Authentication of meat and meat products

In recent years, interest in meat authenticity has increased. Many consumers are concerned about the meat they eat and accurate labelling is important to inform consumer choice. Authentication methods can be categorised into the areas where fraud is most likely to occur: meat origin, meat substitution, meat processing treatment and non-meat ingredient addition. Within each area the possibilities for fraud can be subcategorised as follows: meat origin—sex, meat cuts, breed, feed intake, slaughter age, wild versus farmed meat, organic versus conventional meat, and geographic origin; meat substitution—meat species, fat, and protein; meat processing treatment—irradiation, fresh versus thawed meat and meat preparation; non-meat ingredient addition—additives and water. Analytical methods used in authentication are as diverse as the authentication problems, and include a diverse range of equipment and techniques. This review is intended to provide an overview of the possible analytical methods available for meat and meat products authentication. In areas where no authentication methods have been published, possible strategies are suggested.     

酱卤制品的调香技术

介绍了酱卤制品的一些关键调香技术，分析了各类调料的作用，老汤的制作方法，以实例说明相关工艺、并提出了注意事项及解决的方法。     

Authentication of meat from game and domestic species by SNaPshot minisequencing analysis

The aim of the present study is to develop an assay for the specific identification of meat from Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus, Capra ibex, Rupicapra rupicapra, targeting sequences of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene of mitochondrial DNA. The assay is also intended to enable differentiation between meat from these wild species as well as Ovis aries, Capra hircus, Bubalus bubalis, Bos taurus and Sus scrofa domestic species.The primers used in the preliminary PCR were designed in well conserved regions upstream and downstream of the diagnosis sites. They successfully amplified a conserved 232 bp region from the cyt b gene of all the species taken into consideration. The sites of diagnosis have been interrogated using a minisequencing reaction and capillary electrophoresis. All the results of the multiplex PER (primer extension reaction) test were confirmed by fragment sequencing. The assay offers the possibility of discriminating nine species at the same time.     

A strategy for molecular species detection in meat and meat products by PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing using mitochondrial and chromosomal genetic sequences

Molecular species detection in food has become common in the last 10 years. The methods are sensitive enough to detect small, but relevant, amounts of one species in composed food. We have developed a strategy for detecting different animal species in food by molecular means. This strategy uses a combination of published PCR systems and new developed PCR primer systems for the detection of porcine, bovine, ovine, avian, cervine and equine DNA by PCR followed by restriction analysis (PCR-RFLP). In some cases, analysis is completed by DNA sequencing. The species detection system includes an amplification control and so is in accordance with the relevant food standards.     

无损检测技术在掺假肉及肉制品中的应用进展

掺假肉及肉制品是全球普遍关注的食品安全问题,食用掺假肉及肉制品可能引发消费者的健康隐患。无损检测技术在鉴别掺假肉及肉制品中有重要的应用,包括红外光谱技术、拉曼光谱技术、高光谱成像技术、多光谱成像技术、核磁共振技术、电子鼻及电子舌技术。无损检测技术具有传统检测方法没有的优势,其优点包括经济、无损、准确及短时间内检测大量的掺假肉及肉制品等。文章综述了光谱学和生物传感器两类无损检测技术在鉴定掺假肉及肉制品的原理及实际应用,对无损检测技术在掺假肉及肉制品中的发展进行总结与展望,以期为完善鉴别掺假肉及肉制品的无损检测技术提供一定的理论参考,保障肉及肉制品的安全性及真实性。     

浅析肉品包装材料与包装技术

介绍了肉品包装的重要性以及肉品包装材料的特性,同时总结了国内外肉品包装的常用材料及包装技术。其中冷鲜肉的真空热缩包装技术及肉制品的拉伸膜包装技术是肉品包装技术的发展趋势。     

A quick and simple method for the identification of meat species and meat products by PCR assay

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to identify six meats (cattle, pig, chicken, sheep, goat and horse) as raw materials for products. By mixing seven primers in appropriate ratios, species-specific DNA fragments could be identified by only one multiplex PCR. A forward primer was designed on a conserved DNA sequence in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and reverse primers on species-specific DNA sequences for each species. PCR primers were designed to give different length fragments from the six meats. The products showed species-specific DNA fragments of 157, 227, 274, 331, 398 and 439 bp from goat, chicken, cattle, sheep, pig and horse meats, respectively. Identification is possible by electrophoresis of PCR products. Cattle, pig, chicken, sheep and goat fragments were amplified from cooked meat heated at 100 or 120°C for 30 min, but horse DNA fragments could not be detected from the 120°C sample. Detection limits of the DNA samples were 0.25 ng for all meats.     

