Selenium contents of Portuguese commercial and wild edible mushrooms

The selenium contents of 66 mushroom samples, wild growing or commercially available in Portugal, fresh, canned or dried, were determined. The samples consisted of 18 mushroom species, mainly selected in accordance with their availability and consumer preference. The selenium contents varied considerably between different mushroom species. The highest selenium contents were found in the wild species Boletus aestivalis (48.5 mg/kg dry weight, DW), Boletus pinophilus (19.9 mg/kg DW), Boletus edulis (14.9 mg/kg DW), Boletus aereus (12.3 mg/kg DW), Boletus fragans and Boletus spretus (∼2 mg/kg DW). Other mushrooms having considerable selenium contents included Marasmius oreades (1.5 mg/kg DW), Agaricus bisporus “Portobello” (1.25 mg/kg DW), A. bisporus (1.0 mg/kg DW) and Russula cyanoxantha (0.72 mg/kg DW). The selenium contents of these mushrooms are sufficient to provide nutritionally significant amounts in relation to the total daily intake of selenium. Other edible mushrooms, such as Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cantharellus cibarius,Craterellus cornucopioides and Lepista nuda, contained only small amounts of selenium. The importance of these mushrooms as a source of selenium is therefore marginal.     

Comparison of free amino acid,carbohydrates concentrations in Korean edible and medicinal mushrooms

Ten popular species of both edible and medicinal Korean mushrooms were analysed for their free amino acids and disaccharides. The average total free amino acid concentration was 120.79 mg g⁻¹ in edible mushrooms and 61.47 mg g⁻¹ in medicinal mushrooms, respectively. The average total of free amino acids for all mushrooms, edible mushrooms and medicinal mushrooms was 91.13 mg g⁻¹. Agaricus blazei (227.00 mg g⁻¹) showed the highest concentration of total free amino acids; on the other hand, Inonotus obliquus (2.00 mg g⁻¹) showed the lowest concentration among the 10 species of mushrooms. The average total carbohydrates concentration was 46.67 mg g⁻¹ in the 10 species of mushrooms, where the edible mushrooms contained 66.68 mg g⁻¹ and the medicinal mushrooms contained 26.65 mg g⁻¹. The carbohydrates constituents of the 10 mushroom species were mainly mannose (36.23%), glucose (34.70%), and xylose (16.83%).     

Effects of trophism on nutritional and nutraceutical potential of wild edible mushrooms

Consumption of wild growing mushrooms has been preferred to eating of cultivated fungi in many countries of central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the nutritional value of wild growing mushrooms is limited. The present study reports the effects of trophism on mushrooms nutritional and nutraceutical potential. In vitro antioxidant properties of five saprotrophic (Calvatia utriformis, Clitopilus prunulus, Lycoperdon echinatum, Lyophyllum decastes, and Macrolepiota excoriata) and five mycorrhizal (Boletus erythropus, Boletus fragrans, Hygrophorus pustulatus, Russula cyanoxantha, and Russula olivacea) wild edible mushrooms were accessed and compared to individual compounds identified by chromatographic techniques. Mycorrhizal species revealed higher sugars concentration (16-42 g/100 g dw) than the saprotrophic mushrooms (0.4-15 g/100 g). Furthermore, fructose was found only in mycorrhizal species (0.2-2 g/100 g). The saprotrophic L. decastes, and the mycorrhizal species B. erythropus and B. fragrans gave the highest antioxidant potential, mainly due to the contribution of polar antioxidants such as phenolics and sugars. The bioactive compounds found in wild mushrooms give scientific evidence to traditional edible and medicinal uses of these species.     

