葡萄酒优良红葡萄酒品种简介

介绍了赤霞珠、品丽珠、蛇龙珠、梅尔诺、黑比诺、色拉、佳美、增芳德、晚红蜜、宝石、法国蓝、桑娇维赛、歌海娜等二十二个红色酿酒品种的特性。     

陕西合阳地区酿酒葡萄果实成熟特性研究

该实验研究了合阳地区5个红色和5个白色酿酒葡萄品种在成熟期的可溶性固形物、还原糖、总酸含量和成熟系数变化,分析了成熟葡萄浆果的物理品质、花色苷和单体酚的组成和含量。结果表明,转色期后12 d,各品种葡萄的成熟系数均＞20。成熟葡萄浆果还原糖含量为180～235 g/L,总酸含量＜6 g/L。综合来看,赤霞珠、品丽珠、黑比诺、马瑟兰、爱格丽、小芒森和贵人香适合在合阳地区种植。赤霞珠、品丽珠、黑比诺、马瑟兰和贵人香最适采收期在转色期后24 d左右,爱格丽和小芒森在转色期后44 d左右。马瑟兰的成熟浆果花色苷含量较高,达29.85 mg/g;赤霞珠、马瑟兰和爱格丽成熟浆果单体酚含量较高,分别为0.65 mg/g、0.43 mg/g和0.26 mg/g。研究结果将为陕西合阳地区酿酒葡萄种植与推广提供参考。     

HPLC法测定甘肃地产不同品种酿酒葡萄中的花色苷

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对甘肃地产9种酿酒葡萄中的花色苷进行了检测分析。在9种酿酒葡萄中共定性检测到9种花色苷(黑比诺除外,共检测到5种)。利用相对百分含量对这9种花色苷进行了比较分析,结果发现,9种酿酒葡萄都以二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷含量最高,其他花色苷含量依酿酒葡萄品种不同而各异;利用9种花色苷总峰面积对9种酿酒葡萄所含花色苷总量进行了比较分析,其含量顺序依次为美乐宝石晚红蜜蛇龙珠西拉赤霞珠品丽珠黑比诺马瑟兰;同时,利用4种花色苷对照品所得标准曲线方程对9种酿酒葡萄中的4种花色苷含量进行了定量计算。为甘肃产区酿酒葡萄在花色苷方面的品质评价提供了重要参考依据。     

Anthocyanin composition and anthocyanin pathway gene expression in grapevine sports differing in berry skin colour

The synthesis of anthocyanins was investigated in six grapevine sports with altered skin colour. Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz grapes contained anthocyanin monoglucosides as well as acetylated and coumarylated derivatives, predominantly of malvidin, whereas Pinot Noir grapes contained only anthocyanin monoglucosides. Fruit of some sports arising from varieties with black berries either lacked anthocyanins or had much lower levels than their progenitors. A bud sport of Cabernet Sauvignon (Bronze Cabernet) exhibited a 90% reduction in anthocyanin levels, but an anthocyanin composition similar to that of the normal Cabernet Sauvignon fruit. The fruit of a white-coloured bud sport of Bronze Cabernet did not contain anthocyanins. Coloured berries of sports originating on varieties with white-skinned berries also had lower levels of anthocyanins than black grapes, but like Pinot Noir contained very low levels of acylated anthocyanins. The berries of these sports also varied in the proportions of the different types of 3-monoglucosides they contained. The results suggest that control of 3-monoglucoside synthesis and modification vary in the sports. The expression of six genes from the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway was determined. Some genes were expressed in all grapes, even where little or no anthocyanins accumulated, but expression of the gene encoding a UDP glucose-flavonoid 3-o-glucosyl transferase (UFGT) was only detected in coloured grapes that synthesised anthocyanins. Southern and northern analysis of the white grapes indicated that the UFGT gene was present but was not expressed. Thus the lack of anthocyanins in white-skinned varieties or sports correlates with a lack of expression of the UFGT gene, although the expression of some other flavonoid pathway genes was also decreased.     