采用离子色谱检测肉及肉制品中多聚磷酸盐

采用离子色谱技术同时检测肉及肉制品中的正磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、三聚磷酸盐和三偏磷酸盐成分。对建立的方法进行检出限、定量限和最佳线性范围的确定,并进行加标回收和精密度测定,以及实际应用效果评价。4种磷酸盐分离度良好,正磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、三聚磷酸盐、三偏磷酸盐检出限分别为0.01、0.15、0.15、0.15mg/L,定量限分别为0.05、0.5、0.5、0.5 mg/L,分别在0.05~200、0.2~200、0.2~200、0.2~200 mg/L浓度内,呈良好线性关系。在3个浓度水平加标,其中正磷酸盐1 000、2 000、5 000 mg/kg,焦磷酸盐、三聚磷酸盐和三偏磷酸盐50、100、200 mg/kg,加标回收率为83.2%~101.9%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)小于2.02%。用建立的方法对市售产品进行检测分析,结果可以满足市售肉及肉制品样品的检测需求。     

Electrophoretic techniques for species identification of fishery products

Summary At the present time species identification of fishery products is mainly performed by electrophoresis; in most cases isoelectric focusing (IEF) is given preference over other electrophoretic techniques. In this review the possibilities of application of IEF and other electrophoretic methods for analysis of raw, dried, salted, smoked, ripened, cooked or canned fish are discussed. It is shown that the protein patterns may be influenced by the type of muscle (light or dark), the freshness of fish or fillet, and by the conditions of frozen storage. Reference samples must often be used to obtain unequivocal results. A protein dry powder is introduced, which has been prepared from the sarcoplasmic fraction of many fish species yielding species-specific protein patterns. The powder is stable at room temperature and can be shipped without cooling.

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Elektrophoretische Methoden zur Bestimmung der Tierart in Fischereiprodukten

Zusammenfassung Zur Zeit erfolgt die Bestimmung der Tierart in Fischereiprodukten nahezu ausschließlich mit elektrophoretischen Methoden, vorzugsweise durch die isoelektrische Focussierung (IEF). In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der IEF und anderer Elektrophoreseverfahren zur Analyse roher, getrockneter, gesalzener, geräucherter, gereifter, gegarter oder sterilisierter Fischereiprodukte diskutiert. Es wird aufgezeigt, in welchem Ausmaß die Proteinmuster durch die Art der Muskulatur (hell oder dunkel), den Frischegrad der Fische bzw. Filets und durch die Gefrierlagerbedingungen der Produkte beeinflußt werden. In vielen Fällen kann auf Referenzproben nicht verzichtet werden; es wird ein Proteinpräparat vorgestellt, das aus der sarkoplasmatischen Fraktion zahlreicher Fischarten isoliert wurde und Spezies-spezifische Proteinmuster lieferte. Das Präparat ist bei Raumtemperatur stabil und kann daher ohne Aufwand verschickt werden.

     

肉及肉制品的保鲜理论与防腐技术

对肉及肉制品的保鲜理论及防腐技术进行了综述,介绍了栅栏技术、微生物预报技术等保鲜理论;阐述了乳酸链球菌素、那他霉素、茶多酚、壳聚糖等防腐保鲜剂在肉及肉制品中的应用机理及现代物理杀菌技术、包装技术等防腐技术。     

肉食品中的胆固醇氧化物

胆固醇是肌肉组织的一种组分。新鲜肉中不存在胆固醇氧化物。内在长期贮存和加热中生成胆固醇氧化物。肉食品中的胆固醇氧化物对人的健康有害。肉中胆固醇氧化物的总量与肉的脂类氧化物存在着线性相关。在饲料中添加生育酚以提高内源性生育酚，其动物的肉制品中胆固醇氧化物明显减少。     

