添加非肉蛋白对菜籽油替代肥膘猪肉糜品质的影响

以菜籽油代替猪肉糜传统配方中的背膘,再分别添加大豆分离蛋白（soya protein isolate,SPI）、豌豆蛋白（pea protein,PP）和乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate,WPI）替代1.5%肉蛋白,研究不同蛋白质含量（12%、14%）下3 种非肉蛋白对猪肉糜脂肪损失及品质变化的影响。结果表明：在3 种非肉蛋白中,PP的乳化能力最差（48.78 m2/g）,SPI乳化能力最好（59.65 m2/g）;与全肉对照组相比,所有非肉蛋白处理组的蒸煮损失率均较低,当蛋白质含量从12%提高到14%时,添加非肉蛋白组的蒸煮损失率均增加;在12%和14%蛋白质含量下,添加SPI后猪肉糜的乳化特性有所提升,并更加稳定;质构分析结果表明,蛋白质含量的提高增加了猪肉糜硬度、黏聚性和胶着度,WPI组硬度最高,PP组硬度最低,表明非肉蛋白对质构的改性作用很强;与全肉对照组相比,添加非肉蛋白会导致产品的亮度值升高,红度值降低;此外,添加WPI制备的猪肉糜乳脂层蛋白质含量最低。     

Fat reduction in comminuted meat products-effects of beef fat, regular and pre-emulsified canola oil

The effects of fat reduction (25.0%, 17.5%, and 10.0%) and substituting beef fat with canola oil or pre-emulsified canola oil (using soy protein isolate, sodium caseinate or whey protein isolate) on cooking loss, texture and color of comminuted meat products were investigated. Reducing fat from 25 to 10% increased cooking loss and decreased hardness. Canola oil or pre-emulsified treatments showed a positive effect on improving yield and restoring textural parameters. Using sodium caseinate to pre-emulsify the oil resulted in the highest hardness value. Cohesiveness was affected by fat type and level. The color of reduced fat meat batters was darker for all, except the beef fat treatments. Using canola oil or pre-emulsified oil resulted in a significant reduction in redness. The results show that pre-emulsification can offset some of the changes in reduced fat meat products when more water is used to substitute for the fat and that pre-emulsification can also help to produce a more stable meat matrix.     

Effect of regular and hydrolysed dairy proteins on texture,microstructure and colour of lean poultry meat batters

The use of 2% milk protein isolate (MPI), and some of its fractions which included caseinate, whey protein isolate (WPI), two whey protein hydrolysates (5.2% and 8.5%; WPH‐I and WPH‐II respectively) and β‐lactoglobulin (β‐lac) was evaluated in lean chicken breast meat batters. Adding caseinate and MPI resulted in the highest fracture force values, and caseinate also provided higher yield compared with the control. Both proteins were observed to form distinct protein islands embedded within the meat protein matrix, which appeared to enhance the gel structure. The two hydrolysates provided the highest yield compared with all other treatments. However, adding WPH‐II also resulted in the lowest fracture force and hardness values, while WPH‐I provided similar values to the control. The low hardness value could be explained by the light micrograph which showed WPH‐II interfering with the binding of the meat proteins. The WPI and β‐lac provided similar yield, fracture and hardness values as the control. The colour of the products was most affected by the WHP‐I and WHP‐II; both resulted in lower lightness, yellowness and overall spectra reflectance curves. A cost analysis revealed that caseinate addition was the most economical in this lean meat system.     

THERMO-RHEOLOGY,QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS,AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF FRANKFURTERS PREPARED WITH SELECTED PLANT AND MILK ADDITIVES1

The purpose of this study was to evaluate substitution of nonmeat proteins for meat protein on the thermo-rheology, quality characteristics, and microstructure of frankfurters. Batters were formulated to contain either 2% sodium caseinate or soy protein isolate, or 3.5% whey protein concentrate or wheat germ flour. The storage modulus (G') of all treatments initially decreased during temperature ramping from 20–50C, then increased rapidly from 60–80C, with all-meat batter exhibiting the highest G' at 80C. Substitution with nonmeat proteins decreased G', shear force, compression force, and red color of meat compared with all-meat frankfurters. Increased protein content, cooking yield, and decreased fat content were obtained with nonmeat protein formulations. Electron micrographs showed that nonmeat proteins were able to bind to the meat protein and fat, forming a protein-fat matrix with less coalescence of fat droplets. Sodium caseinate, soy protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, and wheat germ flour can be used as protein additives in comminuted meat products without adversely affecting their physical characteristics.     