Differentiation of wines according to grape variety using multivariate analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection data

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection (GC×GC/TOFMS) was used to analyse the volatiles in five types of wines elaborated with grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir varieties. Fisher ratio, principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) were used to develop a discriminant model and, as a result, 12 volatile compounds enabled differentiation and classification of wines according to grape cultivars. A detailed examination of GC×GC/TOFMS data showed that the use of one-dimensional gas chromatography with a mass spectrometric detector (1D-GC/MS) would probably result in misidentification of some of these 12 compounds, as they showed partial coelution with other components in the first chromatographic dimension.     

Kinetics of ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols,anthocyanins and tannins from five different New Zealand grape pomaces

Polyphenols were extracted from five kinds of New Zealand grape pomace (Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Gris, Gerwurztraminer, Merlot and Pinot Noir) at 30, 50 and 70 °C in an ultrasonic generator. The extraction kinetics for total phenol, anthocyanin and tannin were determined. The results of dynamics study showed that the extraction of total polyphenols, anthocyanin and tannin followed first-order reaction kinetics during the extraction at 30, 50 and 70 °C. The total phenolic content, anthocyanin conten, and tannin content of water–ethanol extracts from grape pomaces were compared, and the parameters in the extraction kinetics equations were determined. The extraction results showed that the Pinot Noir pomace extract had the highest total phenolic content of 59.95 mg GAE g⁻¹ pomace and tannin content of 79.93 mg EE g⁻¹ pomace. The anthocyanin content in Merlot pomace extract was the highest, which was 4.50 CE g⁻¹ pomace. The results might be of great significance for the development of grape pomace or its polyphenol and/or anthocyanin components as an antioxidant source with natural and inexpensive benefits.     

Thermovinification of grapes from the Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir varieties using immobilized yeasts

This study examined the thermovinification technique using yeasts immobilized on calcium alginate for microvinification of the Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir grape varieties grown in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The wines obtained by thermovinification were characterized by their chemical and sensory aspects. The varietal wines from Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir had an alcohol content of 9.3 and 10.9 % (v/v), respectively. The total acidity, volatile acidity and the alcohol/reduced dry extract ratio were consistent with the Brazilian standards established for identity and quality of wines. There was a significant reduction in the levels of anthocyanins, flavonoids and total phenolic compounds after aging in the bottle. The sensory evaluation presented an acceptability exceeding 60 % for both wines.     

Varietal and geographic classification of French red wines in terms of pigments and flavonoid compounds

Thirty-four French red wines originating from six different grape varieties and three different production areas were analysed in duplicate for 15 anthocyanins, ten flavonoids and three colour parameters, F-statistics, principal component analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis were used to identify and to explain differences among samples. Clear difference between wines made from different varieties were mainly related to anthocyanin 3-acylglucosides. Malvidin and peonidin 3-acetylglucosides were found in increasing concentrations in wines made respectively from Grenache, Carignan, Cinsault, Merlot, Carbernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes; the concentrations of peonidin and malvidin 3-p-coumarylglucosides were higher in the Cinsault wines studied. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines made near Bordeaux had a less intense colour and a higher malvidin 3-glucoside content than wines from the same varieties produced near Narbonne. Wines made from Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes contained more catechin, epicatechin and myricetin when produced in the south than in the north (Narbonne, Bordeaux, Angers). Of the samples analysed, 96%, and all of the nine extra wines, were correctly classified according to the variety of the grapes using four anthocyanins and catechin selected by step wise discriminant analyses.     

Mass-spectrometry evidence confirming the presence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in the berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.)

Background and Aims: Anthocyanins are a group of important phenolic compounds which are responsible for the colour of red grape and wine. This study aimed to confirm the existence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in Vitis vinifera grape berry skins. Methods and Results: The anthocyanin profiles in the berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography – electronic spray ionization – tandem mass spectrometry. Besides 17 anthocyanins that are commonly determined in the berries of these two varieties, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside was also detected at trace levels. Conclusions: The mass-spectrometry evidence confirmed the existence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in non-teinturier V. vinifera grapes. Significance of the Study: This finding will be beneficial for the further understanding of anthocyanin profile and its biosynthesis in grape berries.     

Differentiation of some Spanish wines according to variety and region based on their anthocyanin composition

On the basis of anthocyanin composition, and using the multivariate statistical methods of principal component and stepwise discriminant analyses, differentiation of 23 Spanish wines according to grape variety and wine-growing region was procured. Acylated derivatives, particularly of malvidin-3-glucoside, appeared as key factors in this characterisation. Thus, malvidin 3-acetyl-glucoside was the variable with the largest discriminating power in the differentiation of varieties. Larger relative concentrations in this compound were found in the wines of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon. In addition, a neat separation of wines according to production area is obtained in terms of their relative contents of the P-coumaric acid ester of malvidin 3-glucoside.     