Chemical and analytical screening of some edible mushrooms

Fractionation of extracts of the edible mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, led to the isolation of two heterocyclic carboxylic acids, namely pyridine-3-carboxylic acid [nicotinic acid, (5)] and pyrazole-3(5)-carboxylic acid (6) and the four steroidal metabolites ergosterol (1), 5-dihydroergosterol (2), ergosterol peroxide (3), cerevisterol (4). Significantly, compound (6) was identified for the first time, to our knowledge, in the mushroom kingdom and is of taxonomic significance. Compounds (2–4) were isolated for the first time from the Volvariella genus. In view of the structural similarity of compound (6) to pyrazole-3-carboxylic acids, which act as agonists for nicotinic acid receptors, the levels of compounds (5) and (6) were estimated for the first time using HPTLC in V. volvacea and two other edible mushrooms, namely Agaricus bisporus and Calocybe indica. Significant levels of compound (5) were found in C. indica, and compound (6) was found in abundance in A. bisporus. Correlations are suggested between the occurrence of these compounds in mushrooms and consumption as well as beneficial health effects of this food.     

Mercury content of some wild edible mushrooms

 The mercury (Hg) content of 112 samples of common, wild edible mushrooms was analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average Hg content of all the samples was 1.72 mg/kg dry mass (DM) but the Hg concentrations found in different taxonomic groups (genera and species varied) remarkably. Although different sampling locations obviously have an effect on the Hg concentration of sporocarps, we found evidence for a Hg-accumulating capacity of some taxonomic groups. In addition to Agaricus and Macrolepiota, where the phenomenon of mercury accumulation has already been described, our results indicate high Hg levels in samples of Lycoperdon perlatum (average 2.94 mg/kg DM) and in Lepista species (average 3.02 mg/kg DM). These data confirm the need for greater attention to be given to Hg levels in wild common mushrooms, especially to Hg-accumulating species. Received: 20 February 1997     

Mercury content of some wild edible mushrooms

 The mercury (Hg) content of 112 samples of common, wild edible mushrooms was analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average Hg content of all the samples was 1.72 mg/kg dry mass (DM) but the Hg concentrations found in different taxonomic groups (genera and species varied) remarkably. Although different sampling locations obviously have an effect on the Hg concentration of sporocarps, we found evidence for a Hg-accumulating capacity of some taxonomic groups. In addition to Agaricus and Macrolepiota, where the phenomenon of mercury accumulation has already been described, our results indicate high Hg levels in samples of Lycoperdon perlatum (average 2.94 mg/kg DM) and in Lepista species (average 3.02 mg/kg DM). These data confirm the need for greater attention to be given to Hg levels in wild common mushrooms, especially to Hg-accumulating species. Received: 20 February 1997     

Heavy metals in edible mushrooms in Italy

The distribution of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium was investigated in 1194 samples of 60 species of common, edible mushrooms collected mainly in the province of Reggio Emilia, Italy. The quantitative determination of heavy metals (mg/kg dry weight) was carried out by spectrophotometry, with the exception of Hg, which was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.     

Trace element contents in European species of wild growing edible mushrooms: A review for the period 2000–2009

The review follows a previous report (Kala? & Svoboda, 2000), focused on cadmium, mercury and lead. Numerous papers on the topic, published during the last decade, rendered a lot of new information on 15 reviewed metals and metalloids and limited information on a further 14 elements and lanthanides. Usual reported contents for most of species grown in unpolluted sites are 20–150 (Al), 0.5–5 (As), 2–4 (Ba), 1–5 (Cd), <0.5 (Co), 0.5–5 (Cr), 20–100 (Cu), 50–300 (Fe), <0.5–5 (Hg), 10–60 (Mn), traces-15 (Ni), <5 (Pb), <2 (Se), <0.1 (Sb) and 25–200 (Zn) mg kg⁻¹ dry matter. These values can be considerably, even by order of magnitude, increased in mushrooms picked in polluted areas. Moreover, some species have accumulating and even hyperaccumulating ability for various elements. The possibility to evaluate toxicological risk or nutritional asset has been thus limited.     

