超微脱脂米糠粉制备速溶冲剂的研究

本研究以熟化后的超微脱脂米糠粉为主要原料,研制一种营养丰富的米糠粉冲剂。该冲剂采用单因素和正交两种实验方法确定了实验最优配方及感官评价结果。实验结果:超微脱脂米糠冲剂的最优配方(以主要原料粉100g为单位)为:脱脂米糠粉20g、全脂奶粉55g、白糖粉25g、黄原胶0.220g、羧甲基纤维素钠0.08g、和微晶纤维素0.23g,最终感官风味得分为87分。      

糙米复配粉中淀粉直/支比对挤压速食粥品质与结构的影响

糙米是一种营养丰富的全谷物食品,但较差的适口性、蒸煮性和消化性制约着其成为主流餐桌食品。为改善其食用品质,本文通过分析不同淀粉直/支比(0.176、0.196、0.216、0.236、0.256、0.276)糙米复配粉的原料特性以及其对挤压速食粥糊化特性、复水品质、质构特性与结构的影响,探究制作糙米挤压速食粥原料复配粉最优的淀粉直/支比。结果表明:随着淀粉直/支比的增加,糙米复配粉的糊化温度和峰值温度增加,挤压速食粥米粒横截面的光滑度及紧密度增加。当淀粉直/支比为0.256时,挤压速食粥米粒横截面的结构最均一、最紧密,复水时间达到12.6 min,米汤固形物损失率和径向膨胀率最小(0.153 g和2.282%),此时的硬度、胶着度和耐咀性明显高于淀粉直/支比0.276,达到3323.85 g、1242.76 g·s和744.73 g。可见,糙米复配粉中淀粉直/支比0.256为制作挤压速食粥的较佳比例。     

不同加工方式对米糠粉食品配料理化特性的影响

为了改善米糠的理化特性,开发新型米糠食品配料,本文研究了挤压膨化、微波蒸煮和高温焙炒三种整体加工方式对脱脂米糠理化特性的影响。结果表明,脱脂米糠经过三种整体加工方式处理后,理化特性均得到改善,其中挤压膨化米糠具有最高的水溶性指数、吸水性指数、糊化度及分散稳定性。与未处理组相比,挤压膨化米糠水溶性指数、吸水性指数和糊化度分别提高了4.82%、18.92%和96.04%。同时,三种整体加工方式显著减少了米糠中还原糖和植酸的含量,而分析米糠的酚类物质和抗氧化活性时,发现高温焙炒显著增加了脱脂米糠中总酚含量及抗氧化能力,但挤压膨化降低了脱脂米糠中总酚含量和抗氧化能力。本研究可以为脱脂米糠作为糊粉类营养代餐食品配料的加工提供指导。     

Functional Properties of Edible Rice Bran in Model Systems

Functional properties of rice bran model systems were systematically studied to evaluate their potential food use. Three stabilized rice bran products, two defatted and one full-fat, were investigated and compared to wheat bran. Of the four brans investigated, the defatted extruded rice bran absorbed the most water and fat and had the greatest foaming capacity and stability. The defatted X-M processed rice bran exhibited functional behavior most similar to that of wheat bran. The full-fat extruded rice bran absorbed the least amount of water and fat and did not form a foam.     

速溶婴幼儿营养米粉的挤压膨化工艺研究

研究了以碎大米为主要原料采用挤压膨化法制作婴幼儿米粉的干法生产工艺.通过正交试验确定了最优的大米挤压膨化工艺参数:大米水分为18%,螺杆转数为200 r/min,模头温度为150℃,以此参数制得的膨化米粉溶解性和口感最佳,并分析了膨化大米和未膨化大米的主要成分变化.通过正交试验确定了速溶婴幼儿营养米粉的最佳配比为:膨化米粉65%,全脂奶粉8%,白砂糖粉16%,全蛋粉2%.通过感官评价和各项指标的检测结果表明,应用挤压膨化法生产速溶婴儿营养米粉工艺是可行的.     

