Evaluation of weakly acidic electrolyzed water and modified atmosphere packaging on the shelf life and quality of farmed puffer fish (Takifugu obscurus) during cold storage

The combined effect of weakly acidic electrolyzed water (WAEW) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments on the quality of puffer fish (Takifugu obscurus) during cold storage was studied on aspects of microbiological activity, texture, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA), free amino acids (FAAs), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), ATP-related compounds and K value, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and organoleptic properties. As a result, significantly (p < .05) higher inhibitory effects on total viable counts (TVC), H₂S-producing bacteria (including Shewanella putrefaciens), Pseudomonas spp., and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were observed in WAEW-treated puffer fish packaged in 60%CO₂/5%O₂/35%N₂ atmosphere than that in air package and vacuum package with/without WAEW-treated samples. In addition, chemical results showed that WAEW together with MAP treatments were highly efficient in maintaining lower TVB-N, TMA, and TBARS values in refrigerated puffer fish. Moreover, the presence of WAEW combined with MAP treatments showed positive effects on retarding the relative content of fishy flavor compounds, such as 1-octen-3-ol, 1-penten-3-ol, hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, decanal, (E)-2-octenal, and 2,3-butanedione. As a whole, the combined effect of WAEW and MAP on refrigerated puffer fish is advisable to maintain better quality and extend the shelf life.     

冷藏温度对河豚鱼微生物及品质特性的影响

研究冷藏温度对河豚鱼微生物及品质特性的影响。将河豚鱼宰杀、清理、分块后,放置于(0±1)、(4±1)、(8±1)℃冰箱中冷藏。对鱼肉中几种优势菌种(肠杆菌、假单胞菌及乳酸菌),鱼肉质构、挥发性盐基氮、pH值、三甲胺、持水力等指标进行测定,评价河豚鱼冷藏过程中的品质变化。结果表明：(0±1)℃可贮藏6d左右,能够一定程度地抑制鱼肉中几种特定腐败菌的生长,减慢TVB-N值、pH值和TMA值的上升,延缓持水力的下降,并降低河豚鱼肉的硬度、弹性和回复性等质构特性的变化,有效延长河豚鱼的货架期,维持良好的鲜度。     

优势腐败菌对暗纹东方鲀冷藏期间品质变化影响及致腐能力分析

为分析暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)优势腐败菌的不同接种方式对其冷藏期间品质变化影响及致腐能力.将荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)分别以单一和联合法接种到无菌整鱼上,依次分为荧光假单胞菌接种(P.fluore...     

Effects of chitosan coating on quality and shelf life of silver carp during frozen storage

The effects of chitosan coating on quality and shelf life of silver carp during frozen storage were investigated. Fish samples were treated with aqueous solution of 2% chitosan, and then stored at −3 °C for 30 days. The control and the treated fish samples were analyzed periodically for microbiological (total viable count), chemical (pH, TBA, TVB-N, K-value), and sensory characteristics. The results indicated that the effect of chitosan coating on fish samples was to retain their good quality characteristics and extend the shelf life during frozen storage, which was supported by the results of microbiological, chemical, and sensory evaluation analyses.     

Original article: Super‐chilling maintains freshness of modified atmosphere‐packaged Lateolabrax japonicus

The effect of ?1.5 °C brine super‐chilling on the quality of the modified atmosphere‐packaged Lateolabrax japonicus fish fillets was studied. The result showed that the total viable mesophilic count (TVC) and H₂S‐producing bacterial count (HC) of samples were super‐chilled, and then modified atmosphere‐packaged (Sc + Map) were lower than that of Map (Samples were not super‐chilled but modified atmosphere packaged), and values of total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), pH and myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) for Sc + Map increased more slowly than those for Map. Colour of skin and flesh of fish fillets was not affected by brine super‐chilling, except the whiteness of the skin of fish fillets. Sc + Map could extend the shelf life of fish fillets for 4 days longer than Map.     

