香辛料提取物对速冻猪肉丸脂肪氧化控制的研究

试验将不同的香辛料添加到猪肉丸中,通过测定贮藏期间的硫代巴比妥酸值、过氧化物值、颜色和感官评价,来研究添加迷迭香、丁香、肉桂对冷藏猪肉丸脂肪氧化颜色和感官评定的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,迷迭香、丁香、肉桂与BHA样品的过氧化物值和硫代巴比妥酸值均显著对照组(p0.05),添加迷迭香和BHA能够显著抑制脂肪氧化,根据实验数据分析可得出亮度L值呈先下降后上升的趋势,前60d,丁香的L值偏低,分别从55.12cd/m~2降至48.54cd/m~2。贮藏到第7天时,BHA的L值达到最高点为57.13cd/m~2。直到第120天时,丁香处于最低点为51.28cd/m~2。而红度a值逐渐下降,相比较肉桂的幅度较小,相对应的a值从8.82cd/m~2降至8.21cd/m~2。总体分析,添加不同的香辛料提取物可以达到护色作用,在一定程度上可以延长脂肪氧化速度和食品的货架期,同时还赋予食品中独特的风味,掩盖脂肪氧化所引起的酸败味,能够达到良好的贮藏效果。因此香辛料提取物应用于肉制品中具有广阔前景。     

香茅草提取物对牛肉烤肠品质的影响

试验主要研究添加香茅草提取物对牛肉烤肠在0~4℃贮藏期间的剪切力、色泽、亚硝酸钠残留量、总体接受度评分的变化以及脂肪氧化的影响。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,在贮藏期间,添加了香茅草提取物的处理组对L*值、a*和亚硝酸钠残留量的影响不显著(p0.05),对剪切力值、b*值和总体接受度评分的影响显著(p0.05),并能够显著延缓脂肪氧化(p0.05)。     

包装材料阻隔性对德州扒鸡的品质影响分析

为研究包装材料阻隔性对扒鸡贮藏期间品质的影响,采用三种不同阻隔性包装材料对德州扒鸡进行真空包装,并对扒鸡色差、TBA值、挥发性成分等理化指标进行检测分析,同时进行感官评定。结果表明:普通材料包装组扒鸡在贮藏过程中L*值、a*值快速下降,在第5 d即出现明显褐变(L*值由50.02降为46.34,a*值由16.33降为13.17),而两种高阻隔包装扒鸡贮藏过程中的L*值、a*值与初始值(L*值:50.02;a*值:16.33)均无显著差异(P0.05);两高阻隔包装组保存20 d后,TBA值分别为0.60 mg/kg和0.65 mg/kg,显著低于普通包装组(0.76 mg/kg)(P0.05);电子鼻和GC-MS分析结果表明高阻隔包装组保留了更多的含硫挥发性成分和香辛料挥发性成分;随着贮藏时间的延长,普通包装组出现哈喇味,而高阻隔包装组未出现。结论:高阻隔真空包装可有效保持扒鸡原有色泽,延缓脂肪氧化,并可较好地保持扒鸡的原有风味。     

迷迭香提取物对冷藏调理猪肉饼品质的影响

研究不同剂量迷迭香提取物对4 ℃冷藏调理猪肉饼抗脂肪氧化、抑菌能力及品质特性的影响。将0.03%、0.06%和0.09%的迷迭香提取物分别添加到调理猪肉饼中,测定其在10 d冷藏过程中硫代巴比妥酸值、菌落总数、pH值、颜色（L*、a*、b*值）、出品率和感官指标的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组具有显著的抗脂肪氧化效果和更高的出品率（P＜0.05）,效果与添加0.02%二丁基羟基甲苯相当。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%和0.09%的处理组在冷藏7 d后表现出显著的抑菌能力（P＜0.05）,这两组的pH值在冷藏期间显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%的猪肉饼在冷藏4 d后红度值（a*）与对照组相比显著升高（P＜0.05）,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的猪肉饼在10 d冷藏过程中亮度值（L*）显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而这两组猪肉饼的黄度值（b*）在冷藏期间均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。此外,猪肉饼的香气、质地和总体可接受程度均没有随迷迭香提取物添加量的增加而发生显著变化（P＞0.05）。可见,迷迭香提取物在调理猪肉饼中具有较好的抗氧化和抑菌效果,并且在一定程度上能改善肉饼颜色,而对肉饼的感官品质不会造成不良影响。     

