绕水翼空化流场的数值模拟与试验研究

采用试验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法研究绕水翼ys930的非定常空化流场结构,试验采用高速数码拍摄技术观察在10°攻角下的片状和云状空化随时间的结构变化;数值模拟针对应用较多的RNG k-二方程湍流模型做适当修正,分析片状空化及云状空化时的非定常空化流场结构、流动特性及空泡演化过程。结果表明,数值模拟得到的水翼空化流动现象和试验观察到的结果基本一致,验证计算模型和数值方法的可靠性;在片状空化阶段,空泡长度变化不明显,空穴尾部边界存在小幅度波动,空穴总体相对比较稳定;云状空化阶段,空穴分为两部分:一部分为空泡主体,稳定地附着在水翼吸力面上,随时间推移逐渐长大,达到最大空泡长度后出现回缩;另一部分为空泡附体,为周期性非定常汽液两相运动区域。云状空泡的形成和发展过程均伴有压力的波动,在一个空泡生长周期内,压力面压力系数几乎不受空泡变化的影响,吸力面压力系数在空化数的负值附近小幅度波动。     

非线性空泡模型在轴流泵空化模拟中的评估分析

为了提高传统空化模型预测轴流泵空化特性的能力,提出了一种基于非线性Rayleigh-Plesset方程的空泡动力学模型,联立两相-3种组分的均相流假设,建立了一种非线性空化模型。分别采用非线性模型及传统的Schnerr-Sauer模型对比转速n_s=692的轴流泵叶轮内空化流动进行数值计算。研究发现:非线性模型预测的轴流泵空化性能曲线与实验测量值吻合更好,叶顶间隙内附着型空化长度随着空化数的降低呈现先缓慢增长后迅速增长的规律;当轴流泵叶片吸力面发生严重空化时,空化区域的后部靠近轮毂的位置空泡体积分数发生了急剧变化,该处最容易发生空蚀破坏。     

轴流泵多工况空化特性数值计算

基于完全空化模型,应用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,计算了轴流泵在不同进口流量条件下的全流道流场。研究了不同进口流量条件下,轴流泵的外特性变化,叶片上的压力及空泡体积组分分布,对不同工况下的内部流场空化特性进行了分析。计算结果表明,额定流量工况下,轴流泵扬程的CFD计算值准确,与理论值误差在3%以内;非额定流量工况下,CFD计算可以得到空化发生区域及空化程度。空化发生时,叶轮叶片表面的压力下降,叶片对流体做功减少,引起水泵效率下降。各流道叶片上的空泡体积组分分布相似,但呈现出一定的非对称性,这种非对称性是造成轴流泵在空化发生时运行不稳定的因素之一。     

改进空化模型和修正湍流模型在螺旋桨空化模拟中的评估分析

为评估改进Sauer空化模型和修正切应力输运湍流模型联合使用时在螺旋桨空化模拟中的效果,以及"当σ>σi时,叶梢截面压力系数分布相对不再改变"的空化初生判定准则的适用性,以E779A螺旋桨为对象,对轻度(Ac/A0<0.1)、中度(0.1≤Ac/A0<0.25)和重度(0.25≤Ac/A0<0.5)空化程度下的桨叶空化形态、空化面积、叶截面压力系数分布、推力和力矩崩溃性能曲线以及初生空化数进行校验和分析。结果表明,在轻度空化下模拟空化面积较试验值略小;中度空化下与试验值吻合很好,模拟精度明显高于同类文献;在重度空化下因包含了泡空化面积而较试验值要大。在设计和非设计进速系数下,预报因空化引起的推力下降起始点均与试验值吻合很好,但推力衰减指数较试验值要大。应用空化初生判定准则得到J=0.77工况下初生空化数为3.25,较试验值仅偏差0.6%。由此表明,所采用的数值模型对于螺旋桨轻度和中度空化程度下的空化性能模拟具有较高的精度,所提出的空化初生判定准则是可信而且适用的。应用该准则,在求取0.88R(低侧斜桨)或0.7R(大侧斜桨)截面的初生空化数后,可较准确地预报螺旋桨空化斗图谱,进而预报舰艇空化初始航速。     

离心泵空化余量分析研究

许多泵长期运行处在临界空化工况与初生空化工况之间,会造成叶片表面出现坑蚀和穿孔等破坏,从而使泵因空化而达不到预期寿命.由此选用一种单级单吸离心泵为研究对象,基于湍流模型k-ε和空化模型Zwart,进行非定常空化数值计算结果分析.对于初生空化的判定,以σ≥1.0时叶片表面刚刚发生空化,产生的汽泡对外特性无影响,且以汽体体...     