Fat and fatty acids of Indian edible mushrooms

Twenty-three species of naturally grown and collected mushroom fruiting bodies, from different geographic locations of India, were analysed for their total fat and fatty acid contents. On a dry weight basis, the mushroom species were found to contain 0.6–4.7% total fat. The mushroom species were high in unsaturated fatty acids (52–87%), compared to saturated fatty acids. Oleic acid was the major monounsaturated fatty acid in all the species studied, while linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Linolenic acid was in significant quantity in Hydnum repandum and Macrolepiota procera. Linoleic:oleic acid ratios of the mushroom species varied considerably (0.48–10.58).     

Aluminium in wild mushrooms and cultivated Agaricus bisporus

 The aluminium content in wild mushrooms (n = 271, 19 species) and in cultivated Agaricus bisporus (n = 15) was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. With an aluminium content of 30 – 50 μ/g dry matter (DM) Boletus and Xerocomus species, the most well-known and most popular mushrooms, proved to be poor in aluminium. Several species of the genus Suillus, Macrolepiota rhacodes, Hypholoma capnoides as well as individual samples of Russula ochroleuca and Amanita rubescens contained high aluminium concentrations of about 100 μg/g DM and more. Cultivated Agaricus bisporus had the lowest aluminium content, i. e. 14 μg/g DM. The site, its geological origin as well as the mushroom species influenced the aluminium content in the fruitbodies: these factors require further investigation. Mushrooms do not contribute significantly to aluminium intake by humans. Received: 23 January 1997     

Chemical composition and non-volatile components of Croatian wild edible mushrooms

The chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates, and ash) and non-volatile components content (soluble sugars, free amino acids, and 5′-nucleotides) of 10 popular Croatian wild edible mushroom species (Agaricus campestris, Boletus edulis, Calocybe gambosa, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Entoloma clypeatum, Flammulina velutipes, Macroleptiota procera, Morchella elata, and Pleurotus ostreatus) were determined. All investigated mushrooms were found to be good sources of proteins and total carbohydrates, with contents varying in the ranges of 27.95–38.89, and 42.62–66.78 g/100 g, respectively. In addition, the fat contents were very low 1.34–6.45 g/100 g. B. edulis (19.87 mg/g) showed the highest concentration of essential amino acids and M. elata (14.25 mg/g) the lowest concentration. Monosodium glutamate-like components and total flavour 5′-nucleotides were the highest in C. cornucopioides (45.85 and 13.88 mg/g, respectively), and lowest in F. velutipes (7.63 and 1.05 mg/g, respectively). Equivalent umami concentration values in 10 Croatian wild edible mushrooms ranged from 73.78 to 1186.45 g MSG/100 g dry weight, and overall, all these mushrooms possessed highly umami taste.     

多组学技术在食用菌采后保鲜的应用进展

食用菌采后保鲜技术的研究及应用对提升食用菌全产业链的竞争力有着不可或缺的作用。近年来,随着生鲜菌菇消费量大幅增长,消费者对菌菇品质也愈发关注。因此,提高对生鲜菌菇品质劣变机制的科学认知和开发精准高效的智能保鲜技术将对促进食用菌物流贮运和鲜食消费具有重要意义。当前,多种组学技术可以从不同层面、多尺度、深维度解析子实体组织、细胞结构、细胞器、胞内胞外生物大分子及代谢物的时空变化特征,涉及食用菌采后劣变及衰老过程的基因表达、蛋白变化、代谢调控和微生物侵染等诸多方面,为深入探求食用菌采后劣变机制提供了新方法、新途径和新视角。本文重点阐述了近年来多种组学技术(转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和微生物组学)在食用菌采后保鲜方面的应用进展,对应用效果进行了分析总结,并对相关研究趋势进行展望,以期为食用菌采后保鲜研究提供参考,并为探索新型、绿色、高效的、低成本的食用菌保鲜方法打开新思路。     