Influence of extrusion condition and hemp addition on wheat dough and bread properties

This study was to evaluate the influence of hemp addition and extrusion conditions on properties of dough and bread. The extruded and non-extruded hemp/ rice flours with different hemp/rice ratio were mixed with wheat flour at 15% ratio. In those flour assays, extrusion greatly decreased the paste viscosities, while the addition of hemp inhibited the decrease of peak viscosity on the extrusion condition. The onset gelatinization temperature was extended due to the hemp addition. The test on dough properties showed that extrusion increased water absorption, arrival time, weakness, extensibility, and the volume after 105 min fermentation, and decreased the stability time and elasticity of dough, while hemp addition mainly increased the weakness and extensibility. For bread properties, extrusion decreased the specific volume, crust and crumb L value, and uniformed air cells, when the hemp addition increased the bread specific volume and decreased the hardness during storage time.     

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF IDLI USING EXTRUDED RICE FLOUR

The effect of substituting rice with extrusion cooked (75, 100 and 125C) rice flour at 10, 20, 30 and 40% level on the quality of idlis was investigated. Both the levels of substitution and temperature of extrusion had significant effects on the specific gravity, acidity and pH of the idli batter, and textural and sensory quality of the idlis. The idlis prepared from idli mix containing rice substituted by 20–30% of rice flour extruded at 125C were most acceptable.     

Development of protein-Rich Sorghum-Based Expanded Snacks Using Extrusion Technology

Sorghum is an important staple crop in semi-arid regions of Africa and India because of its drought tolerance. But low protein content and quality limit its widespread use. This project focused on developing sorghum-based extruded snacks. Results from preliminary lab-scale extrusion experiments were used to design a 2×5 factorial pilot-scale study. Two blends of sorghum flour and corn flour were prepared (6:1 and 5:2 w/w ratios) as the controls. Three different sources of protein—whey protein isolate, defatted soy flour, and mixed legume flour—were added to the sorghum/corn flour blends at 30%. A 50:50 blend of defatted soy flour and whey protein isolate was also added at 30% to the sorghum/corn flour blends. The resultant ten formulations were extruded on a pilot-scale twin-screw extruder to investigate the effects of sorghum/corn flour ratio and protein addition on product expansion, microstructure, mechanical properties, and sensory attributes. Expansion ratio of extruded product increased at the higher level of corn flour, and decreased with the incorporation of protein sources. Extrudates with defatted soy flour had a lower expansion ratio (5.3–5.4) than those with whey protein isolate (7.7–7.9), legume flour (7.1–9.9), or whey protein isolate-defatted soy flour (6.1–6.9). Extrudate microstructure, obtained by X-ray microtomography, corresponded well with expansion characteristics. Extrudates with defatted soy flour had the lowest cell diameter. Average crushing force (ranging from 40.9 to 154.87 N) was lower for extrudates with a higher level of corn flour. However, contrary to expectations, crushing force and crispness work both decreased with incorporation of protein sources. Consumer acceptability results showed that the addition of protein sources enhanced taste and overall acceptability of the extruded snacks, with the treatment sorghum/corn flour 5:2 and whey protein isolate-defatted soy flour as the protein source having significantly higher ratings than the other treatments.     

火麻仁蛋白与大豆蛋白的营养评价及比较

为明确火麻仁蛋白的基本组成及营养价值,以大豆蛋白为参比,对脱脂火麻仁粕蛋白质含量、矿物质元素、氨基酸构成以及蛋白质营养价值（如必需氨基酸比值、氨基酸比值系数、氨基酸比值系数评分、氨基酸评分、化学评分、必需氨基酸指数、营养指数、预测生物价）进行了评价比校,为火麻仁蛋白的开发和应用提供数据参考。结果表明:脱脂火麻仁粕的钾钠比为大豆的7.5倍,其Cu、Fe、P、Zn、Mg、Mn元素含量均高于大豆。而脱脂大豆粕和脱脂火麻仁粕的蛋白质含量分别为40.23%和62.61%、总氨基酸含量分别为1065.67 mg/g蛋白和1174.58 mg/g蛋白、必需氨基酸含量占比分别为40.02%和41.68%。同时,火麻仁蛋白必需氨基酸指数为106.23、营养指数为66.50、预测生物价为104.72,营养价值更加接近理想蛋白模式。由此可见,脱脂火麻仁粕的营养价值堪比脱脂大豆粕,可以作为一种新型的植物蛋白资源来供产业的开发和应用。     