轴流泵叶轮汽蚀两相流的数值模拟与分析

为了分析某型号轴流泵叶轮汽蚀状态下汽液两相流特征,本文基于均相流模型、RNG k-ε湍流模型与SIM-PLEC算法,分别从外特性和内部流场两方面分析了轴流泵叶轮的空化过程,通过定量分析不同NPSH下轴流泵的扬程下降和空泡分布的对应关系,讨论了不同空化状态下叶轮内部速度场和压力场的分布,寻找出轴流泵空化发生破坏的位置和发展趋势。数值模拟结果表明,空化初生时空泡产生于叶片背面进口轮缘处,随着轴流泵进口压力的不断降低,叶片背面外缘处空泡逐渐向轮毂侧发展,且外缘侧空泡不断向前推进,在装置汽蚀余量NPSH为6.62m时,空泡基本覆盖叶片的背面,此时叶片丧失了部分做功能力,且扬程下降明显。计算模型泵进行了现场运行试验,试验结果表明,数值模拟的空泡分布与实际破坏位置一致,验证了数值计算的准确性,也为解决轴流泵汽蚀破坏问题提供了内流流场参考。     

叶片进口冲角对离心泵空化特性的影响

基于ANSYS CFX软件应用标准k-ε湍流模型、均质多相模型和Rayleigh-Plesset方程对一比转数为89的模型泵在冲角变化时泵内的空化流场进行数值模拟.根据计算结果预测了模型泵无空化时的能量特性和空化时的空化性能,并分析了空化状态下叶轮中间流面上的空泡体积分布和叶片中间流线的载荷特性.研究表明,模型泵叶轮叶片冲角变化时,对设计点的扬程和效率影响不大,对于空化性能则存在一个最优值,不是冲角越大越好.     

791翼型非定常空化流动数值计算研究

采用DES湍流模型对791翼型在2°攻角及雷诺数为2.1×105的来流条件下,空化初生以及片状空化阶段三维非定常流动的结构进行了数值模拟,初步揭示了其流动特征。在空化初生阶段,空化初生的起始位置位于翼型最大厚度处,且展向外缘处的小空泡脱落呈周期性变化。片状空化空穴U型结构演变阶段,其空穴长度演变呈现出回缩-生长-回缩的明显特征。片状空化空泡脱落时,在指向翼型前缘发展的回射流和指向翼型展向中间截面的侧向射流相互耦合下,U型结构的两侧中部部分空泡开始脱离主体,向中间截面流动。U型结构两侧上的回射流是导致U型空穴回缩的主要原因。     

带有前置导叶离心泵空化性能的试验及数值模拟

为分析前置导叶对离心泵空化性能的影响,在不同流量下开展带有前置导叶离心泵的空化性能试验,得到无导叶、导叶预旋角(12(时的离心泵空化性能曲线.空化性能试验结果表明,离心泵的临界空化余量随流量的增大近似线性增大.基于均相流假设的完全空化模型,考虑空化流可压缩性的影响修正RNG κ-ε湍流模型,采用SMPLEC算法,数值求解雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程,模拟离心泵安装前置导叶前后不同工况下的全流道空化流动.计算得到的H-LBOSGa曲线与试验数据吻合较好,验证计算方法的准确性.基于数值模拟结果,分析不同工况下叶轮内部空泡体积率的分布规律,发现前置导叶预旋调节对离心泵叶轮空化性能的影响较小,并能有效改善叶轮进口流态,使压力分布更均匀.     