Physicochemical Effects of the Lipid Phase and Protein Level on Meat Emulsion Stability,Texture, and Microstructure

ABSTRACT: The effects of beef fat (25%) substitution with rendered beef fat, canola oil, palm oil, or hydrogenated palm oil at varying meat protein levels (8%, 11%, and 14%) were studied in emulsified beef meat batters. There was no significant difference in fat loss among meat batters made with beef fat, rendered beef fat, or palm oil. Hydrogenated palm oil provided the most stable batters at all protein levels. Increasing meat protein to 14% resulted in high fat loss in batters prepared with canola oil, which did not occur in the other formulations. This indicates that the physicochemical characteristics of fat/oil affect emulsion stability. Cooked batter hardness was higher (P < 0.05) when protein level was raised; highest in hydrogenated palm oil batters when compared at similar protein levels. As protein level was raised springiness values were increased in all the meat treatments. Springiness was higher in the canola oil treatments. Light microscopy revealed fat globule coalescence in canola oil meat batters prepared with 14% protein, as well as the development of fat channels and more protein aggregation; both seem to result in lower emulsion stability. Hydrogenated palm oil batters showed fat particles with sharp edges as opposed to the round ones seen in all other treatments.     

Effects of caseinate, whey and milk powders on the texture and microstructure of emulsified chicken meat batters

The effects of adding dry caseinate, whole milk, skim milk, regular, and modified whey protein powders, at a level of 2 g/100 g, to meat batters were studied. All dairy additives, except for the regular whey, significantly reduced cook loss (30-50% reduction). Caseinate and modified whey formed distinct dairy protein gel regions within the meat batters, as revealed by light microscopy. Both also contributed more to enhancing the textural properties of the meat batters compared to the other dairy proteins; i.e., increasing texture profile analysis fracturability, and hardness, respectively. Overall, the most cost-effective ingredient appeared to be the modified whey, which also provided the best moisture retention.     

Effects of batters containing different protein types on the quality of deep-fat-fried chicken nuggets

The effects of soy protein isolate (SPI), whey protein isolate (WPI) and egg albumen (EA) on the quality of deep-fat-fried chicken nuggets were studied. Batter without protein addition was used as a control. Batter pickup and moisture content, oil content, texture, porosity and colour of the nuggets were determined for 3, 6, 9 and 12 min of frying at 180 °C. Additionally, the rheological properties of batters were studied. SPI (3%) provided the highest apparent viscosity and coating pickup. All the batters showed shear-thinning behaviour except EA-added batter. Addition of different proteins to the batter formulation decreased the oil content of the final product. EA reduced the oil content of chicken nuggets significantly but yielded softer products. WPI (3%) was found to be the most effective ingredient on improving quality parameters of deep-fat-fried chicken nuggets. WPI (3%) added batters provided the hardest and crunchiest product with the darkest colour and also significantly reduced the oil content of the fried nuggets.     

大豆蛋白、酪蛋白、卵清蛋白、浓缩乳清蛋白及转谷氨酰胺酶对鸡肉肠出品率和硬度的影响

本文采用两因素析因实验设计,研究了转谷氨酰胺酶和四种非肉蛋白(大豆蛋白、酪蛋白、卵清蛋白、浓缩乳清蛋白)对鸡肉肠出品率和硬度的影响。结果显示,随着浓度的增加,四种非肉蛋白均可显著增加鸡肉肠的出品率(p<0.01);转谷氨酰胺酶对出品率没有影响,与非肉蛋白之间亦无交互作用。转谷氨酰胺酶在提高鸡肉肠硬度的同时和非肉蛋白间有交互作用,其中酪蛋白和大豆蛋白能提高硬度,而卵清蛋白和浓缩乳清蛋白则显著降低了鸡肉肠的硬度(p<0.05)。     

添加不同非肉蛋白对乳化肠品质特性的影响

研究添加3种非肉蛋白(蛋清蛋白、乳清蛋白和大豆蛋白)对乳化肠的质构、颜色、感官和微观结构的影响。结果表明：在这3种蛋白中,添加蛋清分离蛋白所获得乳化肠产品的品质好于乳清分离蛋白和大豆分离蛋白;在低脂肠中添加蛋清分离蛋白比在高脂肠中添加时硬度、胶黏性明显增加(P＜0.05);在高脂肠中添加乳清分离蛋白比在低脂肠中添加时胶黏性明显增加(P＜0.05)。添加不同的分离蛋白对感官评定影响差异不显著(P＞0.05)。     

Rheological study of layer cake batters made with soybean protein isolate and different starch sources

The study of new gluten-free foods suitable for celiac people is necessary since people allergic to wheat proteins are more and more frequent. This study examined the effect of using different starch sources (rice, corn, potato and wheat) and protein types (soy protein isolate, wheat protein) at different percentages (0%, 10%, 20%), on the rheological properties of batters (flow, viscoelastic and stickiness behaviour) and on batter density and cake volume. The highest consistency, viscous and elastic moduli, and adhesive force corresponded to batters made of rice starch and soy protein isolate, which showed the most similar rheological behaviour to wheat flour batters. The batters obtained showed adequate characteristics in processing and in achieving high quality products. However, the percentages of starches and proteins should be experimentally optimized in each case.     