HPLC法测定梅鹿辄和黑比诺葡萄中的花色素苷

利用甲醇和超声波提取酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄和黑比诺中的花色素苷,利用高效液相色谱测定该葡萄中的花色素苷.在梅鹿辄葡萄果实中共检测到9种花色素苷,以二甲花翠素3-O-葡萄糖苷、二甲花翠素3-O-(6-O-乙酰)葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷为主,这三者占总成分的79.69%,构成了梅鹿辄葡萄果实的主要呈色成分.在黑比诺果实中只检测到5种花色素苷,其中二甲花翠素3-O-葡萄糖苷和甲基花青素3-O-葡萄糖苷构成了黑比诺葡萄果 实的主要呈色物质,占总成分的94.18%.     

Proline and arginine accumulation in developing berries of Vitis vinifera L. in Australian vineyards: Influence of vine cultivar, berry maturity and tissue type

Using HPLC analysis, free amino acid profiles were obtained for ripe berries of six grapevine cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, Muscat Gordo, Pinot Noir, Riesling and Sangiovese) grown under comparable conditions and harvested at similar maturities. Compositional differences were observed between cultivars, however proline and arginine were always the major amino acids. Mature berries of Cabernet Sauvignon contained a very high concentration of proline, but a much lower concentration of arginine. Those of other cultivars contained moderate levels of both arginine and proline.
Changes in free amino acid profiles during grape berry development were further investigated in four cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer and Muscat Gordo). In all cases, most of the proline accumulation occurred late in ripening, around four weeks post-veraison. In contrast, arginine accumulation began before veraison and continued to full maturity, except for those cultivars in which a high concentration of proline accumulated, in which case the concentration of arginine reached a plateau relatively early in development. Accumulation of both proline and arginine appears to be develop-mentally regulated. These observations are discussed with reference to proline and arginine metabolism and possible links between them.
The distribution of free proline, arginine and other amino acids amongst pulp, skin and seed was examined using mature fruit of Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling. Amino acid profiles were found to vary considerably between the berry components. The skin contained a greater ratio of arginine:proline compared with the pulp. This suggests that the yeast-assimilable nitrogen content of juices, and therefore their fermentability, could be enhanced in the presence of skins.     

酒用葡萄组培脱毒快繁技术的研究

本研究以酿酒优质葡萄品种赤霞珠、霞多丽、黑品诺等为繁殖材料，对组培快繁中的消毒时间、培养基的激素用量、是否带叶接种等关键技术措施进行了研究探讨，并筛选了各品种最适合培养基。采用营养关系选择、茎尖培养和热处理相结合的方法进行葡萄脱毒、脱毒效率达到100％以上。     

Analysis of the anthocyanin composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Portugieser wines provides an objective assessment of the grape varieties

This paper presents data on the ratios of acetylated to p -coumaroylated anthocyanins of authentic and unadulterated trade samples of 71 Cabernet Sauvignon and 40 Portugieser winegrape varieties. The relative peak areas of nine characterising anthocyanins were determined by a standardised and validated HPLC-method. The 95%-confidence ranges calculated from the data ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 for the Cabernet Sauvignon wines and from 0.7 to 1.7 for the Portugieser wines. The rule that individual anthocyanin components are normally distributed was also confirmed for wines vinified from Gamay and Kadarka (Gamza) grape varieties.     

