Nutrient composition of Nigerian palm kernel from the dura and tenera varieties of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)

The dura and tenera varieties of the oil palm from Calaro Oil Palm Estate, Akamkpa in Cross River State, Nigeria and NIFOR Experimental Oil Palm Station, Abak in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were studied to evaluate their proximate, mineral, toxicant and fatty acid compositions. These parameters were determined for both undefatted and defatted samples. The defatted samples had higher nutrient levels than the undefatted ones. The dura variety had a higher moisture content than the tenera in both locations. Antinutrients, such as hydrocyanic acid and total oxalate, were also higher in the dura variety than the tenera. The mineral analysis of the samples showed high levels of magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, sodium and potassium. The tenera variety showed higher values of most of these minerals than the dura in both of the locations. Palm kernel therefore appears to be a good source of these mineral elements. Phytate and lead were not detected in any of the samples. The fatty acid profile indicated lauric (C 12:0), oleic (C 18:1) and palmitic (C 16:0) to be the major constituent fatty acids of the palm kernel oil samples. There were no significant differences in fatty acid composition between the varieties or locations.     

酸枣仁油的理化性质及成分分析

对酸枣仁油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,酸枣仁油主要由6种脂肪酸构成,其中油酸、亚油酸含量最高,分别为49.1%、26.0%;通过测定酸枣仁油Sn-2位脂肪酸组成,确定了酸枣仁油甘三酯的脂肪酸分布。酸枣仁油VE总含量为18.67 mg/100 g油。使用GC/MS对酸枣仁油的不皂化物成分进行了分析,检测出7种主要物质,其中角鲨烯的含量高达39.2%(占酸枣仁油不皂化物总量)。     

乌榄仁油的理化性质与脂肪酸组成分析

目的：从开发新油脂和提高经济价值角度出发,研究乌榄仁油的理化性质与脂肪酸组成。方法：采用气相色谱质谱联用法对不同压榨温度下提取的油脂进行脂肪酸组分测定。结果表明：乌榄仁的含油量高（65.71%）;其各项理化指标符合国家的相关规定,随着压榨温度的升高,色泽加深,气味更加愉悦;脂肪酸组成共有10种,主要成分为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸,不饱和脂肪酸总量为63.47-67.15%,随着压榨温度升高,除亚油酸外其他脂肪酸成分均无显著性差异,与其他油脂脂肪酸的对比中发现其优点是亚油酸含量高;结论：乌榄仁的含油量高,脂肪酸成分好,亚油酸含量略有优势,具有开发前景,可为乌榄仁油的进一步加工利用提供科学依据。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析棕榈果脂肪酸组成

采用索氏抽提法分别提取棕榈果肉和棕榈果仁中的油脂,以氢氧化钾—甲醇溶液对油脂进行甲酯化处理,用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法分析。从棕榈果肉和棕榈仁的油脂中均分离并鉴定了9种脂肪酸,其中棕榈果肉中饱和脂肪酸质量分数为49.5%,主要有棕榈酸和硬脂酸,不饱和脂肪酸主要有油酸、亚油酸以及少量的亚麻酸和13,16-二十二碳二烯酸。棕榈仁中饱和脂肪酸80%以上,其中月桂酸质量分数达到41.5%,肉豆蔻酸和棕榈酸含量也较高,此外还含有少量的己酸、辛酸、癸酸和硬脂酸,不饱和脂肪酸有油酸和亚油酸。     

橄榄核仁油的理化特性及脂肪酸组成

为开发和利用橄榄核仁资源,对橄榄核仁油的理化特性和脂肪酸组成进行研究。结果表明,橄榄核仁油主要含不饱和脂肪酸,其中亚油酸含量50.04%、油酸含量20.75%,还含有奇数碳脂肪酸十七烷酸,是一种值得开发利用的营养保健油源。     

生物柴油原料中不皂化物和脂肪酸分析

旨在确定生物柴油原料的可利用性,以可作为生物柴油原料的木本植物油脂、餐饮废油和酸化油为研究对象,分析其不皂化物和脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明：棕榈油等7种木本植物油脂不皂化物含量低于1.10%,脂肪酸含量均高于91.50%,脂肪酸组成以油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸为主(除棕榈油外);餐饮废油的不皂化物含量变化较大,脂肪酸含量在83.99%～94.87%之间,大部分餐饮废油脂肪酸组成以亚油酸和亚麻酸为主;5种酸化油的脂肪酸含量在71.35%～92.05%之间,椰子酸化油饱和脂肪酸占比为80.06%,其他4种酸化油的脂肪酸组成以不饱和脂肪酸为主。综上,7种木本植物油脂是优良的生物柴油原料,餐饮废油和酸化油作为原料制备生物柴油时要严格控制其质量指标。     