PHOSPHATE AND NON-MEAT PROTEIN INCORPORATION INTO SMOKED SAUSAGE PRODUCED FROM MECHANICALLY DEBONED POULTRY MEAT

The effects of sodium tripolyphosphate and type of non-meat protein binders on the quality of smoked sausage produced from mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) without skin were studied. Higher cook yields were observed in sausages containing soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate and sodium caseinate (P < 0.05). Addition of sodium tripolyphosphate, with or without non-meat protein binder, also increased cook yields (P < 0.05). Objective and sensory textural attributes of firmness, chewiness and springiness were not affected by type of binder, but incorporation of phosphate increased sausage firmness. All chicken sausage treatments were considered acceptable by the sensory panel.     

大豆分离蛋白添加量对低盐木质化鸡肉糜凝胶特性的影响

探究大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolates,SPI)添加量对低盐和正常盐木质化鸡胸肉糜凝胶特性的影响.实验设置正常鸡胸肉为对照组.将不同量(0％、1％、2％)SPI分别添加到含1％和2％食盐的木质化和正常鸡胸肉糜中,测定热诱导凝胶的质构特性、颜色、蒸煮损失、水分分布以及蛋白质二级结构等指标.结果表明:相...     

Interactions between Whey Protein Isolate and Soy Protein Fractions at Oil–Water Interfaces: Effects of Heat and Concentration of Protein in the Aqueous Phase

ABSTRACT:  The 2 main storage proteins of soy—glycinin (11S) and β-conglycinin (7S)—exhibit unique behaviors during processing, such as gelling, emulsifying, or foaming. The objective of this work was to observe the interactions between soy protein isolates enriched in 7S or 11S and whey protein isolate (WPI) in oil–water emulsion systems. Soy oil emulsion droplets were stabilized by either soy proteins (7S or 11S rich fractions) or whey proteins, and then whey proteins or soy proteins were added to the aqueous phase. Although the emulsifying behavior of these proteins has been studied separately, the effect of the presence of mixed protein systems at interfaces on the bulk properties of the emulsions has yet to be characterized. The particle size distribution and viscosity of the emulsions were measured before and after heating at 80 and 90 °C for 10 min. In addition, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was carried out to determine if protein adsorption or exchanges at the interface occurred after heating. When WPI was added to soy protein emulsions, gelling occurred with heat treatment at WPI concentrations >2.5%. In addition, whey proteins were found adsorbed at the oil–water interface together with 7S or 11S proteins. When 7S or 11S fractions were added to WPI-stabilized emulsions, no gelation occurred at concentrations up to 2.5% soy protein. In this case also, 7S or 11S formed complexes at the interface with whey proteins during heating.     

Technological and functional properties of reduced-salt pork batter incorporated with soy protein isolate after pressure treatment

To investigate the effects of different pressures (0.1–400 MPa), the techno-functional properties, water distribution and mobility of reduced-salt pork batters (1% NaCl) supplemented with soy protein isolate (SPI, 2%) were examined. Compared with the batters treated at 0.1 MPa, those treated at 100–300 MPa showed significantly increased the cooking yield, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and G′ values of gel and reduced the initial relaxation times of T_2b, T₂₁ and T₂₂, as observed from the results of low-field NMR. Among all samples, those treated at 200 and 300 MPa had the highest L^* value, cooking yield, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and G′ value of gel, with the largest peak ratio of P₂₁ and the smallest peak ratio of P₂₂. Overall, treatments at 200 and 300 MPa improved the gel properties and lowered the water mobility of reduced-salt pork batters supplemented with SPI.     

鹰嘴豆分离蛋白对减盐猪肉糜凝胶品质的影响

为探究鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(chickpea protein isolate, CPI)不同添加量对2种盐含量(质量分数1.4%和2%)猪肉糜凝胶品质的影响,将猪瘦肉与猪背膘斩拌成肉糜,分别设置不同盐含量和鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的处理组并加热制成凝胶。测定猪肉糜凝胶的色泽、乳化稳定性、质构、水分分布和流变特性。结果表明,在不添加鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的条件下,1.4%食盐质量分数的猪肉糜凝胶的汁液流失和硬度值显著高于2%食盐浓度的猪肉糜凝胶;相同食盐浓度条件下,随着CPI添加量的增加,猪肉糜凝胶的a^*值、b^*值、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性以及不易流动水比例均显著增加(P<0.05),动态流变储能模量G′值升高,汁液流失率显著降低(P<0.05),并在CPI添加量为1.2%时达到最大值或最小值;在相同CPI添加量条件下,1.4%食盐1.2%CPI的猪肉糜凝胶的储能模量G′值高于2%食盐1.2%CPI的猪肉糜凝胶,且2组凝胶的不易流动水比例、乳化稳定性、质构特性无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的添加能够在降低食盐用量的同时提升猪肉糜的凝胶品质...     