带诱导轮的离心式航空燃油泵空化特性分析

为了研究离心式航空燃油泵空化流场特性,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型与ZGB空化模型,对某带诱导轮的离心式航空燃油泵三维内流场进行了数值计算,分析了诱导轮与离心叶轮叶片表面的空化区演变、燃油泵内部不同过流部件中的空泡区占比、叶顶泄漏涡空化、回流涡空化等流动现象。结果表明,诱导轮对空化的抑制有积极作用,三种不同工况下的空化余量NPSH值一样;诱导轮叶片表面的空化包括叶顶空化、云空化、叶梢空化等不同类型;空化数σ=0.0953时为临界空化点,诱导轮与叶轮区的空泡体积占5%～10%;回流涡空化首先产生于诱导轮叶顶背面附近,随着空化数的降低,回流涡空化区逐步与云空化融合;无论有无空化,燃油泵进口段始终存在明显的二次流。     

Performance studies on cavitation-resistance turbine flow sensor based on experiment and CFD simulation

Under the technical requirements of expanding measurement range and suppressing cavitation of flow sensors, the performance of a novel cavitation-resistance turbine flow sensor is taken as the research objective in this article. Based on theoretical analysis, a three-dimensional flow field CFD model of the turbine flow sensor with Realizable k-ε turbulence model and Schnerr&Sauer cavitation model is established. The cavitation tunnel experiment is performed to obtain the sensor characteristics. Finally, simulation and experiment results is analyzed and the feasibility of the CFD simulation of the sensor flow field is proved. The results show that this novel turbine flow sensor has the ability to resist cavitation, and the critical cavitation number σ_cr of the turbine flow sensor is below 0.4. Under a wide range of cavitation number (0.33~ σ ~1.6), Reynolds number(5 × 10⁴~ Re ~8 × 10⁵)and inflow angle α(−5°~ α~ 5°), the measurement meets the requirements.     

轴流式水轮机全流道内非定常空化湍流的数值模拟

为了研究轴流式水轮机内部的空化流动,将Fluent 6．1商用软件中的一种完整空化模型和一种混合流体两相流模型相结合,对某水电站原型轴流式水轮机全流道内的非定常空化湍流进行了数值模拟。根据模拟结果,预测了水轮机在特定工况下运行时流道内空化发生的部位和程度,并对水轮机的能量性能进行了预估。数值预测的空化流动现象与模型水轮机空化试验中所观察到的现象基本一致,说明数值模拟结果可为轴流式水轮机的运行性能预测提供参考。     

Impeller inlet geometry effect on performance improvement for centrifugal pumps

This research treats the effect of impeller inlet geometry on performance improvement for a boiler feed pump, who is a centrifugal pump having specific speed of 183 m·m³min⁻¹·min⁻¹ and close type impeller with exit diameter of 450 mm. The hydraulic performance and cavitation performance of the pump have been tested experimentally. In order to improve the pump, five impellers have been considered by extending the blade leading edge or applying much larger blade angle at impeller inlet compared with the original impeller. The 3-D turbulent flow inside those pumps has been analyzed basing on RNG k-ɛ turbulence model and VOF cavitation model. It is noted that the numerical results are fairly good compared with the experiments. Based on the experimental test and numerical simulation, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Impeller inlet geometry has important influence on performance improvement in the case of centrifugal pump. Favorite effects on performance improvement have been achieved by both extending the blade leading edge and applying much larger blade angle at impeller inlet; (2) It is suspected that the extended leading edge have favorite effect for improving hydraulic performance, and the much larger blade angle at impeller inlet have favorite effect for improving cavitation performance for the test pump; (3) Uniform flow upstream of impeller inlet is helpful for improving cavitation performance of the pump. This paper was presented at the 9^th Asian International Conference on Fluid Machinery (AICFM9), Jeju, Korea, October 16–19, 2007.     

A Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes–Based Numerical Model for Squeeze-Film Dampers. Part 1—Effects of Gaseous Cavitation on Pressure Distribution and Damping Coefficients without Consideration of Inertia

Even though most published results detailing damper behavior consider only the liquid phase, the cavitation process in the lubricant film, when it happens, is critical for the damper's performance. A number of modeling approaches, such as the half-Sommerfeld and Elrod models, were proposed in order to account for the effects of cavitation on the pressure generation, without directly simulating the cavitation process. Based on the experimental data, a few other homogeneous cavitation models have also been developed. All these models are based on the classical Reynolds equation. In this article, a three-dimensional numerical model is developed and validated in connection with the operation of a two-phase squeeze-film damper. The full Navier-Stokes equations (NSE), coupled with a homogeneous cavitation model, is solved to simulate the flow of the two-phase lubricant film and the associated pressures. The pressure variation on the journal surface and the gas concentration distribution in the lubricating fluid (cavitated region) will be presented. The damping coefficients predicted by the NSE model are compared to the ones that resulted from the application of the Reynolds equation.     

