Are zoo Przewalski horses domesticated horses?

Analysed were the brain case capacities and brain weights of wild przewalski horses, przewalski horses from zoological gardens and domesticated horses. Domesticated horses have about 14% less brain case capacity and 16% less brain weight than wild przewalski horses. Przewalski horses from zoological gardens also have about 14% less brain capacity than wild przewalski horses. The brain weight of przewalski horses from zoological gardens shows no difference to the brain weight of domesticated horses. If we look at the brain size, przewalski horses from zoological gardens are domesticated horses.     

Marking of horses

The author informs on up to date identification methods of horses. The implantation of passive transponders is a practicable method for marking of horses. Because it gives less pain to horses, this method is to prefer. Stress inflicted on horse is minimal, it compares to a intramuscular injection. The reliability of the system in use has so far been very high. Members of ISO have voted overwhelmingly in favor of a standard for electronic identification of animals. From now on, countries and user organizations can make use of this technique to identify animals and if used can rely on the fact that their animals can be uniquely identified all over the world.     

Narcolepsy in horses

Narcolepsy is an incurable non-progressive disease of the central nervous system. In humans, narcolepsy causes excessive drowsiness during the day (sometimes a sleep-attack occurs), cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone), hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. In the horse and other mammals cataplexy is the most frequently observed symptom. Excessive drowsiness can occur but is harder to observe. Cataplexy is caused by a fragmentation of the REM sleep. The etiology of narcolepsy is still subject to debate, partly because normal sleeping patterns are poorly understood. In humans and certain breeds of dogs a hereditary background has been demonstrated. In Shetland ponies the disease runs in certain families. The role of trauma and infection is the subject of debate. Cataplexy (which can be induced by physostigmine injection) confirms the diagnosis. Several drugs are available for the treatment of narcolepsy in humans. However there are a few data on the results of treatment of narcolepsy in the horse.     

Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in horses

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model for gentamicin in horses, using retrospective clinical data. ANIMALS: 62 horses that had been treated IV with multiple doses of gentamicin at our veterinary teaching hospital between 1987 and 1996. Procedure-46 horses were assigned to the study group, and 16 to the validation group. Detailed history of dosage, sample collection times, and selected pathophysiologic variables were recorded for each patient. Samples were analyzed by use of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay method. Pharmacostatistical analysis was conducted, using computer software. The predictive model correlates pharmacokinetic parameters to concomitant pathophysiologic variables and estimates the inter- and intraindividual variability in disposition. RESULTS: A two-compartment model best described the data. Clearance (CI) was linearly correlated to body weight and serum creatinine concentration. Volume of the central compartment (Vd(c)) was linearly related to body weight. Interindividual coefficients of variability for CI and Vd(c) were 24 and 16%, respectively. The residual variability (intraindividual) was 13%; mean prediction error percent (bias) was 2%; and mean absolute prediction error percent (precision) was 29%. CONCLUSIONS: Population pharmacokinetic analysis allows study of the basic features of gentamicin disposition in horses with sparse data per individual. A considerable proportion of the pharmacokinetic variability of gentamicin in our study population was explained by differences in body weight and serum creatinine concentration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Population pharmacokinetics can be used to design first-dosage regimens according to the clinical characteristics of individual animals. Population pharmacokinetic models could also be included in Bayesian forecasting strategies to improve plasma concentration predictions in individual patients.     

WO_3基的掺杂改性研究现状

在简要介绍了WO3基材料的研究意义基础上,综述了WO3基掺杂的改性研究现状,主要在电致变色性能、气致变色性能及光催化性三方面展开叙述,并对其发展趋势进行了简要分析。     

Dental disease in geriatric horses

This article reviews the origin of youth suicide. Theoretic suicide risk factors and empirically observed suicide risk factors are discussed along with proposed resiliency factors that prevent suicide. Finally, suicide prevention and intervention strategies are covered, and a call for better studies on suicide prevention is heralded.     

Doping test for racehorses in Japan]

The doping test method used in a horse race requires the accurate detection of a wide variety of drugs and metabolites as well as the rapidity in order to examine a large number of samples within a limited time. For this purpose, the routine method consists of a preliminary screening and a confirmatory test. In this paper, a historical review for the development of the doping test method in Japan is described. The metabolism and pharmacology of drugs in horses are also discussed.     

