Comparative study of aromatic compounds in young red wines from cabernet sauvignon, cabernet franc, and cabernet gernischet varieties in China

ABSTRACT:  The aromatic composition and key odorants of young red wines produced from Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Cabernet Gernischet wines were compared and the reasons for the difference in their aromatic compounds were discussed. Forty-three odorants were detected in Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc wines compared to 50 in Cabernet Gernischet wine. Quantitatively, acids formed the most abundant group in the aromatic components of the 3 wines, followed by alcohols and esters. Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc wines, the profiles of alcohols and esters for Cabernet Gernischet wine were more diverse. Monoterpenes, namely, 4-terpinenol, citronellol, and nerol, were found solely in Cabernet Gernischet wine. Only 10 compounds, namely, ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, β-damascenone, ethyl decanoate, isoamyl alcohol, acetic acid, octanoic acid, and phenylethyl acetate, were always present in the 3 wines at concentrations higher than their threshold values. However, ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and isoamyl acetate were found to jointly contribute to 97%, 98.9%, and 99% of the global aroma of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Cabernet Gernischet wines, respectively. This result showed that the aroma indistinguishableness of the 3 wines was mainly due to the dominance of the fruity notes exerted by the ethyl esters and, to a lesser extent, to the contribution of varietal aromatic compounds to the global aroma of the wines.     

桑椹发酵酒中风味物质的研究

以清汁发酵桑椹酒为研究对象,采用液-液萃取法进行样品预处理,以气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法对其挥发性物质进行了分析。结果显示:桑椹酒中鉴定出28种成分,主要香气成分是苯乙醇(25.43%)、琥珀酸乙酯(6.21%)、丁内脂(5.42%)、乙酸异戊酯(2.54%)、正辛酸乙酯(2.07%)和乙酸乙酯(0.78%)。清汁发酵桑椹酒醇香浓郁,口感柔和,有较大的开发潜力。     

First study of determination of aromatic compounds of red wine from Vitis vinifera cv. Castañal grown in Galicia (NW Spain)

Wines produced from Vitis vinifera cv. Castañal from Galicia (NW Spain), harvest 2002 and 2003, were submitted to gas chromatography (GC/FID). A total of 36 varietal and fermentative aroma compounds were identified and quantified. The total concentration of aroma compounds in 2002 and 2003 vintage was 872.06 and 520.70 mg/L, respectively, which include free and bound terpenes and C₁₃-norisoprenoids, alcohols, acetates and ethyl esters. To estimate the contribution of specific compound to the aroma, the odour activity value (OAV) was calculated using the concentration of each component and the corresponding odour threshold reported in the literature. From 36 compounds identified, 10 were determined as the most powerful odorants: β-ionone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate. These data suggested Castañal wines as a fruity (blackberry) and floral (rose) product.     

不同柑橘品种对柑橘果酒香气成分的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术对由脐橙、锦橙、椪柑和蜜柑所酿造的柑橘果酒的香气成分进行分析。结果表明,在4种柑橘果酒中共分离鉴定出43种香气化合物,其中包含酯类、醇类、酸类、醛类、酮类、烃类等,主要的香气贡献成分是酯类化合物,相对含量在58%~68%之间。柑橘果酒主体香气成分有乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、3-苯丙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、庚酸乙酯、壬酸乙酯、癸酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、苯甲酸乙酯、异戊醇、苯乙醇、2-乙基己醇、辛酸、月桂酸、2-氨基苯乙酸、苯乙醛、4-苯基丁醛、苯乙烯等,这些成分是决定柑橘果酒酒香和果香的重要组分。而锦橙果酒中这类化合物含量最高,且其感官评分也最高。因此,川南地区宜选锦橙用于柑橘果酒的制作。     

贺兰山东麓马瑟兰干红葡萄酒香气成分的分析

利用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS),初探宁夏贺兰山东麓的马瑟兰葡萄酿制的干红葡萄酒的香气物质组成及含量,并与同一种植地的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的香气成分进行对比。结果表明,马瑟兰干红葡萄酒中共检出香气成分42种,其中辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、4-甲氧基-4-甲基-2-戊醇、2,4-二甲基-3-戊醇、芳樟醇、香叶醇、乙酸异戊酯、2-丙基-1-庚醇、癸酸乙酯、2-甲基-2-硝基-1-丙醇相对含量较高。赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中共检出香气成分30种,其中辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、2-丙基-1-庚醇、乙酸异戊酯、3-乙基-3-甲基庚烷、己酸己丁酯、十六烷、2,2-二甲基丁烷相对含量较高。     

