Oxidation of trimethoprim by ferrate(VI): kinetics, products, and antibacterial activity

Kinetics, stoichiometry, and products of the oxidation of trimethoprim (TMP), one of the most commonly detected antibacterial agents in surface waters and municipal wastewaters, by ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) were determined. The pH dependent second-order rate constants of the reactions of Fe(VI) with TMP were examined using acid-base properties of Fe(VI) and TMP. The kinetics of reactions of diaminopyrimidine (DAP) and trimethoxytoluene (TMT) with Fe(VI) were also determined to understand the reactivity of Fe(VI) with TMP. Oxidation products of the reactions of Fe(VI) with TMP and DAP were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Reaction pathways of oxidation of TMP by Fe(VI) are proposed to demonstrate the cleavage of the TMP molecule to ultimately result in 3,4,5,-trimethoxybenzaldehyde and 2,4-dinitropyrimidine as among the final identified products. The oxidized products mixture exhibited no antibacterial activity against E. coli after complete consumption of TMP. Removal of TMP in the secondary effluent by Fe(VI) was achieved.     

Pu(V)O2+ adsorption and reduction by synthetic magnetite (Fe3O4)

Changes in aqueous- and solid-phase Pu oxidation state were monitored over time in magnetite (Fe3O4) suspensions containing 239Pu(V)-amended 0.01 M NaCl. Oxidation state distribution was determined by leaching of Pu into an aqueous phase followed by an ultrafiltration/solvent extraction technique. The capability of the technique to measure Pu oxidation state distribution was verified using 230Th(IV), 237Np(V), and 233U(VI) as oxidation state analogues. Reduction of Pu(V) was observed at all pH values (pH 3 to 8) and magnetite concentrations (10 to 100 m2 L(-1)). In the pH range 5 to 8, adsorption was a rate-limiting step, and reduction was mediated by the solid phase; at pH 3 reduction occurred in the aqueous phase. The overall reaction (describing both adsorption and reduction of Pu(V)) was found to be approximately first order with respect to the magnetite concentration and of order -0.34+/-0.02 with respect to the hydrogen ion concentration. Assuming first order dependence with respect to Pu, the overall reaction rate constant was calculated as k(rxn) = 4.79+/-0.62 x 10(-8) (m(-2) L)0.99(mol(-1) L)-0.34(s(-1)). The Pu(IV) solid-phase species became more stable over time.     

固体超强酸SO^2- 4/Fe2O3催化制备生物柴油的研究

采用沉淀-浸渍法制备固体超强酸SO^2- 4/Fe2O3催化剂，并将该催化剂用于生物柴油的制备。研究了沉淀温度、焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响，用FTIR对催化剂进行了表征。考察了催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间对生物柴油收率的影响。实验表明，SO^2- 4/Fe2O3固体超强酸对制备生物柴油具有较高催化活性，冰水浴中沉淀、500℃焙烧效果最佳。SO^2- 4/Fe2O3固体超强酸催化制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为：催化剂用量为原料油质量的2％，醇油摩尔比12：1，反应温度220℃，反应时间8h。在最佳条件下，生物柴油收率可达80％以上。催化剂重复使用5次（40h），生物柴油收率仍在70％以上。     

Arsenic(III) oxidation by iron(VI) (ferrate) and subsequent removal of arsenic(V) by iron(III) coagulation

We investigated the stoichiometry, kinetics, and mechanism of arsenite [As(III)] oxidation by ferrate [Fe(VI)] and performed arsenic removal tests using Fe(VI) as both an oxidant and a coagulant. As(III) was oxidized to As(V) (arsenate) by Fe(VI), with a stoichiometry of 3:2 [As(III):Fe(VI)]. Kinetic studies showed that the reaction of As(III) with Fe(VI) was first-order with respect to both reactants, and its observed second-order rate constant at 25 degrees C decreased nonlinearly from (3.54 +/- 0.24) x 10(5) to (1.23 +/- 0.01) x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) with an increase of pH from 8.4 to 12.9. A reaction mechanism by oxygen transfer has been proposed for the oxidation of As(III) by Fe(VI). Arsenic removal tests with river water showed that, with minimum 2.0 mg L(-1) Fe(VI), the arsenic concentration can be lowered from an initial 517 to below 50 microg L(-1), which is the regulation level for As in Bangladesh. From this result, Fe(VI) was demonstrated to be very effective in the removal of arsenic species from water at a relatively low dose level (2.0 mg L(-1)). In addition, the combined use of a small amount of Fe(VI) (below 0.5 mg L(-1)) and Fe(III) as a major coagulant was found to be a practical and effective method for arsenic removal.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of phenols and phenolic endocrine disruptors during water treatment with ferrate (Fe(VI))

