Determination of sialic acids in infant formula by chromatographic methods: a comparison of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography methods

Sialic acid determination in an infant formula presents many challenges, including efficient sialic acid release from glycoconjugates, effective sample preparation, and rugged chromatography. This work compares 2 chromatographic assays developed for determination of sialic acids in infant formula. Prior to chromatography, both assays release sialic acids by acid hydrolysis and treat the hydrolysate with a subsequent anion-exchange sample preparation. Both high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and fluorescence ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) sample analysis methods were evaluated to compare assay performance and convenience. Calibration ranges were chosen to encompass the expected amounts of 2 sialic acids in infant formula: N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Response was linear by either method with coefficients of determination of 1.00 by HPAEC-PAD between 5.0 and 100pmol of Neu5Ac and between 0.34 and 6.8 pmol of Neu5Gc and >0.99 by UHPLC between 5.0 and 260 pmol of Neu5Ac and between 0.20 and 9.8 pmol of Neu5Gc. Both methods had sufficient sensitivity to determine these sialic acids in infant formula. Three infant formulas were analyzed to evaluate accuracy and precision of the assays. The HPAEC-PAD assay was found to be faster overall and the UHPLC assay was more sensitive. Reaction efficiency, and therefore sensitivity, was dependent on the sample matrix. This work illustrates sample-specific complexity that must be considered in choosing an assay.     

Determining Neu5Ac in infant formula with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

The aim of this work was to measure N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in milk‐based infant formulas. The analysis was performed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). The total Neu5Ac were released using trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid and purified using a HLB column. The linearity from 0.05 to 5.0 μg/mg Neu5Ac was adequate. Sialic acid recoveries ranged from 91.8% to 112.4%. The detection and quantification limits (limit of detection, 0.01 μg Neu5Ac/mg; limit of quantitation, 1.08 μg Neu5Ac/mg) were low enough to determine the sialic acid in infant formulas. The validated method is highly reproducible and sensitive, and it is easy to perform.     

高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定红肉及其加工肉中唾液酸含量

采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法对红肉及其加工肉中两种唾液酸N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac)和N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc)进行定性和定量分析.利用单因素试验对衍生化与样品酸解条件进行优化,并借助超声缩短酸解时间.结果表...     

高效液相色谱法测定母乳中唾液酸含量

建立荧光高效液相色谱(fluorescence detector-high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC-FLD)测定母乳中唾液酸N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac)和N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-glycolyl neuraminic acid,Neu5Gc)含量的分析方法。利用酸水解法释放出母乳中的唾液酸,以4,5-亚甲二氧基-1,2-邻苯二胺盐(4,5-methylenedioxy-1,2-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride,DMB)为衍生化试剂,50℃避光衍生150min,采用荧光高效液相色谱仪检测。色谱条件：LiChrosorb RP-18柱(250mm×4mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-乙腈-超纯水(7:8:85),流速0.9mL/min,进样体积10μL,柱温30℃,荧光检测器激发波长373nm,发射波长448nm。结果表明：唾液酸在50～400μmol/L范围内与唾液酸峰面积的线性关系良好,平均回收率为94.0%,精密度的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为0.4%,稳定性RSD为1.0%,重复性RSD为0.8%,Neu5Ac的最低检出限为0.02μmol/L,Neu5Gc的最低检出限位0.03μmol/L。该方法简单、重复性好、灵敏度高,可广泛用于奶粉、牛奶及母乳中唾液酸含量测定。     

N-丙酰-唾液酸衍生物的化学酶法合成及在测定禽蛋中唾液酸含量的应用

为实现禽类蛋黄和蛋清中N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac)的准确定量,消除禽蛋样品中分析物以外的物质产生的基质效应对分析结果造成的影响,本研究以甘露糖胺为底物采用化学酶法合成了非天然唾液酸衍生物5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-β-D-半乳糖苷-N-丙酰-唾液酸(5-Bromo-4-...     

Rapid and simple method for the determination in sialic acid of yak milk fat globule membrane

A rapid and simple method for the determination of sialic acid (Neu5Ac) of yak milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) by HPLC with a diode array detector was developed and validated. Samples were cleaned up just by hydrolysis and derivatization before HPLC analysis. Separation was achieved with an Agilent TC-C18 column. The method showed a good linearity (r=0.997), the sensitivity results showed that the limits of detection and limits of quantification for sialic acid were 10.0 and 21.0 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery of Neu5Ac was 95–97%. The method proved very simple and rapid for Neu5Ac analysis since separation was completely achieved at 12 min.     