几种肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的测定

以α-萘胺为显色剂,利用紫外可见分光光度计,测定了鞍山市市售的几种肉制品中亚硝酸盐的含量。本实验进一步探究了实验的最佳条件:酸度、温度、显色剂的用量和显色时间。结果表明:pH值在3￣4之间,温度在15￣25℃之间,显色剂用量为2mL,显色时间在20￣40min,显色稳定,样品吸光度无明显变化,实验能达到较理想的效果。     

Biogenic amines in meat and meat products

It has been recognized for some time that biogenic amines occur in a wide range of foods, among them meat and meat products. Meat is an important component of the diet in developed countries. The presence of these amines in food is of interest for two reasons: firstly, for toxicological reasons, in the sense that high levels of dietary biogenic amines can be toxic for certain consumers, and secondly, for their role as possible quality indicators. Based on these two premises, the present article offers a new analysis on aspects of toxicology and on the use of biogenic amines as a quality control method, as well as on their presence in meat and meat products. The article focuses particularly on factors affecting the production of biogenic amines, with reference to various parameters relating to microorganisms, meat raw materials, and processing conditions. A better understanding of the factors determining their formation (i.e., microorganisms, raw materials used, and technological processes applied) and their effects could lead to ways of controlling their production, limiting their presence in the end product, and hence, rendering them less toxic.     

Species identification of meat products by ELISA

ELISA methods used in this study are proved to detect low contents of animal species (pork, beef, sheep and poultry), even in highly processed foods. They present the advantages of being robust, cheap and easy to perform. Nevertheless, F factors, determining the threshold values of the test, need to be validated for each species.     

Semiquantitative detection of male pork tissue in meat and meat products by PCR

Consumer awareness has increased concerning castration of piglets without analgesia or anaesthesia. On the other hand the occurrence of boar taint is not tolerated by consumers. Currently no reliable methods exist for the on-line detection of boar taint in the slaughterhouse or for genetic sexing of pigs. Therefore, as an alternative the detection of male pork meat was sought. Based on detection of a length polymorphism of the sex chromosomal amelogenin gene a reliable, specific and highly sensitive PCR method for qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of male pork tissue in meat and meat products was determined. A set of 25 male and 25 female meat samples could be correctly identified and mixtures with as little as 0.1% male meat content could be detected. Therefore the method can be used for production and control of specific meat products containing low amounts of male pork meat and thus avoiding boar taint.     

ELISA-test for cooked meat species identification on gelatine and gelatine products

The results of the ELISA-test with a commercial cooked meat species identification kit on gelatine and gelatine containing products can be influenced by different gelatine types and concentrations leading to false positive readings. The test cannot be applied especially to meat products containing relatively high amounts of soluble collagens because their extracts form solid gels in the test wells. In this case the different reagents added will penetrate the gels and react with each other. The kit may not speciate reliablely commercial gelatine in isolation or in products where gelatine is the sole animal protein source.     

Chemical safety of meat and meat products

Since the Second World War the consumer behaviour in developed countries changed drastically. Primarily there existed the demand for sufficient food after a period of starvation, afterwards the desire for higher quality was arising, whereas today most people ask for safe and healthy food with high quality. Therefore a united approach comprising consistent standards, sound science and robust controls is required to ensure consumers' health and to maintain consumers' confidence and satisfaction. Chemical analysis along the whole food chain downstream (tracking) from primary production to the consumer and upstream (tracing) from the consumer to primary production is an important prerequisite to ensure food safety and quality. In this frame the focus of the following paper is the “chemical safety of meat and meat products” taking into account inorganic as well as organic residues and contaminants, the use of nitrite in meat products, the incidence of veterinary drugs, as well as a Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) system assessing (prioritizing) vulnerable food chain steps to decrease or eliminate vulnerability.     

肉与肉制品卫生监督管理

为切实把好肉与肉制品的屠宰、加工、贮存、运输、销售等环节的卫生关,确保肉食安全,必须要认真做好食品卫生监督管理工作,包括商业、农业、工商、卫生、外贸等各有关部门的各环节要共同努力,采取综合措施.