The ability of ferrate (Fe(VI)) to oxidize phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and phenols during water treatment was examined by determining the apparent second-order rate constants (k(app0) for the reaction of Fe(VI) with selected environmentally relevant phenolic EDCs (17alpha-ethinylestradiol, beta-estradiol, and bisphenol A) and 10 substituted phenols at pH values ranging from 6 to 11. The three selected groups of EDCs showed appreciable reactivity with Fe(VI) (kapp at pH 7 ranged from 6.4 x 102 to 7.7 x 10(2) M(-1) s(-1)). The k(app) for the substituted phenols studied at pH 7 ranged from 6.6 to 3.6 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1), indicating that many other potential phenolic EDCs can be oxidized by Fe(VI) during water treatment. The Hammett-type correlations were determined for the reaction between HFeO4- and the undissociated (log(k) = 2.24-2.27sigma+) and dissociated phenol (log(k) = 4.33-3.60sigma+). A comparison of the Hammett correlation obtained for the reaction between HFeO4- and dissociated phenol with those obtained from other drinking water oxidants revealed that HFeO4- is a relatively mild oxidant of phenolic compounds. The effectiveness of Fe(VI) for the oxidative removal of phenolic EDCs was also confirmed in both natural water and wastewater.     

Inhibition of a U(VI)- and sulfate-reducing consortia by U(VI)

The stimulation of microbial U(VI) reduction is currently being investigated as a means to reduce uranium's mobility in groundwater, but little is known about the concentration at which U(VI) might inhibit microbial activity, or the effect of U(VI) on bacterial community structure. We investigated these questions with an ethanol-fed U(VI)- and sulfate-reducing enrichment developed from sediment from the site of an ongoing field biostimulation experiment at Area 3 of the Oak Ridge Field Research Center (FRC). Sets of triplicate enrichments were spiked with increasing concentrations of U(VI) (from 49 microm to 9.2 mM). As the U(VI) concentration increased to 224 microM, the culture's production of acetate from ethanol slowed, and at or above 1.6 mM U(VI) little acetate was produced over the time frame of the experiment. An uncoupling inhibition model was applied to the data, and the inhibition coefficient for U(VI), Ku, was found to be approximately 100 microM U(VI), or 24 mg/L, indicating the inhibitory effect is relevant at highly contaminated sites. Microbial community structure at the conclusion of the experiment was analyzed with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. T-RFs associated with Desulfovibrio-like organisms decreased in relative abundance with increasing U(VI) concentration, whereas Clostridia-like T-RFs increased.     

Oxidation of Fe(II) in rainwater

Photochemically produced Fe(II) is oxidized within hours under environmentally realistic conditions in rainwater. The diurnal variation between photochemical production and reoxidation of Fe(II) observed in our laboratory accurately mimics the behavior of ferrous iron observed in field studies where the highest concentrations of dissolved Fe(ll) occur in afternoon rain during the period of maximum sunlight intensity followed by gradually decreasing concentrations eventually returning to early morning pre-light values. The experimental work presented here, along with the results of kinetics studies done by others, suggests thatthe primary process responsible for the decline in photochemically produced Fe(II) concentrations is oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. This reaction is first order with respect to both the concentrations of Fe(II) and H2O2. The second-order rate constant determined for six different authentic rain samples varied over an order of magnitude and was always less than or equal to the rate constant determined for this reaction in simple acidic solutions. Oxidation of photochemically produced ferrous iron by other oxidants including molecular oxygen, ozone, hydroxyl radical, hydroperoxyl/superoxide radical, and hexavalent chromium were found to be insignificant under the conditions present in rainwater. This study shows that Fe(II) occurs as at least two different chemical species in rain; photochemically produced Fe(II) that is oxidized over time periods of hours, and a background Fe(II) that is protected against oxidation, perhaps by organic complexation, and is stable against oxidation for days. Because the rate of oxidation of photochemically produced Fe(II) does not increase with increasing rainwater pH, the speciation of this more labile form of Fe(II) is also not controlled by simple hydrolysis reactions.     