牛免疫球蛋白G的体外人源唾液酸化及Fc片段的制备

建立将牛免疫球蛋白G (bovine immunoglobulin G,bIgG)糖链末端N-羟乙酰神经氨酸酶切并连接人源N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac)的方法,在实现bIgG转化为人源IgG (human IgG,hIgG)的基础上,研究hIgG可结晶(Fc)片段的制备...     

Large-scale preparation and glycan characterization of sialylglycopeptide from bovine milk glycomacropeptide and its bifidogenic properties

Bovine glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 7,000-Da glycopolypeptide released from κ-casein during cheese making. The O-glycan chains linked to GMP have many biological activities, but their utilization for nutraceutical products is limited due to their low content. To concentrate the functional glycan chains of GMP, we prepared sialylglycopeptide concentrate (SGC) from GMP-containing whey protein concentrate via proteolytic digestion of peptide chains and concentration of sialylglycopeptide by ultrafiltration using membranes with a molecular weight cut-off of 1,000 Da. The abundant saccharides detected in the prepared SGC were N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac: 32.3% wt/wt), N-acetylgalactosamine (11.3%), and galactose (10.2%), which constitute O-glycans attached to GMP. The Neu5Ac content in SGC was found concentrated at approximately 4.8-fold of its content in GMP-containing whey protein concentrate (6.8%). Structural analysis of O-glycopeptides by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry identified 88 O-glycopeptides. Moreover, O-acetylated or O-diacetylated Neu5Ac was detected in addition to the previously characterized O-glycans of GMP. Quantitative analysis of O-glycan in SGC by fluorescence labeling of chemically released O-glycan revealed that a disialylated tetrasaccharide was the most abundant glycan (76.6% of the total O-glycan). We further examined bifidogenic properties of SGC in vitro, which revealed that SGC served as a more potent carbon source than GMP and contributes to the growth-promoting effects on certain species of bifidobacteria. Overall, our study findings indicate that SGC contains abundant O-glycans and has a bifidogenic activity. Moreover, the protocol for the preparation of SGC described herein is relatively simple, providing a high yield of glycan, and can be used for large-scale preparation.     

UPLC and HPLC of caffeoyl esters in wild and cultivated Arctium lappa L.

Analytical methods including ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) detector were developed for the analysis of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in seeds, leaves and roots of Arctium lappa L. Separation was performed on C₁₈ column utilising 5% (v/v) acetic acid in water and acetonitrile at 330 nm. Both methodologies were validated in terms of linearity, precision, and recovery. The results showed that the major advantages of UPLC, over HPLC were the fast analysis, narrow peaks, high sensitivity, and reduction of solvent consumption. Subsequently the methods were applied for the identification and quantification of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (1,5-DCQA) as main compounds in samples. The total phenolic content of samples ranged from 3.93 to 14.13 g of 5-CQA equivalent/100 g dry weight (DW). There was a significant variability from 89 to 571 mg/100 g for 5-CQA and 48 to 486 mg/100 g for 1,5-DCQA in dry material.     

Analysis of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (HMFA) the main metabolite of alimentary 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) with HPLC and GC in urine

A liquid chromatographic method with UV detection was developed to analyse 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural and its main metabolite 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid in urine. For the analysis on a reversed phase column was used with 5% methanol in water and 5 mM tetramethylammoniumhydrogen sulphate as ion-pair reagent as eluent. The detection was done at the UV absorption maximum of HMFA at 255 nm. The limit of quantification for HMFA was 7 mg/L with a recovery of 89%. For sample preparation the urine was centrifuged and the supernatant diluted with water. Three hundred samples of human urine were analysed. The concentration of HMFA was in the range of 0–100 mg/L with most of the samples around 10 mg/L.     

红肉、N-羟乙酰神经氨酸与癌症关系的研究进展

世界癌症研究基金会报告指出,过多摄入红肉会增加患癌症的风险,红肉可能是导致某些癌症的原因之一。有研究得出,摄入红肉后身体内产生的一种唾液酸--N-羟乙酰神经氨酸（N-glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc）可能与癌症的发生有关。本文从红肉与癌的关系,引出对Neu5Gc的讨论,从它的结构、来源、生理功能到临床应用价值,最后是与癌症可能的机制讨论,并重申它的研究价值。     