Investigation of important odorants of palm wine (Elaeis guineensis)

Palm wine (Elaeis guineensis) was sensorially evaluated and the key odorants were investigated by means of high resolution gas chromatography–olfactometry and mass spectrometry of solvent extracts as well as headspace samples. A total of 41 compounds were identified, 32 of them previously unknown in palm wine. From these, a total of 13 compounds were quantified by means of stable isotope dilution assays. Quantitation and calculation of the odour-activity values (OAVs) of the 13 key odorants revealed that the earthy-smelling 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine, the buttery-smelling acetoin, the fruity compounds ethyl hexanoate, 3-methylbutyl acetate and the popcorn-like-smelling 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline are likely to be important odorants of palm wine, with 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine, acetoin, and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline being reported here for the first time as aroma constituents of palm wine.     

搅拌棒萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒中的香气成分

采用搅拌棒萃取法-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒中的香气成分进行定量检测。结果表 明：‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒中共检测到55 种香气成分,包括26 种酯类物质、4 种酸类物质、9 种醇类物质、6 种萜烯 类物质、3 种C13-降异戊二烯等。通过计算香气活性值发现,其中12 种香气成分对‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒的香气有重 要贡献。这些物质是：乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、异丁酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、异戊 醇、2-苯乙醇、里哪醇、β-大马士酮和β-紫罗兰酮。感官分析结果表明：‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒具有玫瑰香、苹果、 草莓、菠萝等香气。     

Acetate ester formation in wine by mixed cultures in laboratory fermentations

Two non-Saccharomyces wine yeast strains, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii 11104 and Pichia anomala 10590, selected as good producers of acetate esters when grown on synthetic microbiological medium, have been tested in wine fermentations as mixed cultures together with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Wines produced using mixed cultures showed levels of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, glycerol and total higher alcohols within the ranges described for wine, whereas an increase in acetate ester concentrations was found. Ethyl acetate was the main ester produced, and isoamyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate made up the next largest group of ester compounds in the wines analysed. H. guilliermondii 11104 was found to be a strong producer of 2-phenylethyl acetate in both pure and mixed cultures whereas S. cerevisiae was the best producer of ethyl esters. Mixed cultures did not influence ethyl ester levels at all.     

Interactions between aroma compounds and whole mannoprotein isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

The interactions of four wine aroma compounds (isoamyl acetate, hexanol, ethyl hexanoate, β-ionone) either with a whole mannoprotein extract or with mannoprotein fractions at a level encountered in wine (150 mg/L) were studied by dynamic and static headspace techniques. The mannoproteins were isolated from a synthetic medium subjected to an alcoholic fermentation with two enological yeast strains. They were fractionated by exclusion chromatography and characterized through glycosyl composition analysis.     

Headspace solid‐phase micro extraction coupled to comprehensive two‐dimensional with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry applied to the evaluation of Nebbiolo‐based wine volatile aroma during ageing

This study presents the application of a headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) method on the analysis of Nebbiolo‐based wine volatiles by comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF‐MS). The aroma patterns were established for different samples of Nebbiolo‐based wines, aged in oak wood barrels for 18 months at constant temperature. The methodology allowed for the simultaneous analysis of over 130 different volatile compounds detected in the headspace. The odour activity values (OAVs) were assessed to identify potentially important odorants of Nebbiolo‐based wine during ageing. The highest OAVs were obtained for several compounds such as ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, β‐damascenone, ethyl cinnamate, ethyl 3‐methylbutanate and acetaldehyde. Ethyl butanoate, octanoic acid, ethyl dihydrocinnamate and γ‐nonalactone were also at concentrations higher than their corresponding threshold. Also vanillin, (E)‐whisky lactone, (Z)‐whisky lactone, guaiacol and 4‐ethyl guaiacol seem to be important odorants after oak wood ageing period.     

Chemometric investigation of the volatile content of young South African wines

The content of major volatiles of 334 wines of six different cultivars (Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinotage, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) and vintage 2005 was used to investigate the aroma content of young South African wines. Wines were sourced from six different regions and various producers. Thirty-nine volatile components partially responsible for the flavour of wine were quantified. In order to investigate possible correlation between volatile content and grape variety and/or geographical origin, analysis of variance, factor analysis (FA), principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used. Significant differences in the levels of certain volatiles were observed as a function of region and cultivar, with the latter factor proving to be more influential. A few volatile compounds were identified as potential predictors of the white wine cultivars. Prediction for red wine cultivars was poor, with the exception of Pinotage wines, for which three compounds (isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol and ethyl octanoate) were identified as accurate predictors. The reasons for the importance of these three volatile compounds in distinguishing young Pinotage wines are discussed, and possible reasons for the unique levels in wines of this cultivar are highlighted.     