Separation/fractionation of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents in palm kernel oil using supercritical CO2

Separation of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents in palm kernel oil (PKO) from dehulled ground palm kernel using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO₂) as a solvent at 40 and 80 °C and pressures of 20.7, 27.6, 34.5, 41.4 and 48.3 MPa was studied. The extraction was continuous and PKO was fractionated into four fractions. Triglycerides with differing fatty acid contents of caprylic (C8), capric (C10), lauric (C12), myristic (C14), palmitic (C16), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acid were separated in different percentages in different fractions. About 70% of PKO comprises triglycerides with C8–C12 fatty acids and these fatty acids were mostly extracted in fractions 1and 2. As a result, higher yields were observed in these fractions, especially at pressures higher than 27.6 MPa. The C16 and C18:2 components were extracted in fractions 3 and 4. These triglycerides form only a part of the remaining 30% of the fatty acid composition of PKO, hence the evidently diminishing yield in the later fractions. However, the compositions were found to be statistically significant for higher pressures and fraction times according to the type of fatty acid constituents. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同产地元宝枫种仁油脂含量及脂肪酸成分研究

元宝枫是我国特有的木本油料作物,种仁油脂含量丰富。为了探明元宝枫种仁油脂及脂肪酸含量在不同生长环境间的变化,促进元宝枫油用资源的开发,实验采用了索氏提取法及GC-MS分析法测定了9个产地天然元宝枫的种仁含油量、脂肪酸组分及含量,并分析成分间的差异性及相关性。结果表明9个产地元宝枫种仁平均含油量达到了43.30%,含量范围为18.87%～52. 23%。种仁油共鉴定出13种脂肪酸组分,其中亚油酸含量为最高,达到32. 28%,其次为油酸,平均含量为25. 36%,功能性成分神经酸的平均含量为5.25%,油脂中不饱和脂肪酸比例在87.05%～90. 16%。油脂和脂肪酸相关性分析显示,油酸与不饱和脂肪酸显著性正相关,与油脂含量极显著性正相关,相关系数分别为0.78,0. 82,神经酸分别与不饱和脂肪酸、油脂含量弱正相关,亚油酸与油脂含量呈极显著性负相关关系。实验为元宝枫种仁油营养价值评价提供一定的指导,为元宝枫种子食用及药用价值开发提供了基础。     

复羽叶栾树种仁的脂肪酸及氨基酸组成分析

采用国标方法对复羽叶栾树种仁的脂肪酸以及氨基酸组成进行分析测定。结果表明:复羽叶栾树种仁的粗脂肪含量为11. 4%,种仁油中含有15种脂肪酸,主要为花生一烯酸(45. 4%)、油酸(23. 7%)、亚油酸(9. 2%)、棕榈酸(6. 1%)、芥酸(5. 6%),不饱和脂肪酸含量达87. 20%,单不饱和脂肪酸含量为74. 95%;种仁粗蛋白质含量为26. 2%,种仁蛋白中氨基酸含量为19. 29%;在种仁蛋白中至少有16种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的33. 59%,药效氨基酸占70%。研究表明,复羽叶栾树种仁既可作为生产生物柴油、药物和化妆品的原料,也是良好的蛋白质和食用油资源,具有广阔的开发前景。     

棕榈油与猪油在组成结构和功能特性上的比较

比较了3种棕榈油和6种猪油产品在理化指标、营养与功能特性指标以及脂肪酸组成及其在甘油三酯Sn-2位上的分布情况,以判断棕榈油对猪油的可替代性.结果表明,棕榈油和猪油的熔点、碘值、酸值、过氧化值等理化指标很接近;棕榈油不含胆固醇,具有比猪油较高的V_E含量和氧化稳定性;在可塑性方面,精炼棕榈油与猪板油相当,而且好于猪杂油和猪膘油,棕榈硬脂与猪骨油相当,棕榈液油与猪皮油相当;虽然棕榈油和猪油的脂肪酸组成具有相似性,猪油的不饱和脂肪酸含量略高于棕榈油的不饱和脂肪酸含量,但是棕榈油的Sn-2位上主要分布不饱和脂肪酸,而猪油的Sn-2位上主要分布饱和脂肪酸,使棕榈油比猪油更加容易消化吸收.     