传统中式火腿加工过程中N-羟乙酰神经氨酸的动态变化

为探究传统中式火腿加工过程中不同形态N-羟乙酰神经氨酸（N-glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc）之间的关系,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测（high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector,HPLC-FLD）法测定样品中总Neu5Gc、游离态Neu5Gc、结合态Neu5Gc的含量。结果表明：上述3 种形态的Neu5Gc含量随着加工时间的延长均呈前期上升后期降低的趋势;浅层肌肉半膜肌和深层肌肉股二头肌中总Neu5Gc和结合态Neu5Gc的含量变化规律相似,因水分含量降低程度的不同而使股二头肌的变化规律滞后。发酵后期水分损失幅度变缓,股二头肌中Neu5Gc解离速率高于半膜肌;新鲜猪后腿原料中游离态Neu5Gc含量极少,甚至低于检测限,结合态Neu5Gc含量与总Neu5Gc含量（15.00～30.62 μg/g）接近。发酵半年、1 年和2 年的火腿中总Neu5Gc含量分别为（15.09±0.39）、（14.52±0.38）、（28.30±0.43）μg/g,均与猪后腿原料中的Neu5Gc含量相近。为进一步探究Neu5Gc的变化,对样品进行冷冻干燥处理以避免水分含量变化对Neu5Gc含量的影响,结果表明,随着加工时间的延长,总Neu5Gc、结合态Neu5Gc的含量逐渐降低,且发酵期降低明显,具有显著差异性（P＜0.05）;游离态Neu5G变化无明显规律,但与空白样品相比,其含量呈增加趋势。     

Gangliosides and sialic acid effects upon newborn pathogenic bacteria adhesion: An in vitro study

The effect of the main gangliosides (GM₁, GM₃, GD₃) and free sialic acid (Neu5Ac) upon the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria implicated in infant diarrhoea is assessed in vitro using the Caco-2 cell line. Concentrations of the bioactive compounds found in the bioaccessible (soluble) fraction of infant formula and human milk are employed. Bacterial adhesion behaviour included enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella entericaserovartyphi, Shigella sonnei, Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori. Three different approaches were assayed: pre-incubation of bacteria and compounds before addition to cells (competition); pre-incubation of the cells with compounds (exclusion); and pre-incubation of cells with bacteria (displacement). Furthermore, the spatial localization of the most abundant gangliosides, GM₃ and GD₃, in Caco-2 cells has been determined using confocal microscopy. Results show that GM₃, GD₃, GM₁ and Neu5Ac at the assayed concentrations are able to interfere with the adhesion of several pathogenic bacteria involved in neonatal diseases-the greatest effect corresponding to Neu5Ac, followed by GD₃, GM₁ and GM₃. Gangliosides GM₃ and GD₃ are located in the apical and basolateral membranes of the Caco-2 cells.     

Utility of some indicators related to the Maillard browning reaction during processing of infant formulas

Non-enzymatic browning indicators were used to study thermal damage of protein during the processing of four types of infant formulas. The indicators analysed were furosine, available lysine, pyrraline, and fluorescence intensity. The infant formulas were prepared in industrial and pilot plants under the same conditions (formulation and processing) by a Spanish dietary product company. The furosine and fluorescence intensity increased in all formulas and stages of manufacture. Furosine content ranged from 55 to 1937 mg/100 g of protein. Available lysine loss during processing ranged from 10% to 35%, although available lysine values were higher than 5 g/100 g of protein. The fluorescence intensity indicator showed higher sensitivity for partially hydrolysed formulas. No pyrraline was detected in any of the formulas. Fluorescence intensity, furosine, and available lysine are proposed as useful indicators for monitoring heat damage of protein during the manufacture of infant formulas.     

红肉中N-羟乙酰神经氨酸解离方法的研究进展

免疫原性的N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc)属于致癌的高风险物质,人体中的Neu5Gc主要是通过红肉的摄入而在人体内积累,因此,N-羟乙酰神经氨酸的致癌性又将红肉的安全隐患问题推上了新的高度,探索屠宰前后Neu5Gc安全稳妥的解离方法以及解离机制势在必行。本文简要介绍了Neu5Gc的来源及其结构,通过国外学者对Neu5Gc的研究,揭示了Neu5Gc对人体潜在的致癌性危害,总结了国内外关于Neu5Gc解离方法的研究现状,并对采用分子模拟方法精准预测Neu5Gc的键解离能并获取红肉中Neu5Gc的动力学变化信息研究的可行性进行了讨论。本研究旨在为肉类研究及其生产领域探索促进非人源Neu5Gc解离的方法提供理论支撑,并充分展示其在肉类研究领域的研究价值。     

Isolation and purification of four flavone C-glycosides from antioxidant of bamboo leaves by macroporous resin column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography

The present study investigated a robust method for the preparation of four flavone C-glycosides, i.e. orientin, homoorientin, vitexin and isovitexin, which were prepared from an ethanol aqueous extract, i.e. antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB), by AB-8 resin-based column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a mobile phase consisting of 10% and 15% (v/v) of acetonitrile and 1% acetic acid. These flavone C-glycosides were further purified by the drowning-out crystallization method using methanol and water as drowning-out anti-solvents and salting-out agents, respectively. The purity was assessed by analytical HPLC and the confirmation of chemical structures was performed by IR, MS, NMR and UV spectroscopy. Orientin (49 mg), homoorientin (142 mg), vitexin (15 mg) and isovitexin (62 mg) were prepared from 6.5 g of crude column chromatography fraction obtained from 5 L of AOB concentrated solution. The present method is robust and suitable for preparing available quantities of pure flavone C-glycosides and the quantification of orientin, homoorientin, vitexin and isovitexin in bamboo leaves.     

不同加工处理方式对牛肉中Neu5Gc解离的影响

研究不同红肉及加工肉制品的N-羟乙酰神经氨酸（N-glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc）含量,不同油炸温度对牛肉中Neu5Gc含量的影响,不同蒸煮时间对牛肉汤中Neu5Gc含量的影响以及不同酶制剂对Neu5Gc的解离效果并从中筛选出能够解离Neu5Gc的酶进行进一步探究。结果表明,牛肉中的Neu5Gc含量最高为（58.45±0.98）μg/g。当油炸温度达到150?℃时,牛肉中Neu5Gc的损失随着温度的升高而增大。随着蒸煮时间的延长,牛肉汤中Neu5Gc的含量逐渐增加。此外,研究结果表明菊粉酶对Neu5Gc有解离作用,且通过正交试验获得菊粉酶作用于Neu5Gc标准品的最适条件为水浴时间30?min、水浴温度50?℃、菊粉酶添加量为质量分数0.8%,对Neu5Gc标准品的解离率可达到（50.52±0.88）%。但是,由于牛肉基质成分复杂,筛选出的菊粉酶最适作用条件作用于牛肉时,解离率仅为（7.29±2.67）%。本实验旨在为人们的日常饮食提供科学指导,并为后续开展红肉中Neu5Gc安全、稳妥的解离方法提供实验依据。     

Distribution of caffeic acid derivatives in Gundelia tournefortii L.

The caffeic acid derivatives including neochlorogenic acid (3-COA), cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA), chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and caffeic acid (CA) have been characterised in Gundelia tournefortii using reference compounds, chemical, spectral evidences and chromatographic data. In addition, the total phenolic content and chlorogenic acid were measured in the leaf, hull-less seed, and skin extracts of this herb by the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The sample analysis was carried out on a C₁₈ column with 5% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid and methanol as the mobile phase, under gradient elution at ambient temperature, at 325 nm. The amount of chlorogenic acid in the leafs (at the flowering stage and after it) and hull-less seed were 984, 466 and 199 mg per 100 g dry plant sample and the total phenolic content in their dry extract were 128.4, 103.8 and 76.3 μg/mg as CGA equivalent, respectively.     

Formation of the highly stable pyranoanthocyanins (vitisins A and B) in red wines by the addition of pyruvic acid and acetaldehyde

Pyruvic acid (500 mg/l) and acetaldehyde (200 mg/l) were added, either as a large single dose or as smaller weekly doses over a 10 week period, to a young red wine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Tempranillo) in order to study the formation of vitisin A and B, and p-coumaroylvitisin A and B. In a further trial, pyruvic acid and acetaldehyde were added simultaneously as a single administration to test for any synergistic effect on vitisin formation. The addition of pyruvic acid led to the production of higher concentrations of vitisin A (4.08 ± 0.86 mg/l; 2.03% of the total anthocyanin content), while additions of acetaldehyde increased the concentration of vitisin B (2.47 ± 0.09 mg/l; 1.35%). The single, large dose administrations led to greater vitisin formation than did the smaller, weekly doses. Different patterns of formation were seen for vitisin A and B: the highest vitisin A content was achieved during the latter half of the 10 week study period while the highest vitisin B concentration was achieved early. The addition of acetaldehyde produced a greater reduction in monomeric anthocyanins than did the addition of pyruvic acid (loss of total anthocyanins 81.5%). The simultaneous addition of pyruvic acid and acetaldehyde led to less vitisin formation than did the addition of the reagents separately. p-Coumaroylvitisin A reached a maximum concentration of 0.86 ± 0.15 mg/l when the single dose of pyruvic acid was added, while the maximum recorded for p-coumaroylvitisin B was 0.66 ± 0.05 mg/l when the single dose of acetaldehyde was added. All anthocyanins were identified using HPLC/DAD and HPLC/ESI–MS.