不同添加物对挤压重组米血糖生成指数和理化性质的影响

研究燕麦膳食纤维、大米蛋白、高直链玉米淀粉的添加对挤压重组米熟化后血糖生成指数(GI)及理化性质的影响。结果表明:高直链玉米淀粉挤压重组米(HMER)熟化后的GI值相比天然大米(NR)显著降低(P<0.05),原因是添加高直链玉米淀粉促使米样形成更多难酶解的V型淀粉结晶。燕麦膳食纤维挤压重组米(DFER)和大米蛋白挤压重组米(RPER)蒸煮后的GI值高于NR而略低于挤压空白米(ER)。红外光谱图和X衍射结果表明:添加燕麦膳食纤维和高直链玉米淀粉会促进挤压重组米的淀粉老化,而添加大米蛋白则会抑制挤压重组米淀粉老化。HMER在透明度和颜色上与天然大米相近,而DFER、RPER则与天然大米差别较大。HMER、DFER、RPER的蒸煮性质和蒸煮后的黏度与挤压空白米(ER)无显著差异(P>0.05)。DFER、RPER蒸煮后的硬度显著低于ER(P<0.05),而HMER和ER的硬度无显著性差别(P>0.05)。     

CELLULAR STRUCTURE OF PEANUT-BASED EXTRUDED SNACK PRODUCTS USING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

A mixture of partially defatted peanut flour (12% fat) and rice flour was extruded to produce indirectly, puffed extrudates using a corotating twin-screw extruder. Extrudates were dried to obtain half-products of 11-12% moisture content, and the half-products were expanded by deep-fat frying. The effects of three levels of peanut flour (30, 40, and 50%), screw speed (200, 300, and 400 rpm) and feed rate (4, 5, and 6 kg/h) were studied by characterizing the cellular structure of expanded snack products using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Average cell size (mm²) and the number of cells per unit area (cm²) were determined from the interior cross-section area of snack products. Those parameters were influenced mainly by the level of peanut flour followed by screw speed and feed rate. Increasing peanut flour from 40 to 50% produced less puffed final products resulting in small cell size compared to snacks of 30 - 40% peanut flour. The maximum cell size was produced in the snack products extruded with peanut flour of 30 - 40% at screw speed of 250 - 330 rpm and feed rate of 4.7 - 5.7 kg/h. While the number of cells was relatively similar regardless of screw speed and feed rate, increasing peanut flour increased the number of cells. The cell walls became thicker with increasing feed rate.     

挤压膨化小扁豆粉对面团特性及面条品质的影响

将质量分数0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和100%的挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加到小麦粉中,研究了挤压膨化小扁豆粉对面团特性及面条品质的影响。结果表明,随着挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加量的增大,混合粉中蛋白质和灰分含量增大,水分和脂肪含量减小。混合粉面团形成时间和稳定时间显著减小,弱化度增大。当挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加量超过10%后,淀粉的糊化热稳定性和蒸煮稳定性均变差,淀粉酶解速率增大。挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加量10%～15%组面团黏弹性与对照面团最为接近,且在该范围添加量下,面条硬度和咀嚼性大小适宜,弹性良好。添加量0%～15%时挤压膨化扁豆粉的添加不影响面条的断条率和蒸煮损失率,综合考虑,推荐面条中挤压膨化小扁豆粉的添加量为10%。     

Preparation of Low Free Gossypol and High Available Lysine Cottonseed/Soybean Blends

Cottonseed/soybean blends (50/50) were ground in an Alpine pin mill with or without previous cooking in a Brady low-cost extruder. Free gossypol decreased with increasing amount of water added prior to extrusion and number of passes through the extruder. Available lysine increased with decreasing amount of added water but was unaffected by number of passes through the extruder. Type of soybean raw material utilized had no effect on free gossypol. Blends prepared from defatted cottonseed meal, however, had lower free gossypol than those made from cottonseed kernels. A blend similar to full-fat soy flour but of lower cost was prepared from unextruded 50% defatted cotton-seed meal/50% extruded soybean flakes, without added water, and ground in the Alpine mill.     