迷迭香提取物对牛肉丸冻藏过程中脂肪氧化和品质特性的影响

将不同浓度的迷迭香提取物(0、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%)添加到牛肉丸中,并以0.02%丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)做对照,测定迷迭香处理组和对照组牛肉丸在冻藏过程中的过氧化物值(PV)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)、色差值(L*值、a*值)、保水性和质构特性,并对牛肉丸进行感官评价,考察迷迭香提取物对牛肉丸脂肪氧化和品质特性的改善作用。结果表明,迷迭香提取物可显著降低冻藏牛肉丸的PV值和TBARS值,抑制牛肉丸的脂肪氧化程度;同时,提高牛肉丸的a*值,使其保持良好的色泽;迷迭香提取物还能降低牛肉丸的蒸煮损失和解冻损失,改善牛肉丸的保水性;硬度、弹性和咀嚼性等质构特性也得到改善;感官评价结果显示,迷迭香处理组牛肉丸的感官评分较高,具有良好的感官品质。因此,迷迭香提取物具有抑制冻藏肉牛丸制品脂肪氧化和改善其食用品质的潜在应用价值。     

复合香辛料提取物结合真空包装抑制风干肠贮藏过程中生物胺积累及品质劣变

本文研究了添加复合香辛料提取物(肉桂、丁香和八角)结合真空包装对哈尔滨风干肠贮藏过程中生物胺积累的抑制作用,同时考察了添加复合香辛料及真空包装对风干肠贮藏过程中理化指标、微生物指标及感官品质的影响。研究结果表明,添加复合香辛料提取物结合真空包装可有效抑制风干肠贮藏过程中生物胺(酪胺、尸胺、腐胺、组胺、2-苯乙胺和色胺)的积累,抑制pH值和挥发性盐基氮值的增加,降低脂肪的氧化程度,有效抑制风干肠贮藏过程中好氧菌数、乳酸菌数及肠杆菌数的增长。此外,真空包装可显著降低(P0.05)风干肠贮藏过程中水分的损失,保持风干肠的感官品质;添加复合香辛料提取物可以显著提高(P0.05)风干肠的感官品质。主成分分析表明:风干肠中生物胺的积累与总好氧菌、乳酸菌、肠杆菌、pH值、TVB-N和TBARS的变化密切相关。添加复合香辛料提取物结合真空包装可有效抑制风干肠贮藏过程中生物胺积累并抑制其品质劣变。     

不同种类的蛋白肽对香肠抗氧化能力的影响

对不同种类的蛋白肽进行筛选,将其添加到香肠中并在4℃条件下贮藏7d.测定贮藏期间各处理组及对照组的pH值、红度值(a*)、TBARS值和感官评定指标.结果表明:添加蛋白肽的处理组的脂肪氧化程度显著低于对照组,其中玉米蛋白肽在香肠中的抗氧化能力较强;乳清蛋白肽在香肠中既能抑制氧化反应的发生,又可改善香肠的组织结构;麦胚蛋白肽则对香肠的a*有一定的影响.     

荷叶提取物对冷却猪肉新鲜度的影响

为了探讨荷叶提取物对冷却猪肉新鲜度的影响,将荷叶提取物配成0.3%、0.5%、0.7%和0.9%的溶液,注射于冷却猪肉中,真空包装后,于0～4℃贮藏13d,测定pH、颜色、TVB-N值等的变化。结果表明:向冷却猪肉中注射荷叶提取物后,在贮藏过程中,处理组的pH、a*、b*、TVB-N值和羰基值明显低于对照组,L*明显高于对照组(p<0.05);荷叶提取物可抑制冷却猪肉中细菌的生长繁殖,减缓脂肪氧化,抑制腐败变质;荷叶提取物的浓度越高,保鲜效果越好。     

迷迭香提取物对牛肉丸冻藏过程中脂肪氧化和品质特性的影噢

将不同浓度的迷迭香提取物（0、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%）添加到牛肉丸中,并以0.02%丁基羟基茴香醚（BHA）做对照,测定迷迭香处理组和对照组牛肉丸在冻藏过程中的过氧化物值（PV）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）、色差值（L*值、a*值）、保水性和质构特性,并对牛肉丸进行感官评价,考察迷迭香提取物对牛肉丸脂肪氧化和品质特性的改善作用。结果表明,迷迭香提取物可显著降低冻藏牛肉丸的PV值和TBARS值,抑制牛肉丸的脂肪氧化程度;同时,提高牛肉丸的a*值,使其保持良好的色泽;迷迭香提取物还能降低牛肉丸的蒸煮损失和解冻损失,改善牛肉丸的保水性;硬度、弹性和咀嚼性等质构特性也得到改善;感官评价结果显示,迷迭香处理组牛肉丸的感官评分较高,具有良好的感官品质。因此,迷迭香提取物具有抑制冻藏肉牛丸制品脂肪氧化和改善其食用品质的潜在应用价值。     

