高 O2薄膜气调包装对鲜切莲藕保鲜效果的影响

为了研究高O2气调包装对鲜切莲藕保鲜效果的影响,本试验以鲜切莲藕为材料,分别向装有鲜切莲藕的薄膜中充入初始体积分数为100% O2、90% O2＋10% CO2、80% O2＋20% CO2、70% O2＋30% CO2的气体,以自然大气为对照（CK）,对4 ℃贮藏期间鲜切莲藕的贮藏特性进行了测定。结果表明,适宜浓度的高O2使鲜切莲藕乙烯释放量降低了65.14%、呼吸强度降低了43.57%,维生素C的损失减少了26.43%,多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性降低了68.67%,褐变度降低了17.65%;同时,适宜浓度的高O2还可降低可溶性糖和淀粉含量,减少干、鲜重的损失,维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,延缓丙二醛（MDA）的积累,有效维持鲜切莲藕的贮藏品质。其中,保鲜效果以90% O2＋10% CO2处理最好,然后依次为100% O2、80% O2＋20% CO2和70% O2＋30% CO2,CK效果最差。该试验结果表明,采用适宜浓度的高O2气体进行气调包装保鲜,能有效保持鲜切莲藕的贮藏品质。     

不同CO2比例的鲜切马铃薯气调保鲜效果

为探究CO2气调包装对鲜切马铃薯褐变的抑制及贮藏品质的影响,以“荷兰15号”马铃薯为试材,采用体积分数10%、20%和30%的CO2气调包装,4 ℃贮藏,测定相关理化指标。结果表明：CO2气调包装有效抑制鲜切马铃薯褐变和品质劣变,其中30% CO2效果最佳。CO2气调包装抑制了多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（Phenylalanineammonialyase,PAL）活性的上升和总酚含量的增加,保持了鲜切马铃薯的硬度、脆性、可溶性固形物（Total Soluble Solids Content,TSS）、抗坏血酸和挥发性风味物质和滋味。贮藏第8天时,PPO、POD和PAL活性比对照分别降低53.02%、39.60%、28.21%和73.97%,硬度、脆性、TSS含量和抗坏血酸含量为初始值的97.49%、95.00%、73.10%和88.73%,8 d电子鼻测定的挥发性风味物质和电子舌测定的滋味接近于0 d初始值。因此,CO2气调包装有效抑制鲜切马铃薯褐变,保持其贮藏品质。     

不同气体比例气调包装对冷藏微波辣子鸡丁品质的影响

为研究不同气体比例气调包装对冷藏微波辣子鸡丁品质的影响,采用5 组不同气体配比（A组：100% N2;B组：10% O2＋90% N2;C组：20% O2＋80% N2;D组：20% O2＋40% N2＋40% CO2;E组：20% O2＋80% CO2）对微波辣子鸡丁制品进行包装,并在4 ℃冷藏条件下贮藏30 d,测定冷藏过程中微波辣子鸡丁的过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值、水分质量分数、菌落总数、pH值、巯基含量、挥发性风味物质含量的变化。结果表明：POV、TBA值、菌落总数随贮藏时间延长呈上升趋势,巯基含量明显下降。O2体积分数越高,微波辣子鸡丁的脂肪氧化、蛋白氧化和微生物生长繁殖速率越快,充入CO2能够有效抑制造成食品腐败变质微生物的生长繁殖,降低脂肪氧化速率;且气体比例和冷藏时间对微波辣子鸡丁挥发性风味物质的种类和含量影响较大。     

高氧气调包装对鲜切莴苣抗氧化活性的影响

研究60% O2＋20% CO2＋20% N2和100% O2高氧气调包装的鲜切莴苣在4℃贮藏14d期间抗氧化能力的变化,以空气包装的鲜切莴苣为对照。结果表明：高氧气调包装对鲜切莴苣的抗氧化活性有明显影响,60% O2＋20% CO2＋20% N2和100% O2高氧气调包装抑制了VC及其对DPPH自由基清除率的下降,促进类胡萝卜素及其对DPPH自由基清除率的下降,促进了多酚及其对DPPH自由基清除率的上升,从而抑制了鲜切莴苣抗氧化活性的下降。统计分析表明,VC与DPPH自由基清除能力间呈显著的线性正相关关系,相关系数为0.8745,说明高氧气调包装抑制鲜切莴苣抗氧化活性的下降与其抑制VC含量的下降有关。     

