光伏发电系统节能减排效果模糊评价

火电机组发电能量利用率较低且污染量较大,在一定程度上不符合当前的双碳目标。为此,增加低能耗、低污染的以光伏等清洁能源为主要发电来源的新型电力系统,有助于节能减排和双碳目标的实现。为了评估新型电力系统节能减排效果,以光伏发电系统为研究对象,在双碳目标背景下,提出基于模糊数学理论的新型电力系统节能减排效果评价方法。分析光伏发电系统节能减排效果的影响因素,确定光伏发电系统节能减排效果评价体系的构建原则;利用模糊数学理论,识别节能减排效果评估对象;通过聚类处理节能减排效果评估的影响因素,构建了光伏发电系统节能减排效果评价体系,实现了光伏发电系统节能减排效果的评价。以某省2019—2021年光伏企业节能减排效果评价的指标数据作为案例数据进行应用分析。结果表明,文中方法在评价光伏发电系统节能减排效果时,可以将评价误差控制在-0.24%～-1.80%,提高了光伏发电系统节能减排效果评价精度。     

南宁太阳能光伏发电开发及规划研究

介绍南宁市太阳能资源情况,以及在太阳能光伏发电方面的利用现状及存在的问题。通过分析,提出在"十三五"期间,南宁市建设集中式光伏发电项目、分布式光伏发电项目以及扶贫光伏发电项目的规划目标。最后,从节能减排和社会效益方面对规划的光伏发电项目进行了分析和测算。     

光伏发电在建筑电气节能减排中的应用

随着经济的迅速发展,国家的能源消费量越来越大。建筑业是1个能源消耗相当多的行业,建筑业的飞速发展,也给中国带来了更大的能源工作压力。新能源的开发与利用可以协助建筑领域尽可能降低对传统能源的依赖,这对于整个建筑业是十分重要的。阐述了光伏发电的基本原理,分析了建筑电气节能减排的要求、特点以及建筑电气节能技术的应用问题,重点对建筑电气节能减排中光伏技术的实际应用进行了探讨。     

光伏发电在污水厂节能减排中的应用及案例分析

本文介绍了光伏发电应用于污水厂中的优点，简述了光伏发电分类，重点描述了分布式光伏发电在污水处理厂中的应用，并基于安装区域、设备选型、发电量及节能减排量等方面，对山东某污水处理厂实际运用光伏发电工程进行了实际工程案例分析，并对实际案例的社会、环境、经济效益进行总结。     

微型光伏发电系统并网电能优化控制方案

以微型光伏并网发电系统为研究对象,基于最小二乘支持向量机建立了光伏并网发电系统电能预测LS-SVM模型。在此基础上,以减少用户从电网获取电能,提高光伏电能利用率为目标,针对需求侧负荷用电管理,提出一种电能优化控制方案。通过实例计算分析显示,该方案可使用户从配电网获取电能减少10.36%,平均日减少碳排放量约618.8 kg,在保证光伏电能就地有效利用的同时,有效地提高了系统节能减排能力。     

考虑不确定性的智能电网多目标机组组合研究

以含电动汽车、火电、风电和光伏的智能电网为研究对象,综合考虑系统的不确定性、节能减排和电动汽车的智能充放电,建立其多目标节能减排模型。先采用多场景模拟技术将风电场出力、光伏出力和负荷不确定性的随机过程分解为若干典型的离散概率场景,然后将优化问题分解为相互作用的代理优化,控制代理的调度方案由具有自适应交叉变异算子的遗传算法实现,代理间的协同进化过程由自适应协同乘子协调实现。算例表明通过场景缩减的多场景模拟技术可提高计算效率,自适应协同进化实现风电、光伏、火电和电动汽车的有机互补,自适应的协同乘子比传统的次梯度法更新乘子计算效率更高,精度更好。通过电动汽车的智能充放电控制,可以提高系统的旋转备用水平,实现节能减排综合性能好的机组多发电,能耗大或污染气体排放量大的机组少发电;通过权重调节实现节能与减排的折衷,增加系统调度的灵活性。实现最大化利用可再生能源和电动汽车来达到系统的节能减排。     

我国最大的太阳能光伏发电项目投入商业运行

我国单体面积最大的并网型兆瓦级太阳能光伏发电项目——上海临港太阳能光伏发电示范项目,已投入商业运行。其装机容量达到1080kW,年发电量100多万kWh．年可减排二氧化碳521t、二氧化硫3t、碳氧化物5t、烟尘1t,年均节煤约357t,对节能减排起到积极作用。     

光伏建筑项目低压直流供电电气节能研究

针对缺乏全面、系统的光伏建筑低压直流配电节能设计指导思想的现状,提出了光伏建筑低压直流供电系统电气节能设计的主要原则——满足建筑功能需求、符合建筑安全要求、满足可再生能源最大化利用与提高能效的要求以及满足经济合理要求,并详解了节能设计的主要内容.按照此原则进行光伏建筑一体化项目的 电气节能设计,针对项目的 基本情况和光...     

