increasing fluid flow rate and air pressure, while they increase with the spraying distance.     

Synthesis of high-speed tool steel surfaces on mild steel

Wear-resistant, hard surfaces of high-speed tool steel were synthesized on mild steel specimens. Discs of mild steel were subjected to carburization to a depth of 2.5 mm. Thin strips of tungsten were spot welded and the specimen was subjected to electron beam surface melting. The beam power was varied from 60 kV, 10 mA to 60 kV, 20 mA. Oscillation frequency and the specimen translation velocity were kept at 1000 Hz and 2 cm s-1, respectively. The width of the modified layer was 10 mm while the depth varied from 0.7–2.3 mm. A concentration of up to 30 wt% tungsten could be achieved in the surface layer by varying the thickness of the foil spot welded prior to electron-beam melting. Tungsten concentration was uniform along the depth. The hardness achieved in the as-solidified layer was uniform along the depth and reached 800 Hv. The reprocessing of the alloyed layer with the beam promoted fine carbide precipitation which then resulted in refinement of martensite plates.     

45 钢表面激光相变硬化改性组织及耐蚀性能

目的为了改善45钢表面状态,提高其表面性能,采用CO2激光器对其表面进行激光相变硬化处理。方法利用带有能谱的扫描电子显微镜(SEM/EDS)、盐雾试验机等,对激光相变硬化层组织及耐蚀性能进行了观察和分析。结果激光相变硬化层由熔化区、相变硬化区和热影响区三部分组成,其组织依次为:混合马氏体+未溶碳化物、针状马氏体、残余奥氏体。随扫描速度增加,耐蚀性先变好而后变差。结论激光相变硬化处理可改善45钢的表面性能,显著提高其耐蚀性能。     

Electron beam surface treatment. Part I: surface hardening of AISI D3 tool steel

The effects of electron beam surface hardening treatment on the microstructure and hardness of AISI D3 tool steel have been investigated in this paper. The results showed that the microstructure of the hardened layer consisted of martensite, a dispersion of fine carbides and retained austensite while the transition area mainly consisted of tempered sorbite. Also, the microhardness of the hardened layer on the surface increased dramatically compared to that of base material. Finally, the hardening response of AISI D3 tool steel to electron beam surface treatment is closely related to the scanning speed of the electron beam.     

Surface Hardening of Carbon Steel Using High Powered YAG Laser

A high powered YAG laser with kaleidoscope for surface modification was applied to the surface hardening of carbon steels containing 0. 18-0.54 wt% C without the absorbents, and the relationships between laser processing and surface hardening were investigated by hardness and microstructure. The structure of the hardened zone underwent complete martensitic transformation in all of the carbon steels tested, and its hardness increased with greater carbon content. Under identical irradiated conditions, the hardened zone expanded with increasing carbon content. A hardened zone extending from the surface to a depth of 1.0 mm was obtained at a laser power of 1.0 kW and a scanning speed of 1 mm/sec. It was found that in the surface hardening of carbon steels, a high powered YAG laser can be used to control the hardened zone by selecting the appropriate irradiation conditions, however, the hardened zone was affected by the assistant gas and the flow rate.     

感应淬火对曲轴扭转疲劳性能的影响

目的研究感应淬火对曲轴扭转疲劳性能的影响,为曲轴的设计和制造工艺调整提供技术参考。方法开展淬火曲轴和未淬火曲轴的扭转疲劳强度试验,利用升降法得到疲劳试验结果,从试验数据和微观组织等方面开展分析和讨论。结果未经过淬火的曲轴在99.9%存活率下的扭转疲劳极限为967.6N·m,经过感应淬火的曲轴在99.9%存活率下的扭转疲劳极限为1361.2N·m。感应淬火后曲轴的表面形成深度约3.5 mm的淬火层,平均硬度为HV0.5600,金相组织为细针状马氏体。曲轴的失效情况均为连杆颈油孔处开裂。结论 38MnVS6非调质钢曲轴在感应淬火后的扭转疲劳极限提升了约41%,曲轴油孔内壁的加工缺陷是形成裂纹源的主要原因,对曲轴淬火层区域的油孔内壁进行一定的表面处理,可进一步提高曲轴的扭转疲劳强度。