O2/CO2气调对贮藏期间姜蛆生理代谢及死亡率的影响

生姜贮藏期间,异形眼蕈蚊（姜蛆）危害严重,对生姜贮藏造成极大的经济损失。研究O2/CO2气调对姜蛆生理代谢、生长发育的影响,并探讨O2/CO2气调对姜蛆的致死效应。实验设置了气体体积分数分别为100% O2、95% O2＋5% CO2、90% O2＋10% CO2、85% O2＋15% CO2和自然大气（CK）5 个处理,对20 ℃、相对湿度85%～95%条件下姜蛆生理活性指标进行定期测定。结果表明,O2/CO2气调,特别是95% O2＋5% CO2处理,能够显著抑制姜蛆生物酶活性,在处理60 h时,姜蛆的蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性分别降低了14.7%、53.59%、72.52%、80.3%、61.63%,死亡率比初始高出96.22%,达到97.83%。90% O2＋10% CO2处理对姜蛆控制效果稍差,但与95% O2＋5% CO2处理之间不存在显著差异。研究结果显示,O2/CO2气调可作为生姜贮藏保鲜过程中控制姜蛆危害的潜在措施。     

高体积分数CO2气调包装对冷藏凡纳滨对虾品质的影响

为研究高体积分数CO2气调包装对凡纳滨对虾品质的影响,以空气包装为对照,分别采用100% CO2、80% CO2＋20% N2和50% CO2＋10% O2＋40% N2气调包装对虾,并在（4±1）℃条件下贮藏10 d,期间每2 d测定对虾细菌总数及其挥发性盐基氮值、肌肉纤维长度、硬度、多酚氧化酶活性、白度、感官评分的变化。结果表明：在冷藏条件下,高体积分数CO2气调包装能有效抑制细菌的生长繁殖和多酚氧化酶的活性,且CO2体积分数越高抑制效果越明显;但100% CO2处理的对虾与80% CO2组相比,其样品挥发性盐基氮值较高,肌肉纤维长度和硬度均较小,感官品质较差;50% CO2组对虾白度较低,与空白对照组差异不明显。因此,所选取高体积分数CO2气调包装中,80% CO2组的保鲜效果最佳,能有效延长凡纳滨对虾的冷藏货架期至8 d。     

玫瑰香葡萄贮藏环境气体阈值和极值的研究

研究了不同气体组合条件，玫瑰香葡萄0℃下120天的贮藏效果。结果表明，气调有利于玫瑰葡萄贮藏，合适的气体环境能够明显防止玫瑰香葡萄腐烂和脱粒，保持果梗的绿色，葡萄果实中的乙醇含量升高不明显。玫瑰香葡萄最佳气体成分为10％O2＋8％CO2，CO2伤害极值为10％O2＋18％CO2条件下100天，10％O2＋15CO2条件下120天；低O2伤害症状不明显。     

气调包装对大菱鲆的冷藏保鲜效果

以大菱鲆为研究对象,通过不同气调包装（60% CO2＋5% O2＋35% N2、60% CO2＋30% O2＋10% N2、40% CO2＋30% O2＋30% N2）进行处理,测定其感官、菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）值、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值、汁液流失率等指标变化,综合评价气调包装对冷藏大菱鲆的保鲜效果。结果表明：空气包装组大菱鲆冷藏货架期为4 d,60% CO2＋5% O2＋35% N2气调包装组的保鲜效果最佳,货架期约为8 d;气调包装中高体积分数的CO2抑菌效果较为明显,能有效延缓pH值、菌落总数与TVB-N值的升高,但较高含量的CO2会导致鱼肉汁液流失较为严重;在鱼肉脂肪氧化方面,O2较CO2作用更大,高含量的O2对脂肪氧化具有一定促进作用;60% CO2＋5% O2＋35% N2气调包装组冷藏贮存8 d,大菱鲆的菌落总数为6.69（lg（CFU/g））,TVB-N值为11.99 mg/100 g,TBA值为2.34 mg/100 g。总体结果表明,气调包装能显著延长冷藏大菱鲆货架期,具有良好的保鲜抑菌作用。     