超声波辅助酶法提取骨明胶研究

以脱脂脱矿骨粉为原料,利用超声波辅助胃蛋白酶法提取骨明胶。比较了骨素酶解前、酶解中以及酶解后经不同超声时间和功率处理对明胶得率的影响,单因素实验结果表明:骨素酶解前和酶解中经超声处理,明胶得率显著提高。在骨素酶解前和酶解中分别经250 W、20 min和250 W、10 min的超声处理,明胶的得率分别为81.35%和83.32%,与未经超声处理组相比,明胶得率分别提高了9.96%和11.93%,而骨素酶解后在300 W超声功率下处理10 min,明胶得率仅为71.59%,与未超声处理组71.39%接近。SEM图片显示,酶解前和酶解中经超声处理,会使骨素表面出现孔隙,而酶解后超声处理则会使骨素表面更加光滑,表明酶解前和酶解中超声处理对骨素具有疏松作用。SDS-PAGE结果显示,超声波辅助酶法提取明胶,对明胶分子量分布没有影响。超声波辅助酶法提取,提高了骨明胶的得率,可为工业上骨明胶的生产提供有益的参考和借鉴。      

辅料添加对挤压复配米外观结构、蒸煮食用品质及体外血糖生成指数的影响

本研究通过在原料粉中加入有降血糖功能的菊粉、大豆多糖及燕麦麸等辅料来制备复配米,探讨3 种辅 料添加对复配米的食用品质及体外消化率的影响。结果表明：菊粉可增加复配米的亮度,但当菊粉添加量大于5% 时其蒸煮损失率明显增大。大豆多糖和燕麦麸会降低复配米的亮度,但对其蒸煮损失率影响不显著。质构特性分 析发现复配米硬度均随辅料添加量的增加而降低,菊粉可显著降低复配米的黏性,3 种辅料均对弹性和内聚性影响 不大。3 种辅料添加均使其感官评分降低,其中燕麦麸对感官品质的影响最小。电子鼻检测结果发现,各辅料添加 量低于25%时,复配米气味变化不显著,但当辅料添加量为50%时,复配米气味差异显著。扫描电子显微镜结果表 明,菊粉会使复配米结构变得疏松有孔隙,而大豆多糖和燕麦麸仅在高添加量时使复配米结构出现孔隙。体外消化 测定结果表明,燕麦麸和菊粉添加量在50%,大豆多糖添加量大于35%时,所制备的复配米属于低血糖生成指数食 物。由此可见,不同辅料对复配米食用品质及血糖生成指数影响不同,要根据不同需求选择合适的辅料添加。     

Effect of glasswort (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salicornia herbacea</Emphasis> L.) and rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) on quality of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ganjang</Emphasis> (Korean Soy Sauce)

Four types of meju were made from 100%(w/w) defatted soybean (DFS), a mixture of 80%(w/w) defatted soybean, and 20%(w/w) glasswort (DFS-G), a mixture of 80%(w/w) defatted soybean and 20%(w/w) rice (DFS-R), and a mixture of 60%(w/w) defatted soybean, 20%(w/w) glasswort, and 20%(w/w) rice (DFS-GR). Four types of Korean traditional soy sauce were prepared from the 4 types of meju. Mineral and antioxidant contents in the soy sauce made of DFS-G and DFS-GR were significantly higher than others. Citric, malic, succinic, lactic, and pyroglutamic acid contents in soy sauce made of DFS-R and DFS-GR were 1.3–1.5 times higher than others. Total nitrogen and free amino acid contents in soy sauce were correlated with DFS concentration in the meju. The bacterial community in the non-fermented meju-making ingredients was replaced largely by Bacillus sp. in the fermented meju. The use of glasswort and rice in the meju-making process did not alter the bacterial community responsible for the fermentation of meju.     