Inhibited Cr(VI) reduction by aqueous Fe(II) under hyperalkaline conditions

This study investigated Cr(VI) reduction by dissolved Fe(II) in hyperalkaline pH conditions as found in fluid wastes associated with the U.S. nuclear weapons program. The results show that Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II) at alkaline pH solutions proceeds very quickly. The amount of Cr(VI) removed from solution and the amount reduced increases with Fe(II):Cr(VI) ratio. However, the Cr(VI) reduction under alkaline pH condition is nonstoichiometric, probably due to Fe(II) precipitation and mixed iron(III)-chromium-(III) (oxy)hydroxides blocking Fe(II) surface sites, as well as removing Fe(II) from solution through O2 oxidation. After Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III), it precipitated out as mixed Fe(x)Cr1-xO3(solids) and various Fe(III) precipitates with an overall Cr:Fe ratio of 1:3; all Cr remaining in the solution phase was unreduced Cr(VI). EXAFS data showed that Cr-O and Cr-Cr distances in the precipitates equal to 1.98 and 3.01 A, respectively, consistent with the spinel-type structure as chromite.     

Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of NO3- and Cl- electrolytes as influenced by Fe(III)

Photoreduction of Cr(VI) involving Fe is strongly affected by the presence of organic or inorganic compounds in an acidic environment. In this study, we have found a new pathway of Cr(VI) photoreduction in the presence of Fe-(III) that is influenced by two inorganic electrolytes (i.e., NO3- and Cl-) and the pH. In NO3- and Cl- systems without Fe(III), Cr(VI) photoreduction could occur and was independent of the Cr(VI) concentration. The zero-order rate constant of the photoreduction reaction increased when the solution pH was decreased from 2 to 1; the reaction rate was higher in the NO3- system than in the Cl- system. The higher reaction rate in the NO3- system was attributed to the photolysis of NO3-, which resulted in the formation of NO2- for reduction of Cr(VI). Conversely, the effect of Fe-(III) addition on the increase in Cr(VI) photoreduction rate in the Cl- system was more significant than that in the NO3- system. The addition of Fe(III) to the Cl- system caused the formation of [Fe(OH2)5Cl]2+, the photolysis of which subsequently resulted in the formation of Fe(II) for reduction of the Cr(VI). This study suggests that the photolysis of NO3- and Fe-Cl complex may contribute significantly to Cr(VI) reduction in surface water that receives electroplating wastewater containing high levels of NO3-, Cl-, and Fe-(III). Therefore, under the acidic conditions that are favorable for Fe-Cl complex formation or in the presence of NO3-, the effects of inorganic components on Cr(VI) photoreduction cannot be ignored for the precise evaluation of the transformation of Cr in the environment.     

Chemical reduction of U(VI) by Fe(II) at the solid-water interface using natural and synthetic Fe(III) oxides

Abiotic reduction of 0.1 mM U(VI) by Fe(II) in the presence of synthetic iron oxides (biogenic magnetite, goethite, and hematite) and natural Fe(III) oxide-containing solids was investigated in pH 6.8 artificial groundwater containing 10 mM NaHCO3. In most experiments, more than 95% of added U(VI) was sorbed to solids. U(VI) was rapidly and extensively (> or = 80%) reduced in the presence of synthetic Fe(III) oxides and highly Fe(II) oxide-enriched (18-35 wt % Fe) Atlantic coastal plain sediments. In contrast, long-term (20-60 d) U(VI) reduction was less than 30% in suspensions of six other natural solids with relatively low Fe(III) oxide content (1-5 wt % Fe). Fe(II) sorption site density was severalfold lower on these natural solids (0.2-1.1 Fe(II) nm(-2)) compared tothe synthetic Fe(lII) oxides (1.6-3.2 Fe(II) nm(-2)), which may explain the poor U(VI) reduction in the natural solid-containing systems. Addition of the reduced form of the electron shuttling compound anthrahydroquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AH2DS; final concentration 2.5 mM) to the natural solid suspensions enhanced the rate and extent of U(VI) reduction, suggesting that AH2DS reduced U(VI) at surface sites where reaction of U(VI) with sorbed Fe(II) was limited. This study demonstrates that abiotic, Fe(II)-driven U(VI) reduction is likely to be less efficient in natural soils and sediments than would be inferred from studies with synthetic Fe(III) oxides.     