基于蛋白质组学探究西兰花抗氧化系统对高氧胁迫的响应机制

为了研究高氧胁迫下西兰花抗氧化系统的响应机制，本实验基于同位素相对与绝对定量蛋白质组学结合生理生化指标分析，探究不同O2体积分数（5% O2＋5% CO2、20% O2＋5% CO2和40% O2＋5% CO2）下西兰花抗氧化系统及相关蛋白表达的变化。基因本体论注释、同源蛋白簇功能分析、京都基因与基因组百科全书通路分析结果表明，本研究共鉴定和筛选出76 个与抗氧化系统相关的差异表达蛋白，分别涉及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环、硫代葡萄糖苷降解、多酚及类黄酮等抗氧化物质代谢、抗氧化酶代谢等途径。蛋白质组学分析结果表明，相比于5% O2＋5% CO2处理，40% O2＋5% CO2处理抑制了1 种抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活力和3 种谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力，抑制了西兰花的抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环；同时40% O2＋5% CO2处理明显增加了16 种黑芥子酶活力，促进了硫代葡萄糖苷降解。此外，40% O2＋5% CO2处理莽草酸脱氢酶的表达差异倍数仅为5% O2＋5% CO2处理的0.77 倍，抑制了莽草酸合成和多酚及类黄酮积累。本研究揭示了高氧导致西兰花黄化衰老的原因，可为西兰花保鲜技术的开发及高氧胁迫的缓解提供理论依据。     

O2/CO2气调下西兰花能量代谢与贮藏品质的关系

能量在果蔬保鲜及衰老过程中起着至关重要的作用,为研究O2/CO2气调对西兰花能量代谢及保鲜效果的影响,本实验以自然空气为对照（CK）,研究体积分数20% O2＋80% CO2、50% O2＋50% CO2、80% O2＋20% CO2气调环境对西兰花10 ℃贮藏过程中pH值和丙酮酸脱氢酶（pyruvate dehydrogenase,PDH）、琥珀酸脱氢酶（succinate dehydrogenase,SDH）和细胞色素c氧化酶（cytochrome c oxidase,CCO）活力及能荷水平、色调（H值）、VC含量和水分质量分数的影响。结果表明：与50% O2＋50% CO2处理组相比,过高比例的CO2（20% O2＋80% CO2）处理可引起西兰花pH值的明显降低,进而造成PDH、SDH和CCO活力的下降和能荷水平的降低,最终造成贮藏期间西兰花VC含量、色调和水分质量分数的下降;过高比例的O2（80% O2＋20% CO2）处理虽在贮藏前期提高了PDH、SDH和CCO活力,但在后期迅速下降,不利于建立平稳而持续的能量供应体系。适宜的O2/CO2气调如50%O2＋50% CO2则可调节西兰花体内pH值和呼吸关键酶活力,建立持续稳定的能量供应体系并很好地维持西兰花贮藏品质。相关性分析表明,能荷水平与西兰花VC含量、色调和水分质量分数具有很高的正相关性,相关系数最高达0.996,因此,能荷变化可作为判断西兰花贮藏条件优劣的衡量指标。     

Sensorial and chemical quality of gamma-irradiated fresh-cut iceberg lettuce in modified atmosphere packages