The determination of isolated soybean protein in raw and pasteurized meat products

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to determine the isolated soy protein content in raw and pasteurized meat products. This method determined soy protein (±0.5%) by using an internal standard protein (haemocyanin) to compensate for variations in the meat. The detection limit for meat products was 0.5%. Several possible meat and non-meat interferences were examined and none were found to interfere. The assay cannot be used on retorted products.     

Effects of protein level and fat/oil on emulsion stability,texture, microstructure and color of meat batters

Beef meat batters formulated with increasing protein level (10–15%) and containing 25% beef fat were compared to batters prepared with 25% canola oil. Emulsion stability of the canola oil treatments was higher (less separation during cooking) at the 10–13% protein level compared to the beef fat treatments. However, above 13% protein this was reversed and the canola oil treatments showed high fat and liquid separation, which did not occur at all in the beef fat treatments. This indicates differences in stabilization of fat versus oil in such meat emulsions. Hardness of the cooked meat batters showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher values when the protein level was raised, and was higher in canola oil than in beef fat meat emulsions at similar protein levels. Products’ chewiness were higher in the canola oil treatments compared to the beef fat emulsions. Lightness decreased and redness increased in canola oil batters as the protein level was raised. The micrographs revealed the formation of larger fat globules in the beef fat emulsions compared to the canola oil meat emulsions. The canola oil treatment with 14% protein started to show fat globule coalescence, which could be related to the reduced emulsion stability.     

Influences of Gums, Soy Protein Isolate, and Heating Temperatures on Reduced-Fat Meat Batters in a Model System

Effects of incorporation of iota-carrageenan, sodium alginate (AL), and soy protein isolate (SPI) in comparison with control (CONT) on the textural and physicochemical properties of reduced-fat (15%) meat emulsions heated to various internal temperatures were investigated. Lower percent fat and water losses for treatments containing gums or soy protein isolate than those of CONT indicated that addition of gums and soy protein isolate could improve emulsion stability. AL had the greatest water-holding capacity at the higher endpoint temperatures (76.7 °C and 82.2 °C), which was possibly due to the formation of a heat-stable alginate gel. The SPI had the highest concentration of salt-soluble protein in either raw or cooked meat batter.     

Gelation of chicken batters during heating under high pressure

The gelling process of chicken meat batters, which were heated (75 °C) under atmospheric pressure or high pressure (200/400 MPa), was investigated by determining the hardness of batter, residual denaturation enthalpy, microstructure, and protein secondary structure. The results showed that meat batters heated at 200 MPa showed a similar increase in hardness to heat-only samples, but meat batters heated at 400 MPa showed a texture decreasing tendency after a limited increase. High pressure disrupted the myofibrils, promoted protein denaturation and aggregation in the first stage of heating under pressure treatment. In the second stage of treatment, heating was the main driving force for protein gelation, which was disturbed by hindering the structural transformation of proteins in the presence of high pressure during heating. The effect of 200 MPa on muscle proteins was relatively gentle and had a less negative effect. Excessive high pressure should be avoided when applying heating under pressure for gel-type meat products processing.Industry relevanceHigh-pressure processing is increasingly applied in the meat industry. By combining high pressure with heating, their effects on texture improvement and microbial inactivation can be maximized. In this study, the influence of high pressure on the texture of meat products was analyzed, which showed that excessive pressure would significantly interfere with the thermal denaturation of the protein, thus adversely affecting the formation of the gel structure. High pressure at 400 MPa and above should be avoided when applying heating under pressure for gel-type meat products processing.     

Astringency of bovine milk whey protein

Whey protein solutions at pH 3.5 elicited an astringent taste sensation. The astringency of whey protein isolate (WPI), the process whey protein (PWP) that was prepared by heating WPI at pH 7.0, and the process whey protein prepared at pH 3.5 (aPWP) were adjusted to pH 3.5 and evaluated by 2 sensory analyses (the threshold method and the scalar scoring method) and an instrumental analysis (taste sensor method). The taste-stimulating effects of bovine and porcine gelatin were also evaluated. The threshold value of astringency of WPI, PWP, and aPWP was 1.5, 1.0, and 0.7 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the gelatins did not give definite astringency. It was confirmed by the scalar scoring method that the astringency of these proteins increased with the increase in protein concentration, and these proteins elicited strong astringency at 10 mg/mL under acidic conditions. On the other hand, the astringency was not elicited at pH 3.5 by 2 types of gelatin. A taste sensor gave specific values for whey proteins at pH 3.5, which corresponded well to those obtained by the sensory analysis. Elicitation of astringency induced by whey protein under acidic conditions would be caused by aggregation and precipitation of protein molecules in the mouth.