食用菌活性成分抗氧化机制的研究进展

细胞氧化会带来衰老与疾病,作为天然抗氧化剂来源的食用菌因富含多糖、三萜及酚类等活性成分,具有极大的开发潜力与药用价值。但食用菌中发挥抗氧化活性成分的构效关系尚不明确,其抗氧化成分是否围绕Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白-1(Kelch like epichlorohydrin associated protein 1, Keap1)-核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, Nrf2)-抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element, ARE)和磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, PI3K)-蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B, Akt)-Nrf2途径发挥活性尚不清晰,阻碍了食用菌的开发与利用。因此,本文围绕自由基清除、Fe²⁺氧化还原反应及酶活防御能力等抗氧化评价指标,综述近年来食用菌活性成分抗氧化机制,分类分析食用菌活性成分的组成与结构对抗氧化活性的影响,提出食用菌抗氧化成分挖掘领域亟待解决的科学问题,旨在为食用...     

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from edible mushrooms in LPS activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Nowadays there is a great interest in the use of edible mushrooms as functional food since they are rich in bioactive compounds. Although their immunomostimulant activity has been largely demonstrated, their potential anti-inflammatory activity has been scarcely explored. We have investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from different edible mushrooms species: Agaricus bisporus, Boletus edulis, Cantherellus cibarius, Cratarellus cornucopioides, Lactarius deliciosus and Pleurotus ostreatus, in activated macrophages. The species that exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activities were A. bisporus, C. cibarius and L. deliciosus, inducing inhibition of NO production and iNOS, IL-1β and IL6 mRNAs expression in response to LPS stimulation. C. cornucopioides only induced inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression, and the other species did not present anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, some edible mushrooms species have a potential anti-inflammatory capacity in vitro, suggesting that they could be regarded as a potential source of natural anti-inflammatory agents.     

Nutritional value and metal content of wild edible mushrooms collected from West Macedonia and Epirus,Greece

Ten wild edible mushroom species (Cantharellus cibarius, Rusula delica var chloroides, Ramaria largentii, Hygrophorus russula, Amanita caesaria, Fistulina hepatica, Boletus aureus, Armillaria tabesceus, A. mellea, Lepista nuda) from West Macedonia and Epirus, regions of Northern Greece, were analysed for their basic composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates and ash) and metal content profile (Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Al, As and Sn). The moisture content of mushrooms varied from 8.66% (L. nuda) to 17.43% (C. cibarius). The dry matter of mushrooms contained 21.57% (C. cibarius) – 34.77% (A. caesaria) proteins, 2.10% (A. mellea) – 6.00% (H. russula) fat, 5.61% (Russula delica) – 9.44% (C. cibarius) ash and 53.33% (H. russula) – 66.87% (A. tabesceus) carbohydrates.     

Antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds of Portuguese wild edible mushrooms methanolic extracts

The antimicrobial properties of phenolic extracts of Portuguese wild edible mushroom species (Lactarius deliciosus, Sarcodon imbricatus and Tricholoma portentosum) against pathogens were investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were evaluated for the entire mushroom, the cap and the stipe, separately; the portion of the mushroom used proved to be influenced in the results obtained, which are directly correlated with the content of total phenols and flavonoids in the extracts. The growth of Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis,) was well inhibited by these mushrooms, while Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) was resistant. The study on the antifungal effect of these mushrooms revealed that Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans were differently inhibited for the mushrooms used.     

Comparative fatty acid profiles in edible parts of wild scallops from the Tunisian coast

Muscle and gonad fatty acid compositions from the Pectinids: Pecten jacobaeus, Chlamysvaria and Flexopectenglaber, from the Tunisian coast, were analysed. The recorded main fatty acid components in both organs for the three species were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C20:5ω3 and C22:6ω3. Meanwhile, high proportions of EPA and DHA were recorded in the muscle of C. varia (10.1–20.4%), P. jacobaeus (7.68–14.9%), whereas the highest rates (8.98–7.78%) were recorded in gonad for F. glaber. Highest ω3/ω6 ratios were recorded in muscle and gonad of C. varia (9.01 and 7.72, respectively). In P. jacobaeus, the muscle and the gonad had similar nutritional values. Muscle of C. varia had a better fatty acid composition than had the gonad, whilst the gonad value was higher than the muscle in the case of F. glaber.     