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of various doses of irradiation on the quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce and to determine a suitable maximum dose. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce packaged in film bags was exposed to 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kGy of gamma radiation and stored at 3 degrees C for 14 days. CO2 levels were higher and O2 levels were lower in packages containing irradiated lettuce than in those containing nonirradiated lettuce for most of the storage period. Comparison with nonirradiated lettuce indicated that total ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid plus dehydroascorbic acid) content and firmness were not significantly influenced by irradiation at 1 or 2 kGy. The overall visual appearance was best for lettuce irradiated at 1 or 2 kGy. This improved quality may be related to the high CO2 and low O2 levels observed for the irradiated samples. Electrolyte leakage for lettuce increased with higher radiation doses and was correlated (R2 = 0.99) with a soggy appearance. The leakage for lettuce irradiated at > or = 2 kGy was significantly more extensive than that for nonirradiated lettuce. The irradiation of fresh-cut lettuce in modified atmosphere packages at doses of 1 kGy and perhaps 2 kGy for safety enhancement and quality improvement is feasible.     

高压对鲜切生菜感官品质的影响

以结球生菜为材料,研究高压处理(50～200MPa处理1～20min)对鲜切生菜感官品质(褐变、水浸、香气、质地、味道)的影响,采用灰色关联度分析方法进行综合评价。结果表明：高压处理对鲜切生菜的感官品质产生不同的影响。50MPa、5min高压处理的鲜切生菜的感官质量与理想感官质量性状的灰色关联度最大,该处理改善了鲜切生菜的感官品质,口感更甜;随着压力的增大、处理时间的延长,鲜切生菜的感官品质变差,200MPa处理20min的鲜切生菜出现异味、高韧度、严重水浸与褐变。     

Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas spp. on fresh-cut produce packaged under equilibrium-modified atmosphere.

Storage experiments were conducted to follow the behavior of pathogens on fresh-cut vegetables (trimmed brussels sprouts, grated carrots, shredded iceberg lettuce, and shredded chicory endives) packaged under an equilibrium-modified atmosphere (EMA) (2 to 3% O2, 2 to 3% CO2, and 94 to 96% N2) and stored at 7 degrees C. As a comparison, fresh-cut vegetables were also packaged in a perforated high-barrier film (air conditions) and stored at 7 degrees C. In a first step, the shelf life of the vegetables in the two kinds of packages was determined by evaluating the microbiological quality as well as the sensorial quality (appearance, taste, and odor). In general, sensorial properties were faster in limiting the shelf life than microbiological criteria. The shelf life of the vegetables stored under an EMA was extended by 50% or more, compared with the air-stored vegetables. In a second storage experiment, the four fresh-cut vegetables were inoculated with a cocktail of psychrotrophic pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas caviae [HG4]) and A. bestiarum (HG2) before packaging under an EMA and air at 7 degrees C. The inoculated pathogens were more influenced by the type of vegetable than by the type of atmosphere. No growth was detected on the brussels sprouts or on carrots (L. monocytogenes). Aeromonas spp. had a higher growth rate than L. monocytogenes on the shredded chicory endives and shredded iceberg lettuce at 7 degrees C.     

Efficacy of chlorine and a peroxyacetic acid sanitizer in killing Listeria monocytogenes on iceberg and Romaine lettuce using simulated commercial processing conditions

The efficacy of chlorine (100 microg/ml) and a peroxyacetic acid sanitizer (80 microg/ml; Tsunami 100) in killing Listeria monocytogenes inoculated at populations of 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 4 to 5 log CFU/g of iceberg lettuce pieces, shredded iceberg lettuce, and Romaine lettuce pieces was determined by treatment conditions simulating those used by a commercial fresh-cut lettuce processor. The lettuce/treatment solution ratio was 1:100 (wt/vol), treatment temperature was 4 degrees C, and total treatment time was 30 s. Compared with washing in water, treatment of iceberg lettuce pieces containing all levels of inoculum and shredded iceberg lettuce containing 2 to 3 or 4 to 5 log CFU/g with chlorine or Tsunami resulted in significant reductions (P < or = 0.05) of pathogen populations. Populations recovered from Romaine lettuce pieces treated with chlorine or Tsunami were not significantly different from populations recovered from pieces washed with water, regardless of the inoculum level. Within lettuce type and inoculum level, in no instance was the number of L. monocytogenes recovered from lettuce treated with chlorine or Tsunami significantly different. The rate of decrease in free chlorine concentration in treatment solution as affected by the weight/volume ratio (1:100, 1:10, 2:10, and 4:10) of lettuce and solution was determined. The rate of reduction increased as the ratio decreased. The overall order of magnitude of reduction was shredded iceberg lettuce > iceberg pieces > Romaine pieces. The highest reductions in free chlorine concentration in solutions used to treat shredded lettuce are attributed to the release of tissue juices, which increases the concentration of soluble organic materials available for reaction with chlorine.     