茶多酚-壳聚糖复合液对虹鳟鱼肉贮藏品质和菌群结构的影响

针对虹鳟鱼在贮藏过程中易受到微生物的污染而发生腐败变质的问题,将3 g/L茶多酚和10 g/L壳聚糖混合制成复配保鲜剂,浸泡涂膜覆盖于虹鳟鱼表面。以感官评价、挥发性盐基氮含量、菌落总数及菌群结构等为指标,研究保鲜剂对4℃贮藏虹鳟鱼肉贮藏品质变化的影响。结果表明:茶多酚和壳聚糖单独使用或复合使用均能延缓腐败的发生;复配保鲜剂能将4℃贮藏虹鳟鱼的货架期从8 d延长至13 d,效果优于单独使用;未经处理的新鲜虹鳟鱼片菌群由16个菌属组成,腐败末期则以假单胞菌属为优势菌属,而复合保鲜剂涂膜会明显抑制假单胞菌属的生长,进而减缓鱼肉品质劣变。综上,茶多酚和壳聚糖的复配保鲜剂有助于通过抑制优势腐败菌的生长延缓4℃贮藏条件下虹鳟鱼的腐败变质。     

Reductions in flesh discolouration and internal morphological changes in Nanhui peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, cv. Nanhui) by electrolysed water and 1-methylcyclopropene treatment during refrigerated storage

The effects of electrolysed water (EW) and EW in combination with 1-methylcyclopropene (EW/MCP) on flesh discolouration of Nanhui peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, cv. Nanhui) were examined during storage at 2°C. Changes in flesh colour, ethylene production, membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenolic contents and the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) were assayed periodically after harvest and during 44days of storage. The internal morphological characteristics of Nanhui peaches were monitored using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the beginning and end of storage. These data revealed that the EW/MCP treatment is more effective than the EW treatment for decreasing ethylene production and maintaining fruit cell membrane integrity, delaying increases in MDA and total phenolic contents, and lessening changes in PPO and POD activities and the internal morphology of peaches. Each of these effects contributes to suppressing flesh discolouration and maintaining the quality of Nanhui peaches during storage.     

壳聚糖复合保鲜对草鱼肌肉品质变化的影响

为探讨有效的冷鲜草鱼保鲜技术方案,分别以壳聚糖复合保鲜液（10 mg/mL壳聚糖＋5 mg/mL茶多酚＋2 000 U/mL溶菌酶）和无菌水（对照组）处理草鱼片,通过对比草鱼冷藏过程中鲜度（K值）、ATP关联物含量、汁液流失率、质构特性、挥发性气味等指标的变化情况,分析壳聚糖复合保鲜对草鱼肌肉品质变化的影响。结果表明：冷藏过程中,草鱼肉的K值、次黄嘌呤含量、汁液流失率、黏附性和挥发性物质随时间延长有不同程度增加,但保鲜组样品的增幅明显小于对照组;对照组草鱼的肌苷酸含量和硬度随时间延长逐渐下降,而保鲜组则先上升后下降,且下降变化率明显低于对照组。说明壳聚糖复合保鲜液对草鱼保鲜效果较好,能有效延缓鱼肉的品质劣变进程。     

Hematological toxicity associated with tissue extract from poisonous fish Lagocephalus lagocephalus--influence on erythrocyte function in Wistar rats

The puffer fish Lagocephalus lagocephalus represents serious public health problems in the world. The relative toxicity of each organ (liver and flesh) was determined by the relation dose-death time "mouse bioassay." The average liver toxicity of the puffer fish was the highest when compared with flesh giving 14.32 and 10.88 MU/g, respectively. A mouse unit is the amount of toxin (extract of fish organ) that kills a 20 g male mouse in 30 min after intraperitoneal injection. One mouse unit is equivalent to 0.22 microg of TTX. For the rat bioassay tests, Wistar rats were daily i.p. injected, for 10 d, with extracts of liver (LT) or flesh (FT) (muscles + skin) of L. lagocephalus. Control rats received injection of NaCl (0.9%). During the experiment, a significant reduction in red blood cell number (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, and hematocrit (HCT) was observed essentially after 10 d of treatment in the FT and LT-exposed groups. Consequently, treatment led to severe anemia and hemolytic action as indicated by a significant reduction in the total number of erythrocytes. In fact, our study revealed a significant increase in erythrocyte lipid peroxidation (LPO) in FT and LT groups compared with controls after experimental exposure. The flesh and liver tissue extracts also altered antioxidative enzymes activities: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Histopathological alterations in the spleen occurred exclusively at the end of treatment. We marked also an increase in reticulo-endothelial cells, which led to remove damaged erythrocytes.     