八角茴香提取物对牛肉丸脂肪氧化和品质特性的影响

为研究八角茴香提取物对牛肉丸脂肪氧化和品质特性的影响,选择不同浓度的八角茴香提取物(0.01%、0.03%和0.05%)加入到牛肉丸中,测定牛肉丸在4 ℃冷藏过程中的pH、颜色(a*、b*、L*)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)、亚硝酸盐残留量和出品率,并对其进行感官评价。结果表明:与空白对照组相比,添加0.05%八角茴香提取物在整个冷藏过程中,显著降低了牛肉丸的pH、硫代巴比妥酸值和亚硝酸盐残留量(p<0.05)。八角茴香提取物在添加量为0.03%时,与空白对照组相比显著提高了冷藏3 d的红度值(p<0.05),而添加0.01%时,显著提高了冷藏5 d后的红度值(p<0.05)。八角茴香提取物改善了牛肉丸的滋气味、组织状态、酸败味及总体接受程度。综上,八角茴香提取物能够有效抑制冷藏牛肉丸脂肪的氧化,并能够改善其品质特性,具有较高的应用价值。     

Effect of Antioxidant Application Methods on the Color, Lipid Oxidation, and Volatiles of Irradiated Ground Beef

ABSTRACT:  Four antioxidant treatments (none, 0.05% ascorbic acid, 0.01%α-tocopherol + 0.01% sesamol, and 0.05% ascorbic acid + 0.01%α-tocopherol + 0.01% sesamol) were applied to ground beef using either mixing or spraying method. The meat samples were placed on Styrofoam trays, irradiated at 0 or 2.5 kGy, and then stored for 7 d at 4 °C. Color, lipid oxidation, volatiles, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and carbon monoxide (CO) production were determined at 0, 3, and 7 d of storage. Irradiation increased lipid oxidation of ground beef with control and ascorbic acid treatments after 3 d of storage. α-Tocopherol + sesamol and ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol + sesamol treatments were effective in slowing down lipid oxidation in ground beef during storage regardless of application methods, but mixing was better than the spraying method. Irradiation lowered L *-value and a *-value of ground beef. Storage had no effect on lightness but redness decreased with storage. Ascorbic acid was the most effective in maintaining redness of ground beef followed by ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol + sesamol. Irradiation and storage reduced the b *-value of ground beef. Irradiation lowered ORP of ground beef regardless of antioxidants application methods, but ORP was lower in beef with mixing than spraying method. Beef sprayed with antioxidants produced more hydrocarbons and alcohols than the mixing application, but ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol + sesamol treatment was effective in reducing the amount of volatiles produced by irradiation. Therefore, mixing was better than the spraying method in preventing lipid oxidation and maintaining color of irradiated ground beef.     

不同脂肪添加量的牛肉饼在反复冻融过程中的品质变化

探究不同脂肪添加量的牛肉饼在反复冻融过程中,其肌原纤维蛋白氧化、理化性质及感官品质的变化情况,阐明反复冻融、脂肪含量与蛋白氧化之间的关系,并分析由此导致的产品品质变化。将绞碎的牛背部脂肪按比例添加于绞碎的牛背最长肌肉中,分别添加相同的食盐等辅料,制得3组脂肪含量不同的牛肉饼,即未添加牛脂肪组(F_0)、添加10%牛脂肪组(F_(10))和添加20%牛脂肪组(F_(20))。真空包装后于-18℃冷冻贮藏,期间反复冻融5次循环,每次冻融后测定样品的感官品质、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(thiobarbituric acid resctive substances,TBARS)值、色泽参数、解冻损失率,提取肌原纤维蛋白测定羰基含量、总巯基含量、蛋白溶解度,并通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)观察肌原纤维蛋白的聚集和降解程度。结果表明:随着冻融次数和脂肪含量的增加,牛肉饼的TBARS值、解冻损失率、亮度(L*)值、黄度(b*)值、羰基含量显著增加(P0.05),红度(a*)值、总巯基含量、蛋白溶解性显著降低(P0.05)。SDS-PAGE结果显示,随冻融次数和脂肪含量的增加,肌原纤维蛋白的肌球蛋白重链发生聚合,副肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白发生降解。牛肉饼经油煎熟制后进行感官评价,其品质随脂肪含量增加而提高,但随冻融次数增加而下降,特别是冻融3次之后的牛肉饼质地变硬,多汁性下降。相关性分析表明,冻融次数及脂肪含量均与蛋白氧化指标(羰基、总巯基、蛋白溶解性)及理化指标(TBARS值、解冻损失率、L*、a*、b*)极显著相关(P0.01)。实验表明,反复冻融引起牛肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化,导致牛肉饼品质下降;脂肪含量的增加提高了感官得分,但同时加速了蛋白氧化和理化性质的变化。所以在实际的生产中,适当的脂肪含量可提高牛肉制品的品质,但注意冷冻贮藏要保持温度尽可能低且恒定。     