黄龙‘香玲’核桃果实成熟过程中经济性状研究

旨在为核桃品质调控、机械化适时采收等提供理论依据,以陕西省黄龙县广泛种植的‘香玲’核桃为试验材料,分别于2021年8月6日、8月13日、8月18日、8月23日、8月30日、9月6日、9月10日、9月13日、9月17日、9月21日进行采样,测定其表观性状指标(鲜果三径、鲜果质量、坚果三径、坚果质量、出仁率,青皮与核仁色值)及内在品质指标(核仁含水率、可溶性糖含量、蛋白质含量、含油率,核桃油脂肪酸组成及含量,内种皮总酚含量、总黄酮含量),并进行综合分析。结果表明：随采收时间的推迟,核桃鲜果质量、鲜果三径、出仁率总体呈先上升后保持稳定的变化趋势,适时推迟采收时间有利于提高核桃产量;核桃青皮颜色随采收时间的推迟由青绿色向黄绿色转变,核仁颜色从亮白色向乳黄色转变,并且核桃青皮与核仁颜色转变的节点是9月6日;核仁含水率与蛋白质含量随采收时间的推迟持续下降后基本保持稳定;核仁可溶性糖含量总体随采收时间的推迟持续下降,含油率则随采收时间的推迟总体呈上升趋势,但采收过迟含油率则会下降;不同采收时间核桃油脂肪酸组分含量存在差异,但脂肪酸种类保持不变;内种皮总酚与总黄酮含量总体变化趋势基本一致,均随着采收时...     

Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality. 2. Effects on properties of fat and processing characteristics of bacon and frankfurter-style sausages

Palm kernel oil (PKO) and palm oil (PO) are used in tropical countries as cheaper substitutes for conventional feed sources such as soya bean oil (SBO) but little is known about their effects on meat quality. This study, therefore, evaluated the effects of these three dietary oils on the fatty acid composition (FA) of pork fat and the qualities of belly bacon and frankfurter sausage. The 3×2 factorial design also included high and low dietary protein. Total cooking loss, water loss and fat losses were determined in frankfurter sausages at chopping temperatures from 2 to 24°C. PKO resulted in a poor P:S ratio (0.34) and a relatively hard fat (slip point 32.8°C), but resulted in bacon with a higher tensile cohesive force and more high quality slices, judged subjectively. PO had a fatty acid composition closer to the SBO control, a better P:S ratio than PKO (0.48) and softer fat. There was a trend for total cooking losses and fat losses to be higher in PKO compared with PO and SBO at all chopping temperatures, suggesting that the firmest, most saturated fat (PKO) was least suitable for frankfurter production. The low protein diet increased the concentration of saturated fatty acids and increased fat firmness but its effect on fatty acid composition and other properties were less marked than those of oil type.     

鹰嘴桃桃仁油的成分测定及其感官评价

目的探索桃仁油的成分含量并对其感官品质进行评价。方法采用亚临界丁烷法对桃仁中的油脂进行提取,并对其脂肪酸组成及其他活性成分进行探究,最后还对鹰嘴桃桃仁油的感官进行评价。结果测得桃仁中油脂含量为(30.98%±1.05%),桃仁油不饱和脂肪酸的含量高达93.71%,主要是油酸(76.62%±0.09%)和亚油酸(16.99%±1.47%);桃仁油中的主要脂溶性物质为生育酚、角鲨烯和β-谷甾醇,含量分别为(176.00±0.36)μg/g、(6.88±0.32)μg/g、(2.74±0.04)μg/g。感官评价结果表明,鹰嘴桃桃仁油黏稠度好,质地均匀,色泽金黄,具有特殊桃仁香气。结论鹰嘴桃桃仁油提取率高,营养物质丰富,可用于药用或食用,具有一定的保健功效,且其感官品质好,可作为一种潜在的油料资源。     

Nutritional composition of Canarium pimela L. kernels

The kernels of Canarium pimela L., obtained from Guangdong Province, PR China, were analysed for their proximate composition, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile and mineral contents. The kernels were abundant in fats (59.7%) and proteins (23.9%). The acid, iodine, and saponification values of the kernel oil were 0.33, 92.4 and 191, respectively. Oleic acid (43.0%) and linoleic acid (26.5%) constituted the main unsaturated fatty acids of the kernel oil, while palmitic acid (24.8%) was the major saturated fatty acid. The kernel proteins were rich in glutamic acid, arginine and aspartic acid (21.0%, 12.5%, and 6.80%, respectively), but not the limiting amino acid lysine (2.37%). The mineral elements were also involved in this study. The results indicated that C. pimela L. kernels may be a potential source of oil or protein for the human diet.     

