开放教育及其"教"与"学"的理念

开放教育借助现代网络技术、通讯技术、计算机多媒体技术,使全社会成员接受终身教育成为可能。开放教育与传统学校封闭式教育完全不同,尤其体现在教学过程中“教”与“学”理念的转变上;“教”将以创新教育为宗旨,以学习对象为中心;而“学”则强调自主学习,通过利用多种信息资源,多种学习模式,充分发挥自身的潜能,使知识不断更新,以适应社会发展。     

传统教育向现代教育的历史演变

教育正由传统教育向现代教育转变。在转变中,我们的社会正经历着两个重大变化,一是“知识就是力量”向“整体就是力量”变化;二是“学校即社会”向“企业即社会”变化。这是随着历史的发展而发展的。这两个变化之间存在历史的纵向联系,展示着关于知识、教育、学校、社会及生产、生活、教学、科研等范畴的扩展和相互转化的整体过程。     

研究生教育模式发展与我国研究生培养成本补偿模式选择

当前,我国研究生教育正在酝酿新的改革。随着高等教育收费的普遍实施,近年研究生就业持续“走俏”,研究生收费的呼声越来越高,研究生教育收费的讨论正成为一个热门话题。本文试从研究生教育模式的形成与演进、研究生教育的价值选择和社会需要等方面,就我国研究生教育模式?..     

大学生·中学生·小学生

把勤工助学作为贫困学生教学实习的“纳入课程”,采用“带徒制”的指导方式,使学生在勤工中不仅能济困,更要学业务,学技能,学精益求精。勤工能见学长,勤工要促教学。勤工俭学会由勤工助阶段再前进到“勤工见学”阶段。试用学分制模式管理中学教学,不以分数的毫厘差别论优劣,鼓励学生在修业基本学分的基础上自由选择课程,这对于优劣思维、排名观念,肯定会有矫治扶正的疗效。天才来自勤奋,智力依靠开发。书本知识、科学知识是影响智力质量的决定因素,从三、五岁起,父母就给孩子“点读识字”,是开发儿童智力的好办法。抓好“识字教育”,是抓好儿童成才的基础。     

民办高等教育立法之我见

随着改革开放的深入,人们对“全民办教育”逐渐有了新的认识,鼓励和支持民办高等教育已在社会各界形成共识。近几年来,特别是党的十五大召开以后,鼓励、扶持民间兴办高等教育已经在相当程度上成了中央与地方政府的自觉行动;经由全国人大常委会立法的途径,确立民办高等教育体制时机已经成熟。本文就当前呼之欲出的民办高等教育立法,作一回“纸上谈兵”。一、“光华学校”的警示以收取高额“教育储备金”作为办学经费的私立高收费学校(俗称“贵族学校”)自1992年诞生,随即形成一股热潮。仅广东就有此类学校40多所,全国达上千家。尽管这些学校…     

再论"教育产业化"

近来关于“教育产业化”、“教育企业化”、“教育市场化”的呼声日见高涨。持这一观点的人们认为教育是产业,教育产业化有利于加速发展教育产业,更好地满足社会对教育的需求。我认为,我国在经济不发达,国家不能为教育提供充分经费的条件下,教育系统适度引入市场竞争机制有利于充分利用教育资源,在有限的时间、空间中产学研更好地结合,但这不意味着“产业化”。“产业化”意指整个社会发展的大趋向,它意味着绝大多数学校转化为产业。结果容易导致全社会教育机构一哄而起,向产业的目标发展。我们在提出目标时,必须考虑教育与社会之间以及教育…     

没有音乐的教育是不淑之教--浅议音乐的教育功能

音乐是一种情感艺术。“乐歌一道为用最大,凡学堂不设乐歌,是为有教无育,是为不淑之教。”1即没有音乐的学校教育是不完善的教育。在应试教育向素质教育转变的趋势中,音乐因为其独特的教育功能而开始受到重视。我们认为这种功能主要体现在育德、养体、开智、益情商等四个方面。1.育德。人类很早就开始认识并重视音乐在陶冶人的情操、净化人的心灵方面的作用。起源于夏代完善于西周的“六艺”教育中,便以“礼乐”为中心,认为“乐所以修内也,礼所以修外也”。孔子说:“兴于《诗》,立于礼,成于乐”。(《伦语·泰伯》)即音乐不但是人格修养的重…     

产学研合作教育：值得关注的人才培养模式

学校教育系统的教育功能存在不尽完善之处，在一定程度上影响了学生在知识、能力以及素质等方面具有有效的获得和形成。突破单一的人才培养模式，走出“象牙塔”式的学校育人环境是当前高等教育改革必须面对的问题。产学研究合作教育把理论学习和实践活动较好地统一起来，它的最大特点是利用了学校与产业、科研等单位在人才培养方面各自的优势，把以课堂传播间接知识为主的学校教育环境与直接获取实际经验、能力为主的真实工作环境有机结合于学生的培养过程之中。产学研合作教育很好地弥补了学校教育功能之不足，是当前值得关注的一种人才培养模式。     

转变教育观念加强理工科院校人文素质教育

转变教育观念加强理工科院校人文素质教育张云平＊全面素质教育是指对大学生进行政治思想素质、业务素质、文化素质、身心素质的教育。李鹏总理在《国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和２０１０年远景目标纲要的报告》中指出：学校“要加强和改进思想政治教育，全面提高学生...     

记住学校

学校是以授业为重要内容的育人场所。教育、教学、教养是它的全部内容，育人是它的工作目标。校园是师生共同生存的村落。东西方文化的差异，明显地表现在学校的建设及管理过程中。在倡导教育要面向世界的时候，我们不能因“教育接轨”而舍弃了东方的办学优良传统。一味地仿效西方教育，是于民族的未来有害无益的邯郸学步之陋。近年在实行教育改革时，不停地削去学校管理中的一些非教学职责，实则是削去了一些育人的教养工作，这是值得慎思而不值得沾沾自喜的劳作。千万记住学校：它是育人的摇篮，而不是传艺的作坊。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.