2 种产量赤霞珠葡萄酒香气和花色苷的比较

应用气相色谱-质谱联用和高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-质谱联用技术对卢龙县2 种产量（7 500和10 500 kg/hm2）赤霞珠葡萄酒中香气和花色苷类物质进行定性与定量分析。共检测出32 种香气物质（包括高级醇、酯类、脂肪酸、萜烯和降异戊二烯类、挥发性酚类等）和16 种花色苷类物质（包括5 种基本花色苷及其乙酰
化和香豆酰化衍生物）。结果表明,7 500 kg/hm2产量条件下赤霞珠葡萄酒中拥有较高含量的高级醇、酯类、脂肪酸、挥发性酚类及香气总量,其中异戊醇、2-苯基乙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯和辛酸含量显著高于10 500 kg/hm2产量,而10 500 kg/hm2产量葡萄酒中萜烯类和降异戊二烯类物质含量略高。10 500 kg/hm2产量处理的葡萄酒中的花色苷总量高于7 500 kg/hm2产量处理的葡萄酒中花色苷总量,但花色苷单体中除花翠素葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素葡萄糖苷外,其余花色苷含量差异均不显著。因此,幼果膨大期疏穗降低产量对葡萄酒香气组成和含量的影响大于对花色苷的影响。     

不同商品酵母对葡萄酒香气成分的影响

以5种不同商品酵母发酵的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒为原料,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）和气质（GC-MS）联用技术对其香气成分进行分析,共检测出66种挥发性化合物,定量分析了各葡萄酒中共有的15种主要香气物质之间的差异。结果表明,不同商品酵母发酵葡萄酒中香气种类差别很小,但含量差别明显。酵母BDX具有较强的高级醇生成能力,其中苯乙醇的含量明显高于其他酵母;酵母BM4×4生成的酯类、高级醇和有机酸的含量均处于中间水平;酵母D254具有较强的酯类生成能力,其中辛酸乙酯和己酸乙酯的贡献最为突出;酵母L2323的乙酸异戊酯生成能力较强;酵母RC212的酯类和高级醇生成量最低。     

桑椹发酵酒中风味物质的分析

选用清汁发酵桑椹酒为研究对象,采用液-液萃取法对样品进行预处理,以气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法对其挥发性物质进行了分析。从桑椹酒中鉴定出28种成分,主要香气成分为苯乙醇(25.43%)、琥珀酸乙酯(6.21%)、丁内酯(5.42%)、乙酸异戊酯(2.54%)、正辛酸乙酯(2.07%)和乙酸乙酯(0.78%)。桑椹酒感官特征为醇香浓郁,口感柔和。     

红枣发酵酒香气成分分析及感官品质评价

以甘肃地区3 个红枣品种（临泽小枣、小口枣和民勤圆枣）为原料酿造红枣酒,测定其基本理化指标和挥发性香气成分,并进行感官评价分析,以期对红枣酒的酿造及枣酒品质分析提供依据。结果表明：3 种枣酒的理化指标均符合国标要求,但临泽小枣酒样的总酸含量和色度值最高且差异显著;香气成分结合香气轮分析表明,小口枣酒样中的酯类、醇类和萜烯类香气物质含量显著较高,民勤圆枣酒样中酸类和醛酮类香气化合物含量显著较高,大马士酮、苯乙醛、己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、丁酸乙酯和异戊醇可能是构成红枣酒花香、果香和溶剂味的主要成分;感官评价结果显示,小口枣酒样香气最为浓郁优雅,临泽小枣酒样具有较好的色泽和典型性,2 种枣酒的感官品质均较佳,可用于甘肃特色枣酒的生产。     

Effect of polyphenols on the perception of key aroma compounds from Sauvignon Blanc wine