Characteristics of restructured beef steak with different proportions of walnut during frozen storage

Physicochemical (thawing loss, cooking loss, surface shrinkage, texture, colour and lipid oxidation) and sensory properties of restructured beef steak with different levels of added walnut (0%, 10% and 20%) were determined at various times during frozen storage up to 128 days. Cooking loss (CL), Kramer shear force (KSF) and binding strength (BS) of restructured beef decreased (P<0.05) as the proportion of walnut increased. Walnut enhanced (P<0.05) lightness and yellowness and reduced (P<0.05) redness. Frozen storage did not affect (P>0.05) CL, KSF and BS of restructured beef steak. Redness decreased (P<0.05) over storage for all samples. Lipid oxidation of restructured beef steak containing walnut was not a limiting factor for frozen stability of meat products. Frozen storage had no effect (P>0.05) on the sensory quality of restructured beef steak.     

脂肪添加量和冻藏时间对冷冻水饺肉馅品质的影响

研究添加猪肉背膘的冷冻水饺肉馅在0、30、60、90、180d冻藏过程中脂肪氧化的程度以及对水饺肉馅品质的影响。以过氧化物值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)判断脂肪的氧化程度,通过测定蒸煮损失、生肉馅的红色值(a*)、肉馅的质构(TPA)判断肉馅的品质变化。结果表明:随着脂肪添加量的增加和冻藏时间延长,水饺肉馅的POV值和TBARS值增加;对于相同脂肪添加量的水饺肉馅随着贮藏时间的延长,脂肪氧化程度也在加深;水饺肉馅的a*值下降,蒸煮损失增加,弹性、硬度、黏聚性、咀嚼性整体呈下降趋势。     

迷迭香和甘草复配液对切片火腿李斯特菌抑制效果及品质影响的研究

利用迷迭香、甘草(1:1,v/v)复配液:对接种和不接种李斯特菌的切片火腿喷洒不同浓度的香辛料提取物复配液后,采用真空包装,分别测定其在贮存过程中微生物指标和理化指标的变化,以考察其保鲜效果.相对未经保鲜液处理的对照,喷洒不同浓度香辛料提取物复配液对切片火腿中李斯特菌和常见腐败菌都具有很强的抑制作用,且提取物复配液的抑菌效果与浓度呈正比关系.贮存28d时喷洒2.5、5.0、10.0mg/mL提取物复配液的切片火腿中李斯特菌数与对照相比分别降低了2.5、2.6和3.0个对数循环;乳酸菌菌数与对照相比分别降低了2.4、2.6和2.8个对数循环;总菌数与对照相比分别降低2.9、3.0和3.2个对数循环;均与对照组差异显著(P<0.05).对不接种李斯特菌的切片火腿(真空包装)喷洒不同浓度复配液后进行理化指标测定,结果表明,香辛料提取物对肉色无不良影响,对脂质氧化也起到了较好的抑制作用.     