水溶性壳聚糖涂膜处理对采后绿芦笋贮藏品质的影响

研究了0.50%的水溶性壳聚糖(WSC)和羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)分别对在2℃贮藏条件下采后绿芦笋的涂膜保鲜。通过感官品质、失重率、抗坏血酸含量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、总酚含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)等生理生化指标的测定,以未经处理的绿芦笋为对照。结果表明:经0.50%的CMC和WSC进行涂膜处理,均可有效地降低芦笋的失重率,维持其硬度,延缓其抗坏血酸和叶绿素营养物质的消耗。而且CMC处理可以明显抑制绿芦笋总酚含量的下降及其PPO、POD和SOD活性的变化,其感官品质也明显优于对照组,使绿芦笋的贮藏时间延长至35 d。     

Yield and Composition of Surimi from Pacific Whiting (Merluccius productus) and the Effect of Various Protein Additives on Gel Strength

Based on round fish weight, the yields from processing Pacific whiting into surimi included 43.3% planks, 36.2% minced flesh, 23.8% washed and pressed flesh, 19.5% refined flesh and 21.4% surimi (91.7% refined flesh plus 8.3% cryoprotectants). After washing (3:1; watenminced flesh) and pressing twice, 40.6% of the original lipid and 77.4% of the original ash were removed from the minced flesh. Surimi contained 54% extractable myofibrillar protein. Egg white (EW), whey protein concentrate and soy protein isolate at 0 to 5.0% levels were evaluated as protein additives to heat-set gels. EW, at the 3.0% level produced superior gel hardness and elasticity (P≤0.05).     

The Effects of Ultrasound Treatment and Nano-zinc Oxide Coating on the Physiological Activities of Fresh-Cut Kiwifruit

This study evaluated the efficacy of ultrasound treatment and nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) coating individually and in combination in preserving the quality of fresh-cut kiwifruit. The nano-ZnO coating solution was prepared by mixing the ZnO nanoparticles in premixed chitosan–acetic acid solution. The fresh-cut kiwifruit were dipped in NaClO solution (50 μL?L^?1 sodium, control), subjected to ultrasound treatment (40 KHz, 350 W, 10 min), or coated with nano-ZnO solution. The fresh-cut kiwifruit samples were also subjected to combined ultrasound treatment and nano-ZnO coating. All of these test samples were stored at 4 °C for 10 days. The effects of these treatments on the quality parameters such as the production of carbon dioxide and ethylene, mass loss, and flesh firmness were investigated. At the end of storage, the combination treatments with ultrasound treatment at 40 KHz with 1.2 g?L^?1 nano-ZnO coating showed lower production of ethylene (1.86 μL?kg^?1?h^?1) and carbon dioxide (10.01 mg?kg^?1?h^?1), water loss (0.46 %), and texture (7.87 N). Hence, it was concluded that the combination of ultrasound treatment with nano-ZnO coating is a promising approach to extend the shelf-life of fresh-cut kiwifruit.     

Quality enhancement in fresh and frozen lingcod (Ophiodon elongates) fillets by employment of fish oil incorporated chitosan coatings

The 3% chitosan solutions incorporating 10% fish oil (w/w chitosan, containing 91.2% EPA and DHA) with or without the addition of 0.8% vitamin E were prepared. Fresh lingcod (Ophiodon elongates) fillets were vacuum-impregnated in coating solution at 100 mm Hg for 10 min followed by atmospheric restoration for 15 min, dried, and then stored at 2 °C or −20 °C for 3-weeks and 3-months, respectively, for physicochemical and microbial quality evaluation. Chitosan–fish oil coating increased total lipid and omega-3 fatty acid contents of fish by about 3-fold, reduced TBARS values in both fresh and frozen samples, and also decreased drip loss of frozen samples by 14.1–27.6%. Chitosan coatings resulted in 0.37–1.19 and 0.27–1.55 log CFU/g reductions in total plate and psychrotrophic counts in cold stored and frozen stored samples, respectively. Chitosan–fish oil coatings may be used to extend shelf-life and fortify omega-3 fatty acid in lean fish.     