冷、热榨文冠果油品质比较分析

对以河南济源产文冠果为原料生产的冷榨油和热榨油的理化指标、微量元素含量及脂肪酸组成进行对比分析。结果表明:文冠果种子为棕色扁球状,容重0. 936 kg/L,百粒重为119. 7 g;文冠果种仁中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量分别为8. 61%、17. 4%、43. 7%,总糖未检出;热榨文冠果油的过氧化值、皂化值和灰分比冷榨文冠果油的高,而酸价比冷榨文冠果油的低;冷榨文冠果油的铜、锌、锰和铬含量比热榨文冠果油的高,而铁含量比热榨文冠果油的低;热榨和冷榨文冠果油的脂肪酸组成差别不大,主要由10种脂肪酸组成,不饱和脂肪酸含量超过90%,其中亚油酸、油酸含量较高。     

不同发育期云南‘三台’核桃营养品质研究

以不同发育期(授粉30、60、90、120 d)‘三台’核桃仁为试材,通过对其油脂、油脂中脂肪酸、蛋白质、氨基酸及功能成分角鲨烯、维生素、磷脂等营养指标的研究,探讨‘三台’核桃发育期主要营养成分变化及其相关性,旨在为‘三台’核桃分子育种提供科学依据。结果表明:‘三台’核桃含油率在整个生长期逐渐升高,特别是在前3个发育期,油脂急剧积累,含量显著增高,而从第3到第4发育期,油脂积累趋于平稳;核桃油中多不饱和脂肪酸含量在第2发育期最高,达到75.60%;核桃中蛋白质含量在第2发育期最高,为17.8%;核桃中总氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量均在第2发育期最高;水溶性维生素C与维生素B_3含量均在第4发育期最高,而脂溶性维生素E含量则在第2发育期最高;磷脂含量在第3发育期最高。     

玉屏不同油茶种质含油率及油中脂肪酸组成分析

为选育油茶优良无性系,利用核磁共振方法测定了玉屏38个油茶优良无性系的种子和种仁含油率,采用GC-MS/MS方法检测了索氏提取的油茶种仁油脂肪酸组成及相对含量。结果表明:MZ-3、YP-1、6-57、6-48和GY的种子和种仁含油率分别在41%和56%以上。油茶种仁油中检测出6种脂肪酸,分别为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生烯酸,油酸含量高于83%的品系有5-35、5-37、6-49、XL-210和YP-1。这不仅为玉屏油茶优良无性系的选择提供了科学依据,而且可为油茶籽油的加工利用提供参考。     

基于气相色谱法的食用向日葵葵籽含油量及脂肪酸组成研究

收集12类不同品种食用向日葵葵籽为测试材料,测定不同样品千粒重、出仁率与含油量,在食用向日葵葵籽样品中滴加甲酯化剂进行气相色谱检测,依据标准品总峰面积确定食用向日葵葵籽出油率,利用气相色谱法检测材料样品脂肪酸组成及相对含量。分析结果显示:食用向日葵葵籽千粒重为43.37 g~205.87 g、出仁率为43.84%~75.59%;食用向日葵葵籽含油量33.08%~41.26%,出油率与含油量相比差距为1%左右。食用向日葵葵籽样品脂肪酸甲酯总离子图内出峰时间说明脂肪酸组成成分主要包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸以及亚油酸,其中亚油酸相对含量较高,基本达到50%以上。     

樟树籽仁油的结构和特性分析

分别采用气相色谱、液质联用测定分析了樟树籽仁油的脂肪酸组成和分布、甘油三酯组成,测定分析了其理化性质、融化结晶特性。结果表明:樟树籽仁油中所含脂肪酸主要是中碳链脂肪酸,其中癸酸含量为60. 25%、月桂酸含量为35. 88%、辛酸含量为0. 45%,长碳链脂肪酸含量低于5%;樟树籽仁油的甘油三酯组成为CCC(12. 55%)、CCLa(56. 38%)、CLaLa和MCC(20. 36%);樟树籽仁油酸价(KOH)为0. 32 mg/g、皂化值(KOH)为267. 30 mg/g、碘值(I)为5. 70 g/100 g、过氧化值为0. 03 g/100 g;樟树籽仁油的融化温度为21. 63℃、结晶温度为1. 54℃,在人体体温下处于完全融化状态,利于人体吸收代谢。     

西藏不同种源光核桃仁脂肪酸组成分析

采用溶剂回流法及气相色谱法,分析全西藏范围内9 个种源的光核桃仁出油率、油脂种类及相对含量特征。结果表明,9 个种源的光核桃仁出油率差异显著,均值为44.96%;光核桃油中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量极高,均值为90.901%,主要由油酸和亚油酸组成,油酸相对含量的变化范围为45.280%～71.360%,最高值为芒康县的光核桃;亚油酸相对含量的变化范围为18.010%～44.340%,最高值为亚东县光核桃;饱和脂肪酸相对含量均值为9.099%,主要成分为棕榈酸和硬脂酸,棕榈酸相对含量的变化范围为5.829%～7.354%,最高值为亚东县光核桃;硬脂酸相对含量的变化范围为1.600%～3.034%,最高值为察隅县光核桃。基于11 种脂肪酸相对含量特征的聚类分析表明,米林县、左贡县、波密县、八宿县光核桃仁油脂相对含量特征相近,芒康县则与其他种源光核桃油脂特征差异较大。