泵空化现象的研究综述

介绍了空化现象发生的主要原因以及空化与空蚀对泵水力机械性能的影响,分析了影响泵空化性能的因素,阐述了对泵的空化现象的研究方法与空化监测,最后从4个方面介绍了为防止泵发生空化现象而相应采取的措施。     

水轮机空化在线监测系统中板载DSP数据采集卡

介绍了水轮机空化监测系统的数据采集卡的设计。采集卡板具有多通道、板载美国TI公司的浮点DSP(数字信号处理器)TMS320C6712和基于PCI总线的技术的特点。板载DSP的特点提高了空化信号处理能力并压缩了数据量，基于PCI技术使系统具有快速的传输能力。这些技术的采用，使采用该采集卡的水轮机空化在线监测系统满足空化实时监测的需要。     

轴针式喷嘴内部空化与针阀密封面磨损特性

喷嘴是柴油机的核心部件之一,其空化与磨损特性对柴油机的雾化、燃烧与动力特性均存在重要影响.从可视化和数值模拟两个方面研究柴油机轴针式喷嘴内部燃油的流动状况.结果表明,针阀开启前燃油就存在大量空泡,开启后针阀密封面上游处的空化现象较下游严重.在S195柴油机上,利用扫描电镜(Scanning electric microscope,SEM)研究轴针式喷嘴针阀密封面的磨损特性.结果表明,密封面上上游处的原始凹坑缺陷在运转20 h后出现较明显的磨损,而下游处的原始凹坑缺陷没有明显的磨损,即实际磨损严重的部位与空化密度大的部位一致.上游凹坑缺陷处磨损严重的原因是,原始的凹坑缺陷是空化的发生源,原始的凹坑缺陷处倾向于汇聚空泡,团聚的空泡溃灭,对壁面产生磨损.研究结果为减缓轴针式喷嘴针阀密封面的磨损提供理论依据.     

混流式喷水推进器空化性能数值分析

基于RANS方程,结合切应力输运湍流模型计算某混流式喷水推进器无空化状态时的流体动力性能。与厂商提供的数据对比表明,建立的数值模型和计算方法是可信的。在此基础上,嵌入基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的混合物均相流空化模型,对空化条件时该喷水推进器流体动力性能进行数值计算与分析。计算得到的功率、推力等宏观量与厂商提供的数据吻合较好。计算得到空化发生时的临界进口速比值。计算结果表明,喷水推进器叶轮发生空化时,泵的流量、扬程明显降低,进而引起推力下降;在等功率条件下,随着进口速比的降低,喷水推进器叶轮空化程度越来越严重;进水流道空化的发生较喷泵叶轮空化滞后,喷口部分仅产生空间空化,较叶轮空化提前,而固壁上不产生空化;数值计算结果还证明空化限制线即为等汽蚀比转速线,且空化限制线1、2、3对应的汽蚀比转速分别约为1 280、1 390和1 580。     

Structure influence on the operating limit range and mixing performance of non-axisymmetric jet pump

Although cavitation chocked jet pumps guarantee a steady and accurate liquid mixture, the existing pumps have the shortcomings of big energy loss and small cavitation working range. In the current study, aiming at enhancing the performance of the cavitation mixing devices, an innovative non-axisymmetric jet pump design is proposed. The cavitation characteristics and the mixing performance of the new design have been investigated by both computational simulation and experimental testing. Based on the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), it is found that the cavitation on the suction tube side is strengthened due to the turbulence caused by the abrupt change in the local flow channel structure, while the cavitation on the opposite side is weakened due to the gradual flow channel structure. Our experimental testing results prove that our new design can provide a steady mixing ratio as long as the non-axisymmetric vapor cloud steadily covers the suction tube outlet. Furthermore, geometric parameters (convergent angle, divergent angle, throat length and area ratio) of the device have been optimized through the orthogonal analysis. The critical pressure ratio of the optimized device ranges from 0.76 to 0.63 when the critical flow ratio is in the range of 0–10%, which indicates that the optimized device has much less energy loss and a wider working range than the current axisymmetric cavitating jet pumps. Through quantitative energy loss analysis, we have found that the cavitation maintenance corresponds to the greatest energy loss in the jet pumps, yet our non-axisymmetric structure design could effectively reduces energy loss. The current research reveals the physical mechanism on how a non-axisymmetric structure affects the cavitation characteristics as well as the performance of jet pumps.