CuO/Fe_2O_3-Al_2O_3催化湿空气氧化降解竹子碱木素

本文自制了用高比表面积的γ-Al2O3负载的CuO和Fe2O3催化剂,研究了这两种催化剂对催化湿空气氧化降解竹子碱木素的影响。结果表明,在粗木素浓度为38.91 g/L,NaOH浓度1mol/L,最高温度135℃,压力1.50MPa,氧气分压0.30 MPa下反应60 min,催化湿空气氧化降解竹子碱木素的主要产物为对羟基苯甲醛、香草醛、丁香醛和对香豆酸,这四种物质的质量浓度之和占测定物质的总浓度的55%以上;对羟基苯甲醛、香草醛、丁香醛的浓度随反应时间的增加而增加,对香豆酸的浓度随反应时间的增加先增加后降低;CuO作为催化剂时,对羟基苯甲醛、香草醛和丁香醛的浓度更高,分别是Fe2O3作为催化剂时的1.3、1.4和1.4倍,是无催化剂时的1.2、1.6和1.4倍;无催化剂时,对香豆酸的浓度更高,是有催化剂时的1.1倍;对羟基苯甲醛、香草醛、丁香醛和对香豆酸的最高浓度分别为82.3 mg/L、192.4 mg/L、213.2 mg/L和730.5 mg/L。     

醇脱氢酶不对称还原2-[3-[3-[2-(7-氯-2-喹啉基)乙烯基]苯基]-3-羟基丙基]苯甲酸甲酯

孟鲁司特钠是主要的抗哮喘药物之一,2-[3-(S)-[3-[2-(7-氯-2-喹啉基)乙烯基]苯基]-3-羟基丙基]苯甲酸甲酯是孟鲁斯特钠的关键手性砌块.以实验室筛选到的醇脱氢酶不对称还原2-[3-[3-[2-(7-氯-2-喹啉基)乙烯基]苯基-3-羟基丙基]苯甲酸甲酯,制备2-[3-(S)-[3-[2-(7-氯-2-喹啉基)乙烯基]苯基-3-羟基丙基]苯甲酸甲酯.在辅酶添加量为0.1 g/L,底物浓度为219.3 mmol/L,菌体用量为30 g/L,pH 7.5,45 ℃反应7h后,底物转化率达到100％,时空产率为31.2 mmol/(L·h),产物e.e.值大于99.9％.通过分批补料,反应5h,底物转化率达到100％,e.e.＞99.9％,时空产率达43.7 mmol/(L,h),是一次性投料的1.4倍.     

Electrochemical alkaline Fe(VI) water purification and remediation

Fe(VI) is an unusual and strongly oxidizing form of iron, which provides a potentially less hazardous water-purifying agent than chlorine. A novel on-line electrochemical Fe(VI) water purification methodology is introduced. Fe(VI) addition had been a barrier to its effective use in water remediation, because solid Fe(VI) salts require complex (costly) syntheses steps and solutions of Fe(VI) decompose. Online electrochemical Fe(VI) water purification avoids these limitations, in which Fe(VI) is directly prepared in solution from an iron anode as the FeO42- ion, and is added to the contaminant stream. Added FeO42- decomposes, by oxidizing a wide range of water contaminants including sulfides (demonstrated in this study) and other sulfur-containing compounds, cyanides (demonstrated in this study), arsenic (demonstrated in this study), ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds (previously demonstrated), a wide range of organics (phenol demonstrated in this study), algae, and viruses (each previously demonstrated).     

固体超强酸S2O82-/Fe2O3-ZnO催化合成乙酸苄酯

以乙酸和苄醇为原料,固体超强酸S2O82-/Fe2O3-ZnO为催化剂,催化合成乙酸苄酯.实验确定的最佳工艺条件为:n(苄醇):n(乙酸)=1.7,催化剂用量为0.8 g(以0.2 mol乙酸为准),带水剂环己烷用量为12 mL,反应时间为2.5 h.在此条件下,乙酸苄酯收率为85.2%.     

无机分子筛材料[CoNa6(SO4)4(H2O)2]n 的合成、晶体结构和量化研究

硫酸钴溶液在二茂铁单甲酸钠存在下,形成了一个稳定的三维多孔无机分子筛材料[CoNa6(SO4)4(H2O)2]n.单晶结构解析表明该晶体属于三斜晶系,空间群为P(-1),晶胞参数为:a=0.60483(12)nm,b=0.68280(14)n m,c=1.0094(2)nm;α=109.13(3)°,β=92.57(3)°,γ=105.53(3)°,R1=0.0352,wR2=0.0930.对此化合物的前线轨道研究发现,金属钠离子的引入对于化合物稳定性影响很大,这得到了Na-S键级较大的证明.量化研究进一步表明,对于研究化合物稳定性有很大贡献.     