Culinary herbs inhibit lipid oxidation in raw and cooked minced meat patties during storage

The effect of dried spices and the ethanol extract of those spices was studied on the stability of fresh chicken minced meat, and fresh and cooked pork patties pretreated with NaCl during refrigerated and frozen storage. The antioxidant activities of the spices were measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value (POV) in meat samples. The lipid oxidation was effectively inhibited in the chicken meat treated with several dry spices diminishing the TBARS to a range of 32% and 83% of those found in the control samples in frozen stored meat for 6 months. Marjoram, wild marjoram and caraway were the most effective dry spices. Ethanolic extracts of the same spices were more potent as antioxidants by lowering the concentration of the TBARS to a range of 20–27% of those found in the control samples. Addition of sodium salt to the minced pork resulted very high concentrations of the oxidation products originated from the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The treatment with ethanolic extract of spices (sage, basil, thyme and ginger) significantly inhibited the lipid peroxidation in refrigerated and chilled pork patties pretreated with NaCl by reducing both POV and TBARS. Heat treatment with microwaves produced significantly elevated levels of both lipid peroxides and TBARS, but the amount of these oxidation products was less than 10% in spice‐treated salted meat samples compared to that in untreated ones. Lipid peroxidation also grew continuously during the storage period at −18°C in raw and cooked samples. Ethanolic extracts of spices had a very strong antioxidative effect inhibiting lipid peroxidation in heat‐treated meat products during frozen storage. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the case of ginger. High correlation coefficients were found between TBARS and POV both in raw and cooked pork patties (0.86, 0.91, respectively) during frozen storage. It is supposed that these compounds originated from the polyunsaturated fatty acids during oxidation processes but at different stages. Utilization of spices, spice mixtures or spice extracts in semi‐prepared meat products intended to be frozen for up to 6 months or more before consumption is proved to be advantageous in regard of shelf life of the food, as well as of human health, because of the beneficial effect of spices in inhibition of lipid peroxidation during heat treatment and chilling storage. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of natural extracts in vitro and in ground beef

Inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes by grape seed extract (ActiVin) and pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) and the effect of these natural extracts on the oxidative stability of raw ground beef were studied. In an agar dilution test, the MICs of ActiVin and Pycnogenol were determined to be 4.0 mg/ml for 4.43 log CFU per plate of E. coli O157:H7 and 4.0 mg/ml for 4.38 log CFU per plate of L. monocytogenes. In an inhibition curve test, populations of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes fell to below the detection limit (10 CFU/ml) after 16 h of incubation. The numbers of E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium declined by 1.08, 1.24, and 1.33 log CFU/g, respectively, in raw ground beef treated with 1% Pycnogenol after 9 days of refrigerated storage. ActiVin (1%) and oleoresin rosemary (1%) resulted in an approximately 1-log CFU/g reduction in the populations of all three pathogens after 9 days. The addition of 1% ActiVin and Pycnogenol contributed to the maintenance of an acidic pH of 5.80 and 5.58, respectively, in raw ground beef. Compared to the control, all treatments increased in L* (lightness), with the exception of ActiVin. ActiVin and oleoresin rosemary had the highest a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values, respectively. ActiVin most effectively retarded lipid oxidation, followed by Pycnogenol. The results suggest that these natural extracts have potential to be used with other preservative methods to reduce pathogenic numbers, lipid oxidation, and color degradation in ground beef.     

Evaluation of Garam Masala Spices and Phosphates as Antioxidants in Cooked Ground Beef

ABSTRACT:  This study determined antioxidant effects and sensory attributes of individual ingredients (black pepper, caraway, cardamom, chili powder, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, fennel, ginger, nutmeg, salt, star anise) of an Indian spice blend (garam masala) in cooked ground beef. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were measured as an indicator of rancidity for cooked samples on 1-, 8-, or 15-d refrigerated storage. Cooked samples were evaluated by a trained panel ( n = 13) for the intensity of rancid odor/flavor, beef flavor, and spice flavor and correlated with TBA values of same day samples. We also investigated possible additive effects between spice antioxidants and iron binding (type II) antioxidants on lipid oxidation by measuring TBA values. All spices had antioxidant effects on cooked ground beef, compared to controls. Among spices, cloves were the most effective in controlling lipid oxidation, with TBA values of 0.75, after 15-d refrigerated storage. All spices at their recommended levels lowered rancid odor and flavor in cooked ground beef, compared to controls. As expected, most spices also imparted distinctive flavors to cooked ground beef. There was a positive correlation (0.77) between TBA values on 15-d refrigerated storage and rancid odor/flavor. Type II antioxidants (iron-binding phosphate compounds) were more effective than individual type I antioxidants (spices and butylated hydroxytoluene; BHT) for maintenance of low TBA values in cooked ground beef during storage. Additive effects were observed with rosemary + milk mineral or sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) compared to rosemary alone.