Effect of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) muscle hydrolysates and fish skin hydrolysates on the quality of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during 4 °C storage

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin and muscle were hydrolysed, respectively, and then used as part of an edible coating to preserve fish. The effects of muscle and skin hydrolysates as edible coatings for shelf life extension of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluated over 18 days at 4 °C, by comparing these two treatments, a chitosan coating with muscle hydrolysate, chitosan alone, and an untreated control. All coatings were made up with 5% glycerol. The quality of the carp was assessed by using total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), total viable counts (TVC), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and K value. Compared with the control group, the rate of increase in TVB‐N, TVC, TBA and K value of carp coated with fish skin hydrolysates, fish muscle hydrolysates and chitosan added to fish muscle hydrolysates were lower. According to the total viable counts, the storage life of fish with fish skin hydrolysates coatings and chitosan added fish muscle hydrolysates coatings were 16 days, 2 days longer than those with the chitosan coatings and twice as long as the control group.     

限制性内切酶酶切确证河豚鱼成分PCR检测结果

动植物成分的聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测往往出现假阳性结果,为了有效排 除河豚鱼成分检测中出现的假阳性现象,提高检测结果的准确性,应用河豚鱼PCR检测引物进行河豚鱼成分的PCR 检测与限制性内切酶NmeA Ⅲ酶切确证实验。18 个供试样品中3 个样品无PCR扩增产物,判为阴性结果,15 个样品 初步判为疑似阳性。应用限制性内切酶NmeA Ⅲ对疑似阳性样品的PCR产物进行酶切与电泳分析,电泳图谱与河豚 鱼阳性对照不同的2 个样品,判定为假阳性结果,电泳图谱与阳性对照相同的4 个未知学名的河豚鱼加工样品,确 证为阳性结果,即检出河豚鱼成分,PCR产物序列经GenBank同源性序列查询比对（BLAST）予以验证,建立了简 便的河豚鱼成分PCR检测结果确证方法。     

Effects of low concentration of salt and sucrose on the quality of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fillets stored at 4 °C

The effect of low concentration of salt and sucrose on the quality of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fillets was evaluated over a 16-day storage at refrigerated temperature (4 °C). Fish samples were brined with 1.1% salt (T1) and 1.1% salt + 0.9% sucrose (T2). The control and the treated fish samples were analysed periodically for physicochemical (pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), water loss, electrical conductivity (EC), color), microbial (total viable counts) and sensory characteristics. No significant differences were observed between T1 and T2 for sensory score and EC (p > 0.05). Brining treatments predominantly decreased chemical changes, reflected in TVB-N and pH, retarded water loss and discoloration, inhibited bacterial growth and increased the overall sensory quality of fish, compared to untreated fillets. The results indicated that brining treatments improved the quality and safety of bighead carp fillet, which can be exploited by fish processors.     

Chitosan-based edible coatings for quality preservation of postharvest whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Postharvest shrimp is highly susceptible to both microbiological spoilage and endogenous enzymatic browning, so it should be preserved properly using effective and appropriate methods. The effects of 1.0% and 1.5% O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and 1.0% and 1.5% chitosan (CH) coatings on the quality changes of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during refrigerated storage (0 ± 1 °C) of 10 d were investigated. The pretreatment with CMC and CH solution (1.0% or 1.5%) retarded growth of psychrophilic bacteria throughout storage in comparison with the control (P < 0.05). The lower increases in pH and total volatile base (TVB) content were obtained in the shrimp treated with CMC and CH solution at both levels, compared with the control samples (P < 0.05). Loss in freshness and melanosis decreased after the shrimp was treated with CMC and CH. In addition, CMC and CH (1.0% or 1.5%) showed inhibitory activity toward total viable bacteria counts of white shrimp in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, chitosan and O-carboxymethyl chitosan can be used as promising melanosis inhibitors as well as antimicrobial agents during refrigerated storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The main practical application behind the development of chitosan (CH) and O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) used to preserve postharvest whiteleg shrimp lies with the fact that these polysaccharides represent a renewable source of natural biodegradable polymers and meet with the emergence of more and more food safety problems. Both CMC and CH can be used as food preservatives to extend shrimp shelf life. However, CMC is more convenient due to its solubility. In the future, CMC will be used in the food processing industry because of its soluble, compatible, antimicrobial, and antioxidative characteristics.     