无机分子筛材料[CoNa6(SO4)4(H2O)2]n 的合成、晶体结构和量化研究

硫酸钴溶液在二茂铁单甲酸钠存在下,形成了一个稳定的三维多孔无机分子筛材料[CoNa6(SO4)4(H2O)2]n。单晶结构解析表明该晶体属于三斜晶系,空间群为Pī,晶胞参数为:a=0.60483(12)nm,b=0.68280(14)n m,c=1.0094(2)nm;α=109.13(3)°,β=92.57(3)°,γ=105.53(3),°R1=0.0352,wR2=0.0930。对此化合物的前线轨道研究发现,金属钠离子的引入对于化合物稳定性影响很大,这得到了Na-S键级较大的证明。量化研究进一步表明,对于研究化合物稳定性有很大贡献。     

硅胶负载硫酸铁催化合成2-庚基-1,3-二噁戊烷

以正辛醛和乙二醇为原料,以硅胶负载硫酸铁[Fe2(SO4)3/SiO2]为催化剂,合成了2-庚基-1,3-二噁戊烷,考察了醛醇摩尔配比、反应时间、催化剂用量及其稳定性对产率的影响。实验表明,硅胶负载硫酸铁是合成2-庚基-1,3-二噁戊烷的理想催化剂,较优反应条件为正辛醛0.1mol、n(正辛醛)/n(乙二醇)=1.0/1.2(mol/mol)、催化剂的用量为反应物总质量的2.0%、带水剂环己烷12mL、回流反应4.0h,2-庚基-1,3-二噁戊烷的产率可达92.0%以上。     

5-(4-(2-甲氧二氧)苯烯)-2-硫代噻唑-4-酮对雪莲果中酪氨酸酶的抑制作用

通过分光光度法探究5-(4-(2-甲氧二氧)苯烯)-2-硫代噻唑-4-酮(MBTO)对雪莲果中酪氨酸酶的抑制作用。结果表明：MBTO对雪莲果中酪氨酸酶有良好的抑制作用。单因素试验最佳抑制剂浓度为30.0μmol/L、最佳作用时间为210s、最佳作用温度为30℃。通过三因素三水平正交试验,分析得最佳反应条件为：pH7.5、抑制剂MBTO浓度30.0μmol/L、作用时间330s、作用温度30℃,可达到最佳抑制效果,在此条件下MBTO对雪莲果中酪氨酸酶的抑制率达84.24%。     

硫酸亚铁铵体系锌铁合金镀层的性能研究

通过试验研究硫酸亚铁铵体系电镀所得的锌铁合金镀层性能与镀液中添加剂用量之间的关系,介绍试验药品与仪器,镀液的配制方法和配方,电镀试验的工艺流程及参数,以及镀层的检测方法。在温度为30℃,溶液pH值为5.0,电流密度为0.5A/dm2,电镀时间为30min的条件下进行试验。结果表明,随着添加剂用量的增加,镀层变得更加光亮。SEM图显示镀层的微观结构随着添加剂用量的增加更为平整。弯曲法检测结果显示,镀层与基体的结合力随着添加剂用量的增加而增强。对镀层在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中进行电化学极化曲线测试,得到自腐蚀电位和电流密度,随着添加剂用量的增加,镀层腐蚀电流密度减小,耐腐蚀能力提高。     

固体超强酸S2O82-/Fe2O3-MoO3催化合成乙酸环己酯

以硝酸铁和钼酸铵为原料,柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法,制备固体超强酸S2O82-/Fe2O3-MoO3.以乙酸和环己醇的酯化反应为探针反应,考察了(NH4)2S2O4浓度、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对催化活性的影响,实验确定的催化剂制备的较佳工艺条件为:浸泡液中c(NH4)2S2O8=0.5 mol/L,焙烧温度350℃,焙烧时间3.5 h.用在该条件下制备的催化剂催化合成乙酸环己酯,正交试验确定的最佳工艺条件为:n(环己醇)∶n(乙酸)=1.2,0.7 g S2O82-/Fe2O3-MoO3(以0.2 mol乙酸为准),带水剂V(环己烷)=12 mL,反应时间2.5 h,在此条件下,酯化率可达96.6%.