微量硅酸钠的掺杂机理及掺杂量对还原钨粉性能的影响

将微量硅酸钠以不同浓度的水溶液形式掺杂到蓝色氧化钨中并在相同的条件下还原成钨粉。结果表明,还原钨粉的粒度随硅酸钠掺杂量的增加而增加,少量掺杂还使还原钨粉的松装密度增加。对还原钨粉表面的扫描电镜及x射线光电子能谱分析结果显示,掺杂到蓝色氧化钨中的硅酸钠最终以Na_2SiO_3和SiO_2二种分子形式存在并以微粒状分布在还原钨粉的表面。掺杂微量硅酸钠还使还原钨粉中的二次颗粒增加。     

Exercise studies in horses: 2. The cardiac response to exercise in normal horses and in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The relationship of velocity (v) to heart rate (HR)and of kinetic energy (KE) to heart rate, were investigated in 6 normal horses and in 6 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary, disease (COPD). Radiotelemetry was used to determine the heart rate while subjects were ridden on a 400m track. Velocity was measured by stop-watch between 2 markers 50 m apart at the end of the track. Kinetic energy was calculated from the formula KE =1/2 Mv2, where M = mass of horse, rider, saddle and bridle (KG) and V = velocity (metres per second). In all subjects, the relationship of velocity to heart rate was a linear one at each individual pace (i.e. walk, trot and gallop). There were however significant differences between the v/HR regression curves of each pace. These differences indicated that the increase in velocity per unit increase in heart rate was greater at the trot than at the walk, and greater at the gallop than at the trot. When data for all paces were combined, the relationship log v/log HR was a linear one. The above findings were also true of the relationship of kinetic energy to the heart rate. In horses, which reached maximal heart rate at a relatively low velocity, the v/HR curve became asymptotic. At comparable submaximal velocities, the heart rate of COPD subjects was approximately 20 beats per minute higher than that of normal subjects. This was also true when the term "kinetic energy per units mass" was substituted for velocity.     

Granulomatous enteritis in nine horses

Granulomatous enteritis was diagnosed in 9 horses between 1 and 11 years of age. The complaint in all cases was persistent weight loss. Four of the horses had chronic diarrhea. Two consistent diagnostic features were hypoalbuminemia and decreased phagocytic activity of mesothelial cells in the peritoneal fluid. In 2 cases the diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy of the rectal mucosa. Remaining cases were definitively diagnosed by exploratory laparotomy and biopsy or at necropsy.     

掺杂钴对锂锰氧化物性能的影响

价廉、低毒的锂锰氧化物已成为目前高能锂离子电池最有潜力的正极材料之一,但其在充放电过程中循环稳定性较差,制约了它的应用前景。通过掺钴改性,锂锰氧化物结构趋于稳定,减缓了容量衰减,改善了循环性能。     

Bi系氧化物超导体中的掺Ag

本文利用低温电阻测定、XRD、EDX、SEM等方法,研究了掺Ag对Bi系超导体的超导性能、输运特性的影响,以及Ag在超导体中的存在形式。结果表明,Ag不仅分布于晶界上,而且还进入了超导相的晶格中。它促使了高温相的分解,从而导致超导性能、特剐是输运特性的恶化。     

Dietary control of exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether feeding a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet would decrease severity of exercise-induced muscle injury in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis. ANIMALS: 19 horses with a history of exertional rhabdomyolysis. DESIGN: Case series. PROCEDURE: Specimens of the semitendinosus or semimembranosus muscle were obtained for histologic examination, and serum creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities 4 hours after exercise were determined. Horses were then fed a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, and serum CK and AST activities 4 hours after exercise were reevaluated at approximately monthly intervals for 3 to 6 months. RESULTS: Serum CK and AST activities 4 hours after exercise were high before any change in diet. All 19 horses had evidence of chronic myopathic change and abnormal glycogen accumulation in muscle biopsy specimens; 11 horses also had evidence of complex polysaccharide accumulation. Adaptation to diet change required approximately 3 to 6 months. Sixteen horses did not have any episodes of exertional rhabdomyolysis after 3 to 6 months of diet change, and 3 horses had mild episodes of exertional rhabdomyolysis following either a reduction in dietary fat intake or restriction in exercise. Postexercise serum CK and AST activities 3 to 6 months after the change in diet were significantly less than initial values. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results indicated that exertional rhabdomyolysis may be a result of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in some horses. Feeding a diet with low carbohydrate and high fat content may reduce severity of exercise-induced injury in some horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis.     

Endoscopy of the intertubercular bursa in horses

Forelimbs from 3 anesthetized horses and 16 fresh cadaver horses were used to describe the endoscopic anatomy of the intertubercular bursa and outline the surgical portals that provide the greatest access to structures within the bursa. A lateral arthroscopic portal was made proximal to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus into the distal bursal recess. A second portal was created proximal to the humeral tubercles that entered the proximal bursal space. These approaches provided consistent viewing and instrument access to the lateral intertuberal groove, the greater and intermediate humeral tubercles, and the synovial membrane of the proximal and distal bursal recesses. The intermediate tubercle and heavy muscle mass restricted access to the medial intertuberal groove and lesser tubercle. This technique may provide a less invasive alternative to bursotomy in the surgical management of selected horses with intertubercular bursitis. Clinical applications include cartilage debridement, fragment removal, partial synovectomy, and high-volume lavage.