Nutritional and in vitro antioxidant properties of edible wild greens in Iberian Peninsula traditional diet

Wild greens are nutritionally well-balanced vegetables. Herein, nutritional and in vitro antioxidant properties of the sprouts of three commonly used species were determined. Wild asparagus revealed the highest levels of moisture (84.6 g/100 g fw), ash (12.3 g/100 g dw), proteins (22.4 g/100 g dw), total sugars (9.24 g/100 g dw), including sucrose (4.27 g/100 g dw), and of the essential n-6 fatty acid linoleic acid (44.5%); white bryony gave the highest contents of reducing sugars, including glucose (2.97 g/100 g dw), essential n-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (70.3%), and the best ratios of PUFA/SFA, and n-6/n-3 fatty acids (3.59 and 0.0907, respectively); black bryony showed the highest concentrations of carbohydrates (69.3 g/100 g dw), fructose and trehalose (3.83 and 1.34 g/100 g dw, respectively). Besides their culinary characteristics, their high content in vitamins (asparagus, 135 and 142 mg/100 g dw of total tocopherols and ascorbic acid, respectively), chlorophylls (white bryony, 50.9 mg/100 g dw), carotenoids (23.3 mg/100 g dw) and phenolics (black bryony, 759 mg GAE/g extract), together with the antioxidant properties (EC₅₀ values lower than 640 μg/ml) and potential health benefits increase their importance in traditional as well as in contemporary diets.     

Indole compounds in fruiting bodies of some edible Basidiomycota species

The contents of nonhallucinogenic indole compounds were determined in methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of four common edible European species of higher fungi representing the most popular taxon Basidiomycota: Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange), Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Lactarius deliciosus (L. Fr.) S.F. Gray and Leccinum rufum (Schaef.) Kreisel. Amongst eleven compounds under analysis, 6–7 metabolites, distinct in different species, were identified in the extracts of fruiting bodies. Serotonin and melatonin were the only common compounds to all species. The contents of the analyzed compounds were diverse, ranging from 0.01 to almost 40 mg/100 g d.w. The contents of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptamine and melatonin were low (below 1.40 mg/100 g d.w.). Noteworthy, the serotonin contents were very high in all species under study and amounted to 5.21, 29.61, 18.42 and 31.71 mg/100 g d.w., respectively. Moreover, the fruiting bodies of these species contained indoleacetic acid (max. 2.04 mg/100 g d.w.) and tryptophan degradation products: kynureine sulfate (max. 39.20 mg/100 g d.w.) and kynurenic acid (6.21 mg/100 g d.w.).     

5种长白山野生食用菌的抗肿瘤活性研究

为研究长白山野生食用菌的抗肿瘤活性,选取灵芝、桦褐孔菌、桑黄、猴头蘑、香菇5种长白山野生食用菌为试验材料,分别进行体外、体内抗肿瘤试验。体外抗肿瘤试验采用MTT法研究野生食用菌提取物对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用;体内试验测定对小鼠S-180肉瘤细胞株的生长抑制率。结果显示:体外试验中,在最高浓度1mg/mL时,灵芝对HeLa及HepG2两种细胞株的抑制效果最好,桑黄对MCF-7细胞株的抑制率最高,而猴头菇对A549细胞显示了最强的抑制效果。并且除灵芝外其余4种食用菌的抑制作用与药物浓度存在依赖关系。体内试验中,5种食用菌对小鼠S-180肉瘤细胞株均显示了明显的抑瘤效果,其中猴头蘑高剂量组达到最大值,为75.92%,且香菇提取物在低剂量时就已显示了很高的肿瘤抑制率(为69.39%)。