Background and Aims:  Sensory wine research has mainly focused on the role of volatile compounds and their contribution to the aroma profile. Wines also contain polyphenolic compounds, which are not volatile. This research begins to investigate the interactions of volatile and non-volatile wine compounds and the consequential effects on sensory perception of aroma.
Methods and Results:  Trained panellists of this study measured the perception of four aroma compounds (isobutyl methoxypyrazine, 3-mercaptohexanol, 3-mercaptohexanol acetate and ethyl decanoate) in wine. Panellists assessed the four compounds in combinations with three polyphenols (catechin, caffeic acid and quercetin) commonly found in white wine. The perception of isobutyl methoxypyrazine, 3-mercaptohexanol and ethyl decanoate was largely suppressed by the added polyphenols, while the perception of 3-mercaptohexanol was accentuated with the addition of caffeic acid. Of the three polyphenols, only catechin had a slight effect of accentuating the mercaptohexanol acetate perception.
Conclusions:  Results showed each polyphenol had a unique effect when blended with a specific aroma compound, either suppressing, accentuating or showing little effect on the perception of the aroma compounds.
Significance of the Study:  Understanding these interactions can assist winemakers in managing polyphenol levels to optimize selected volatile compounds to achieve desirable aroma profiles.     

新疆产区不同品种葡萄酒香气成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质（HS-SPME-GC-MS）联用定量与闻香仪相结合的方法,对来源于新疆4个产区10个品种葡萄酒的 香气成分进行了测定,并对检测结果进行聚类分析。 结果表明,10个品种葡萄酒中,酯类成分占总香气成分的37.8%～50.6%,醇类占 总香气成分的19.4%～30.1%,酸类占总香气成分的18.7%～28.5%。 其中乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯等是品种葡萄酒之间共有 的呈香物质,不同品种葡萄酒之间其呈香物质具有较大差异。经聚类分析,干红葡萄酒中蛇龙珠葡萄酒与马瑟兰葡萄酒被归为一类, 干白葡萄酒中霞多丽葡萄酒与小芒森葡萄酒归为一类。 新疆4产区赤霞珠葡萄酒以酯类为主要的嗅闻呈香物质,不同产区的赤霞珠 葡萄酒其嗅闻呈香物质具有较大差异。     

杏汁发酵与杏皮渣发酵对杏酒香气质量的影响

为优化杏酒的发酵工艺,提高杏果的综合利用价值,减少资源浪费和环境污染,以杏汁和杏皮渣为原料,分别加入两种酵母进行发酵,比较发酵工艺对杏酒基本理化指标、香气物质和感官特性的影响。采用4 种发酵工艺,工艺1为杏汁＋酵母BV818,工艺2为杏汁＋酵母CECA,工艺3为杏皮渣＋酵母BV818,工艺4为杏皮渣＋酵母CECA。用气相色谱-质谱测定杏酒中的香气物质,并对杏酒进行感官评价。在杏酒中共检测出41 种香气物质,包括酯类29 种、醇类5 种、醛类2 种和萜烯类5 种,其中酯类物质种类最多,且含量最高,占香气总量的72.7%。在工艺1～4的酒样中,香气总量分别为14 765.27、15 034.37、12 580.27 μg/L和7 347.61 μg/L,用杏汁发酵的杏酒中香气总量显著高于用杏皮渣发酵的杏酒。在4 种工艺酒样中均能检出且气味活性值大于1的香气物质为杏酒的特征香气物质,共有6 个,分别为辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、芳樟醇、癸酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯。主成分分析结果显示,工艺2的酒样与乙酸异戊酯、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯和芳樟醇5 种特征香气物质处于同一象限,说明该酒样具有杏酒的典型香气特征。感官评价结果显示,杏酒具有杏、桃、柑橘、苹果、梨等果香和槐花、金银花等花香,采用工艺2酿造的杏酒,感官评分最高。结论：用杏汁发酵的杏酒,香气物质含量较高,以果香和花香为主,酒体轻盈,口感清爽,而用杏皮渣发酵的杏酒,总酚含量较高,香气复杂,酵母味明显,酒体饱满。本研究为杏酒发酵工艺的优化提供技术支持,也为进一步研究杏酒香气物质的合成提供理论依据。     

超高压处理对冰葡萄酒香气成分的影响

为探讨超高压（ultra high pressure,UHP）处理对冰葡萄酒香气成分的影响,将冰葡萄酒经不同压强超高压处理后,采用液液萃取法富集,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）检测处理前后冰葡萄酒香气成分的变化,并采用面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量。结果表明：超高压处理后冰葡萄酒香气成分发生改变,其中以异戊醇、苯乙醇、丁二酸二乙酯、乙酸乙酯和己酸乙酯等发挥主要作用的物质相对含量的变化较显著,说明超高压处理能改善冰葡萄酒的香气。综合分析可得,300 MPa超高压处理能使冰葡萄酒的香气更加丰富柔和。