骨架发热多孔介质方腔内非达西自然对流的数值研究

本文利用局部非热平衡模型,对骨架发热多孔介质方腔内的非达西自然对流进行了数值研究.方腔上下壁面绝热、左右壁面维持恒温T0.采用Brinkman-Darcy-Forchheimer模型来描述多孔介质内的流动,当有效导热系数比(0.001≤γ≤1.0)和无量纲容积换热系数(1.0≤H≤1000)在较宽的范围内变化时,计算研究了不同的有效导热系数比和无量纲容积换热系数对方腔内流动换热的影响.数值模拟结果表明:在有效导热系数比γ=1.0和无量纲容积换热系数H=1000时,局部热平衡模型是成立的;而对其他情形,必须采用局部非热平衡模型才能准确地预测出方腔内的流动换热特性.     

局部非热平衡条件下含内热源多孔介质方腔内自然对流数值研究

在流体与固体骨架有效导热系数比一定的条件下,采用局部非热平衡模型与非达西流动模型,研究Ra和Da对含内热源多孔介质的方腔内自然对流流动换热特性的影响。计算结果表明:当Ra取定值,流体平均Nu随Da的增大而增大;当Da取定值,流体平均Nu随Ra的增大而增大。在文中参数的变化范围内,固体相与方腔4个壁面的换热强度相当,且变化较小。方腔左右两壁面流体相换热强度相同,但均弱于上壁面换热强度,下壁面流体相换热强度最低。无量纲容积换热系数较小时,非热平衡效应影响较大。     

三维颗粒有序堆积多孔介质内强制对流换热数值研究

采用N-S方程和RNGk-ε湍流模型及比例缩放的壁面函数法对三维圆球颗粒有序堆积多孔介质孔隙内的强制对流换热进行了数值研究。详细研究了Re数变化及不同颗粒堆积方式对多孔介质强制对流换热性能的影响。计算结果表明:在相同条件下,通过对颗粒进行合理有序堆积,可以使相应多孔介质内的压降显著降低,其综合换热效率明显提高;传统经验公式用于颗粒有序堆积多孔介质须进行合理修正;在不同堆积方式中,简单立方体均匀堆积(SC)模型的综合换热效率最高;在相同堆积方式下,均匀颗粒堆积多孔介质内的综合换热性能明显高于非均匀颗粒堆积多孔介质。     

含内热源多孔介质的局部换热特性实验研究

建立了含内热源的多孔介质模型.该模型以水作为流动介质,流道内填满金属颗粒球,金属颗粒球呈正三角形排列.作为内热源的金属球内镶嵌电阻丝.在此模型的基础上,通过实验研究了流速、金属球壁面温度对含内热源多孔介质局部换热特性的影响规律.研究结果表明:压力对换热特性几乎没有影响;低热流密度下,表面热流密度对换热特性没有显著的影响;高热流密度时,换热系数随热流密度的增大而增加;冷却剂进口温度与换热系数成反比;球层区有入口效应存在,但是影响区域明显小于管内流体的流动区域;获得了幂指数形式的无量纲换热准则关联式,预测值与实验值误差在±10%以内.     

规则球床堆熔盐流动压降与对流换热CFD模拟

球床堆复杂的几何结构导致直接建模进行热工水力模拟非常困难,一般使用多孔介质模型简化处理,但多孔介质已有的压降和对流换热公式在熔盐冷却球床中的有效性仍待验证。本文基于固态燃料熔盐堆建立了6 cm直径小球的规则球床模型,给定球床进口熔盐流量和球壳发热功率,模拟了球床内的稳态流动与换热,计算了对应的压降和对流换热系数,并分别得到了球床压降、对流换热Nu随球床内流动Re变化的曲线。对比发现:模拟压降结果与已有公式差异较大,而模拟对流换热Nu结果与已有公式的差异相对较小。结合模拟结果和已有的公式,拟合得到了修正的压降和对流换热Nu公式。将修正公式应用于3 cm直径规则球床中,结果表明多孔介质修正模型与直接模拟结果一致。     

骨架发热多孔介质内单相水流动传热实验研究

针对骨架发热多孔介质内单相水流动阻力和传热特性开展了实验研究,拟合获得骨架发热多孔介质内热态流动阻力和对流换热关系式。实验参数范围是:雷诺数Re取127～394,表面热流密度12～62 kW/m2。实验结果表明:在本文研究的孔隙有效雷诺数范围内,惯性项阻力系数Rf受流动参数影响;基于骨架发热条件下获得的阻力关系式具有较好的扩展性,可以较好地预测骨架不发热条件下多种几何结构的多孔介质通道内单相水、单相蒸汽流动阻力;随着表面热流密度增大,对流换热系数不断降低;在相同热流密度条件下,随着质量流速的增大,对流换热系数也会随之增大。     

多孔介质中流动换热特性的研究进展

多孔介质中的流动与传热涉及许多工程应用,已经成为当前工程热物理学科最为活跃的前沿研究领域之一.本文综述了国内外在多孔介质流动与传热研究领域的现状,总结了多孔介质中流型转变的判别标准、阻力预测模型、多孔结构强化传热机理以及考虑固定相与流动相存在热交换时的局部非热平衡理论,提出了以我国反应堆热工水力为工程背景的多孔介质流动换热基础研究新方向.     

圆球及椭球颗粒有序堆积多孔介质内强制对流换热实验研究

采用"瞬态单吹反问题研究方法"实验测定圆球及椭球颗粒有序堆积多孔介质内的流动阻力系数及颗粒与流体之间的表面对流换热系数。详细研究不同颗粒形状及堆积方式下多孔介质内的对流换热规律,结果表明:通过合理选择颗粒形状和堆积方式,多孔介质内的综合换热效率显著提高,传统经验公式对颗粒有序堆积多孔介质内的对流换热不再适用。     

超临界压力CO2在垂直管内对流换热数值模拟

对于超临界压力CO2在垂直圆管(din=2 mm)内高进口雷诺数(Re=9 000)条件下向上流动时的对流换热进行了数值模拟.通过与实验数据进行对比来验证湍流模型的可靠性,并研究变物性和浮升力对壁面温度和湍动能的影响.结果表明:在热流密度较高的情况下,向上流动时出现了局部换热恶化和换热强化现象,这主要归因于浮升力对湍动能分布的影响;采用LB湍流模型能较好地模拟这种换热现象;在热流密度较低的情况下,未出现上述换热现象.     

多孔介质通道内单相流阻力特性数值研究

采用Brinkman-Darcy-Forchheimer模型对各向同性、饱和均匀多孔介质通道内单相流体的绝热流动阻力进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在多孔介质中,对于单相流体压降,现有模型可以较好地进行预测.其中损失系数Kloss对流动阻力影响很大;高雷诺数(Pe)下需考虑Re对Kloss的影响;随着无量纲直径D的增大,流动阻力减小.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.