Nutritive value of fresh and brackish water catfish as a function of size and processing methods

Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) of different sizes (small, 30.33–30.83 cm and 191.67–195.00 g; medium, 36.67–37.50 cm and 275.00–303.33 g; large, 41.33–49.67 cm and 536.67–726.00 g) collected from brackish (Igbokoda) and fresh water (Ogbese) bodies was subjected to different treatments (fried, boiled with/without salt solution and roasted). The proximate (ash, fat and protein) and mineral (Ca, Zn, Fe, Mg, P and I) compositions of all the treatments were determined. The highest protein concentrations (on a dry weight basis percent) (Ogbese, 73.25; Igbokoda, 72.52) of fish samples were recorded by boiling with water, while the ones roasted recorded the lowest values of 57.51 and 58.33%, respectively. The iodine level (grams of I per 100 g) in the flesh of fish varied with size, treatment and location; it increased with size, was reduced by some treatments (boiling with either water or NaCl solution), while frying and roasting had the highest level compared with boiling. The lowest iodine concentrations were 93.45 (Ogbese fish boiled with NaCl solution) and 160.94 (Igbokoda fish boiled with either water or NaCl solution). On the whole, Igbokoda brackish water fish (160.94–314.08) had a higher iodine content than Ogbese fresh water fish (93.45–205.06) with the highest concentration in fried and roasted fish samples (205.06, 314.08) in Ogbese and Igbokoda water bodies, respectively. Higher mineral compositions were also found in the brackish water fish (for flesh and serum), and also increased with size and were reduced by some treatments (boiling and frying) in the flesh of fish samples. The fish (catfish) from the brackish water body appeared to be more nutritious than that from the fresh water body. The highest protein values were recorded by boiling with water, while frying and roasting gave the highest iodine value. Moreover, the study revealed that size is a factor to be considered by the population dependent on fish as a source of protein, iodine and other vital elements.     

PCR 方法检测河豚鱼的引物筛选及反应体系优化

根据Genbank 公布的河豚鱼细胞色素b 基因序列,应用软件Primer Premier 5.00 版设计了7 对引物,经过PCR 筛选,确定可以在所有8 个供试河豚鱼样品中检出目的DNA 片段的引物HT-1,用于建立河豚鱼的PCR 检测方法。对该PCR 方法中6 个因素包括退火温度、Mg2+ 终浓度、Taq DNA 聚合酶用量、dNTPs 终浓度、引物终浓度和模板DNA 用量进行优化,确定优化的PCR 扩增体系：10 × PCR 缓冲液2μL,MgCl2 终浓度1.5mmol/L,Taq DNA 聚合酶1.0U,dNTPs 终浓度300μmol/L,引物终浓度0.2μmol/L,DNA 模板400ng,加纯水至总体积20μL。扩增程序定为94℃预变性5min,94℃变性30s,62℃退火30s,72℃延伸30s,40 个循环,72℃延伸5min。据此建立河豚鱼成分PCR 检测方法,并通过河豚鱼与非河豚鱼的PCR 检测结果比较,验证了该方法的河豚鱼特异性。研究结果还表明,该方法的检出限为0.1%,含量为0.1% 的河豚鱼样品PCR 检出率至少在97.5% 以上。     

Effect of chitosan coatings enriched with cinnamon oil on the quality of refrigerated rainbow trout

The effects of a chitosan (Ch) coating enriched with cinnamon oil (Ch + C) on quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) were examined over a period of 16 days. A solution of Ch (2%, w/v) and Ch + C (2%, w/v Ch + 1.5%, v/v C) was used for the coating. The control and the coated fish samples were analysed periodically for microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic count), chemical (TVB-N, PV, TBA), and sensory (raw and cooked fish) characteristics. The results indicated that the effect of the Ch + C coating on the fish samples was to enable the good quality characteristics to be retained longer and to extend the shelf life during the refrigerated storage.