分布式光伏发电在高速公路交通设施中的应用

利用国内现有高速路网资源状况,参考国外已有经验和做法,充分利用国内高速路网,将其作为太阳能光伏发电新型、有效的载体,实现光伏发电、交通运输、节能减排高效整合与最佳统一。     

我国民航节能减排技术浅析

随着民航业用能规模的日益提升,国家和民航企业对节能减排要求和需求均不断深化。从燃料动力、机体结构、地面维护及管理等方面对民航节能减排技术的原理和特性进行阐述,在对航空公司相关使用案例的节能减排效益情况进行分析的同时,对民航业节能减排工作提出了全局性的展望和建议。     

Efficiency assessment of indoor environmental policy for air-conditioned offices in Hong Kong

To reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions through thermal energy conservation, air-conditioned offices in the subtropics are recommended to operate within specified ranges of indoor temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. As thermal discomfort leads to productivity loss, some indoor environmental policies for air-conditioned offices in Hong Kong are investigated in this study with relation to thermal energy consumption, CO₂ emissions from electricity use, and productivity loss due to thermal discomfort. Occupant thermal response is specifically considered as an adaptive factor in evaluating the energy consumption and productivity loss. The energy efficiency of an office is determined by the productivity which corresponds to the CO₂ generated. The results found that a policy with little impact on occupant thermal comfort and worker productivity would improve the office efficiency while the one with excessive energy consumption reduction would result in a substantial productivity loss. This study is a useful reference source for evaluating an indoor thermal environmental policy regarding the energy consumption, CO₂ emissions reduction, thermal comfort and productivity loss in air-conditioned offices in subtropical areas.     

Mixed-mode ventilation and air conditioning as alternative for energy savings: a case study in Beirut current and future climate

The aim of this work is to assess the use of mixed-mode ventilation for a typical office building in Lebanon and consequently reduce Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption in the observed current and under the future projected climatic conditions. Mixed-mode cooling is considered a compromise between the insufficient natural ventilation and the expensive year round-operated HVAC. A control algorithm is set for windows and HVAC system to ensure mixed-mode operation. Dynamic simulations are performed on a typical office building in Beirut City under the mixed-mode operation in the present and the future using commercial IES-VE software. The results of the software were validated against measured HVAC and total energy consumption of the typical office base case with conventional mechanical system. The results of the simulations are evaluated in terms of potential reduction in energy consumption under the present and the future weather data. Finally, a lifecycle cost analysis is performed for the proposed system, and its payback period is computed. Under present construction practices and weather data, 31% annual energy savings were achieved using mixed-mode system. Under future 2050s projected weather data, annual energy savings of 21% was attained with a payback period of 3.8 years.     

Quantity and electricity consumption of plug load equipment on a university campus

The percent of energy consumed by plug load equipment in commercial buildings is on the rise. Research conducted in the past has included surveying plug load equipment, measuring plug load electricity consumption and equipment operating patterns, and studying plug load reduction solutions in office buildings, but plug load energy use across other building types is poorly understood. A university campus, which houses many building types, presents a unique opportunity to understand plug load profiles across building types. In this study, an equipment inventory was performed in 220 buildings on Stanford University’s campus, totaling 8,901,911 ft² of building space and encompassing lab buildings, office buildings, recreation facilities, public space, and service buildings. Within these buildings, 110,529 pieces of plug load equipment were recorded. Energy consumption estimates were developed from published values and used to evaluate the aggregate plug load energy consumption of this equipment by equipment type and by building type. In total, it is estimated that the plug loads from these buildings consume nearly 50 million kWh per year and comprise 32% of the electricity consumption of the buildings surveyed. This data can be used to better target energy conservation efforts throughout multiple sectors.     

南宁市办公建筑空调节能途径

根据广西建筑能耗公示的情况,通过分析4栋低能耗办公建筑的空调能耗状况,提出了南宁市办公建筑空调节能途径.建议有条件的地方政府通过制定办公建筑全年能耗标准及奖励办法,来鼓励各单位积极探索节能途径,降低办公建筑能耗.     

Analysis of energy and carbon dioxide emission caused by power consumption

The main objective of this on‐site study is to use a full‐scale Heating, Ventilating, and Air‐Conditioning (HVAC) system installed in an office building in Taiwan for comparing the power consumption, energy‐saving, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction of two different strategies for controlling the HVAC. These strategies are the Constant Volume (CV) system [Constant Air Volume+Constant‐flow], and the Variable Volume (VV) system [Variable Air Volume +Variable‐flow]. The on‐site experimental results indicate that average power consumptions are 164 kW for the CV system, and 88 kW for the VV system; the average electric current drops from 469 A for the CV system to 258 A for the VV system. Approximately 46% of the average energy‐saving can be achieved if the HVAC system is operated as a VV system. Additionally, the reduced quantity of accumulated CO₂ emission varies from 67 to 3687 kg with 0.637 kg CO₂ kwh^?1 emission factor during the office hours of 08:30 (a.m.)–17:00 (p.m.). The results demonstrate that switching the operation of an office building HVAC system from CV to VV will significantly enhance energy‐savings and CO₂ reduction. This studywill offer useful information for evaluating an indoor environmental policy with respect to energy‐savings and CO₂ emission reduction for office HVACs used in subtropical regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A transient ventilation demand model for air-conditioned offices