南瓜粉对挤压米膳食血糖指数及品质的影响

针对稻米中可溶性碳水化合物含量高,食用后极易引起血糖升高,不适于糖尿病患者食用等问题。作者以燕麦粉、马铃薯全粉等为主要原料,研制一款适合糖尿病人的食疗挤压米。结果表明：南瓜粉添加量为质量分数15%时,体外消化实验血糖指数最低,GI值为68.36;扫描电镜观测到其截面平整,结构紧密;蒸煮后测其加热吸水率、膨胀率分别高至191.35%、266.67%,米汤可溶性固形物质量分数仅为26.042 mg/g;质构特性良好,米粒饱满,感官评分最高。     

低温挤压对粳糙米营养特性及理化性质的影响

为了保留糙米的营养成分,改善糙米的粗糙口感,降低挤压糙米的消化速度,本文将粳糙米粉碎后在较低温度下挤压重组成米粒产品。将粳糙米在65 ℃低温挤压后,分析其营养成分、热特性、糊化特性、水合性质以及晶体结构等理化性质的变化。结果表明:低温挤压处理后粳糙米的脂肪含量从3.30%下降到1.07%,总淀粉、粗蛋白含量变化不显著,总膳食纤维含量从4.27%减少至3.60%,有助于改善糙米的粗糙口感。总酚含量和γ-氨基丁酸含量分别从33.99 mg/100 g、94.79 mg/kg增至36.59 mg/100 g、105.44 mg/kg。挤压后粳糙米粉的峰值黏度、回生值、糊化焓变分别由920.00 cP、869.50 cP、7.00 J/g降至406.00 cP、714.50 cP、2.28 J/g,糊化度为68.43%,挤压后糙米淀粉保持较低的糊化度。晶体结构在挤压后也发生了变化,挤压后粳糙米在2θ角为13 °、20 °存在衍射峰,晶体结构从A型转变成V型,相对结晶度从37.52%降至27.33%。此外,挤压粳糙米的吸水性指数和水溶性指数均升高。     

Effect of hydrocolloids on physicochemical,sensory and textural properties of reconstructed rice grain by extrusion cooking technology

Cracked or broken rice grains followed by lower rice efficiency during processing and milling of rice paddy are a major challenge contributing to the reduced economic productivity of this branch of industry. Therefore, the extrusion process for turning flour from broken rice or wastes into complete rice grains can bring about value-added for producers. In addition, an optimized formulation can improve product diversity and nutritional value. In this study, the effect of addition of Guar and Arabic gums on physicochemical, texture and sensory profiles of extruded rice grains was analyzed. Both gums were used in four concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 w/w %, d.b), and the effect of their different levels on properties of extruded rice was studied. Results from physicochemical tests on extruded rice samples showed that moisture content, water solubility index, water absorption index and bulk density were increased in samples containing higher concentration of Guar than Arabic gum and initial moisture content of 30% compared to no-gum samples, whereas lateral expansion, cooking loss, and total color change (ΔE) were reduced. Furthermore, results showed that higher levels of Guar than Arabic gum led to an improvement in sensory and textural properties.     

高温型α-淀粉酶对膨化米粉冲调性的影响

研究了在双螺杆挤压系统下应用高温型α-淀粉酶制备和改善膨化米粉冲调性能的工艺和方法,并比较了加酶挤压前后DE值、结块率、黏度、色泽的变化。结果显示,在挤压过程中添加高温型α-淀粉酶,可以提高原料淀粉的降解程度,产品在冲调复水时,膨化米粉的结块率降低。通过响应面优化实验,得到了添加高温型α-淀粉酶制备膨化米粉最佳挤压工艺条件:挤压温度136.2℃,螺杆转速100 r/min,加酶量36.35 u/g。在此条件下所得膨化米粉与未加高温淀粉酶的米粉比较,产品DE值由1.06上升到13.58,结块率由32.0%下降到11.25%,冲调后的黏度由113.9 mPa.s下降到88.6 mPa.s,产品色度△E值与对照样基本一致,冲调性得以改善。