盐碱荒漠化戈壁酿酒葡萄的果实品质比较分析

为分析10个酿酒葡萄品种和种植年份的成熟期葡萄的主要理化品质,以嘉峪关紫轩葡萄园区红葡萄品种（山葡萄、梅鹿辄、左优红、北冰红、赤霞珠）和白葡萄品种（霞多丽、威代尔、贵人香、白玉霓）为原料,分析比较不同品种葡萄的单粒质量、果粒径、总可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸、糖酸比、总酚及单宁含量。不同品种葡萄中不同物质的含量存在差异,红葡萄品种梅鹿辄、赤霞珠和白葡萄品种威代尔、贵人香4个品种的糖酸比、总酚含量和单宁含量比较高,品质较好,适宜于嘉峪关紫轩葡萄园区的栽培环境。     

三种红色酿酒葡萄品种果实酚类物质比较

为了综合评价酿酒葡萄品种特性,以酿酒葡萄美乐、品丽珠、赤霞珠为研究对象,采用比色法测定果实不同部位酚类物质含量,并对结果进行主成分分析。结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄果皮中总酚、单宁、黄烷醇、花色苷含量分别为28.82 mg/g、23.15 mg/g、41.19 mg/g、9.25 mg/g,均显著高于美乐和品丽珠（P＜0.05）;赤霞珠葡萄种子中总酚、单宁、总类黄酮分别为14.56 mg/g、5.74 mg/g、2.32 mg/g,显著高于品丽珠（P＜0.05）。主成分分析结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄酚类物质在第一主成分和第二主成分综合得分为82.27分,为酚类物质含量丰富的品种。     

Regional classification of New Zealand red wines using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Red wines in a dataset of 120 single-region wines could be classified into seven of the major New Zealand winegrowing regions with an overall accuracy of 80.8% using leave-one-out linear discrimination with the elements Sr, Rb, Ni, Co, Pb, Mn, Cd, Ga and Cs. A higher classification accuracy of 94.4% was achieved when regions were combined into North Island, Nelson, and other South Island regions. The rare earth elements did not prove useful for regional classification, both because of their low and variable concentrations and because their concentrations can be increased upon bentonite fining. Wines originating in the Gimblett Gravels Winegrowing District could be discriminated from wines grown in the remainder of the Hawke's Bay region with a high degree of accuracy using Ba, Cs, Rb, and Pb. A small difference in elemental composition between Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot wines originating from the Hawke's Bay region was observed. However, despite this difference greater classification accuracy was obtained with a database containing all the red wines than a subset containing only Pinot Noir wines.     

单萜烯物质检测方法建立及自选酵母KDLYS9-16对单萜烯产生的影响

采用液液萃取法结合气相色谱氢火焰离子检测器建立一种可同时检测葡萄酒中13种游离态单萜烯类物质的方法,并采用所建方法检测了商品菌SC和自选菌KDLYS9-16两种酿酒酵母发酵的河北省沙城和昌黎2个产区的赤霞珠和美乐葡萄酒中的单萜烯类物质。结果显示,方法的R2为0.996 7~0.999 3,检出限为0.580~1.073 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.58%~3.18%,回收率为89.98%~107.34%。4种葡萄酒中的单萜烯类物质质量浓度都比发酵前的葡萄汁中高,尤以采用自选高产β-D-葡萄糖苷酶酿酒酵母KDLYS9-16发酵的昌黎产区赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中最高,达到2.855 mg/L,比葡萄汁中增加约3.1倍。赤霞珠葡萄及葡萄酒中单萜烯物质质量浓度比美乐葡萄高,沙城产区的2种葡萄汁中单萜烯类物质质量浓度比昌黎的高,选用不同菌种发酵的葡萄酒中单萜烯物质质量浓度和种类不同。综上,本研究建立方法简单、灵敏性高、重复性好,可用于葡萄及葡萄酒中单萜烯类物质的检测。     

Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of Serbian table and wine grapes

Three table grapes and 4 wine grapes collected from a southern Serbian vineyard were evaluated and compared for their antioxidant properties and phenolic profile. Among the varieties tested, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ contained the highest total phenolic content with 173.6 mg/100 g of fresh weight. Also, the total flavonoid and antocyanin content of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ was significantly higher from the other. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’ had the strongest DPPH· radicals scavenging activity (1,318.6 and 1,282.0 μmol Trolox equivalent/100 g, respectively). ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Prokupac’, ‘Vranac’, ‘Muscat Hamburg’, and ‘Ribier’ grape varieties were found to be rich in malvidin-3-O-glucoside, while ‘Cardinal’ grape variety was found to be rich in peonidin-3-O-glucoside. The following compounds were also identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD: 2 flavan-3-ols and 4 hydroxycinnamic acids in all grape samples. The results suggested that phytochemicals in the selected table and wine grapes have potent antioxidant activities in correlation with phenolic content.