Ventilation to supply fresh air in an air-conditioned office consumes a considerable portion of energy in an air-conditioning system and affects the indoor-air quality (IAQ). The ventilation demand is primarily related to the occupant load. In this study, the ventilation demands due to occupant load variations were examined against certain IAQ objectives using the mass balance of carbon dioxide (CO₂) volume fractions in an air-conditioned office. In particular, this study proposed a transient ventilation demand model for occupant load, with the parameters determined from a year-round occupant load survey in Hong Kong. This model was applied to evaluate the performance of energy saving in different operating schedules of ventilation systems for typical office buildings in Hong Kong. The results showed that the energy consumption of a ventilation system would be correlated with the transient occupant load and its variations in the air-conditioned office. The ventilation system, with schedules taking account of the transient occupant loads, would offer a reduction in energy consumption up to 19% as compared with an operating schedule that assumed a steady occupant-load in the office during working hours. In both cases, the same IAQ objective was achieved.     

Energy impact of indoor environmental policy for air-conditioned offices of Hong Kong

Air-conditioned office buildings are one of the biggest energy consumers of electricity in developed cities in the subtropical climate regions. A good energy policy for the indoor environment should respond to both the needs of energy conservation and the needs for a desirable indoor healthy environment with a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO₂) generation. This study evaluates energy implications and the corresponding CO₂ generation of some indoor environmental policies for air-conditioned office buildings in the subtropical climate. In particular, the thermal energy consumption in an air-conditioned office building was evaluated by the heat gains through the building fabric, the transport of outdoor fresh air for ventilation, and the heat generated by the occupant and equipment in the space. With the Monte-Carlo sampling technique and the parameters from the existing office building stocks of Hong Kong, the energy consumption profiles of air-conditioned office buildings in Hong Kong were evaluated. Energy consumption profiles were simulated for certain indoor environmental quality (IEQ) policies on indoor air temperature and CO₂ concentration settings in the offices, with other building parameters remaining unchanged. The impact assessment and the regression models described in this study may be useful for evaluation of energy performances of IEQ policies. They will also be useful for the promotion of energy-saving measures in air-conditioned office buildings in Hong Kong. This study presented a useful source of references for policymakers, building professionals and end users to quantify the energy and environmental impacts due to an IEQ policy for air-conditioned office buildings.     

Electricity used by office equipment and network equipment in the US

In spite of the recent explosive growth in the use of office and network equipment, there has been no recent study (until this one) that estimates in detail how much electricity is consumed by that equipment in the United States.In this study, we examined energy use by office equipment and network equipment at the end of 1999. We classified office equipment into 11 types; for each type we estimated annual energy consumption for residential, commercial, and industrial use by combining estimates of stock, power requirements, usage, and saturation of power management. We also classified network equipment into six types and estimated the annual energy consumption for each type.We found that total direct power use by office and network equipment is about 74 TWh per year, which is about 2% of total electricity use in the US. When electricity used by telecommunications equipment and electronics manufacturing is included, that figure rises to 3% of all electricity use. More than 70% of the 74 TWh/year is dedicated to office equipment for commercial use. We also found that power management currently saves 23 TWh/year, and complete saturation and proper functioning of power management would achieve additional savings of 17 TWh/year. Furthermore, complete saturation of night shutdown for equipment not required to operate at night would reduce power use by an additional 7 TWh/year.Finally, we compared our current estimate with our 1995 forecast for 1999. We found that the total difference between our current estimate and the previous forecast is less than 15% and identified the factors that led to inaccuracies in the previous forecast. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties in our current forecast and identified the data sets that have the largest impact on our current estimate of energy use.     

An approach for estimating the carbon emissions associated with office lighting with a daylight contribution

A method is proposed for estimating the electricity consumption (and associated carbon emissions) of a defined electrical-lighting configuration in an office building, accounting for the daylight contribution from windows and rooflights. Heat gains due to lighting for an average day in each month may be used to aid assessments of the effect of lighting systems on the cooling load, known to be high for office environments. For a typical 6-storey office building, annual energy savings for lighting of 56–62% and a reduction in CO₂ emissions of nearly 3 tonnes are predicted by changing the lighting and daylighting specifications for a defined “2005” scenario to those of a low-carbon “2030” scenario. The associated reduction in peak lighting-load, and hence heat gain due to lighting, is 3 W/m².     

Effectiveness of single and multiple energy retrofit measures on the energy consumption of office buildings

Energy retrofit measures (ERMs) are applied to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. The effectiveness of any ERM depends on many building specific factors, such as location, size, operation, building envelope, electrical, heating, cooling and ventilation system properties. It is common for multiple ERMs to be applied to a building to reduce its energy consumption. However, the reduction in energy consumption when multiple ERMs are applied is not the sum of the impact of individual ERMs. Effectiveness of multiple ERMs depends upon their interactive effects. Using representative office buildings and an energy modelling computer program, the effectiveness of individual and multiple ERM was assessed providing a better understanding of their interactive effects.