Chlorine stabilizer T-128 enhances efficacy of chlorine against cross-contamination by E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in fresh-cut lettuce processing

During fresh-cut produce processing, organic materials released from cut tissues can rapidly react with free chlorine in the wash solution, leading to the potential survival of foodborne bacterial pathogens, and cross-contamination when the free chlorine is depleted. A reported chlorine stabilizer, T-128, has been developed to address this problem. In this study, we evaluated the ability of T-128 to stabilize free chlorine in wash solutions in the presence of high organic loads generated by the addition of lettuce extract or soil. Under conditions used in this study, T-128 significantly (P<0.001) decreased the rate of free chlorine depletion at the presence of soil. T-128 also slightly decreased the rate of free chlorine depletion caused by the addition of lettuce extract in wash solution. Application of T-128 significantly reduced the survival of bacterial pathogens in wash solutions with high organic loads and significantly reduced the potential of cross-contamination, when contaminated and uncontaminated produce were washed together. However, T-128 did not enhance the efficacy of chlorinated wash solutions for microbial reduction on contaminated iceberg lettuce. Evaluation of several produce quality parameters, including overall visual appearance, package headspace O2 and CO2 composition, and lettuce electrolyte leakage, during 15 d of storage indicated that iceberg lettuce quality and shelf life were not negatively impacted by washing fresh-cut lettuce in chlorine solutions containing 0.1% T-128. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Reported chlorine stabilizer is shown to enhance chlorine efficacy against potential bacterial cross-contamination in the presence of high organic loads without compromising product quality and shelf life.     

Acids in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate caused quality deterioration of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce during storage in modified atmosphere package

Recent studies showed that sodium acid sulfate (SAS) and levulinic acid (LA) in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was effective in inactivating human pathogens on Romaine lettuce. The present study investigated the effects of LA and SAS in combination with SDS (as compared with citric acid and chlorine) on the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 and sensory quality of fresh-cut Iceberg lettuce in modified atmosphere packages during storage at 4 °C. Results showed that LA (0.5% to 3%) and SAS (0.25% to 0.75%) with 0.05% SDS caused detrimental effects on visual quality and texture of lettuce. LA- and SAS-treated samples were sensorially unacceptable due to development of sogginess and softening after 7 and 14 d storage. It appears that the combined treatments caused an increase in the respiration rate of fresh-cut lettuce as indicated by higher CO(2) and lower O(2) in modified atmosphere packages. On the positive side, the acid treatments inhibited cut edge browning of lettuce pieces developed during storage. LA (0.5%), SAS (0.25%), and citric acid (approximately 0.25%) in combination with SDS reduced population of E. coli OH157:H7 by 0.41, 0.87, and 0.58 log CFU/g, respectively, while chlorine achieved a reduction of 0.94 log CFU/g without damage to the lettuce. Therefore, compared to chlorine, LA and SAS in combination with SDS have limited commercial value for fresh-cut Iceberg lettuce due to quality deterioration during storage.     

抗褐变剂处理及MAP技术保鲜莴苣效果的研究

研究了抗褐变剂处理和MAP技术保鲜莴苣的效果及莴苣贮藏过程中常见病害的抑制情况。研究表明 :质量分数 0 .5 %的抗坏血酸 +质量分数 0 .5 %的抗柠檬酸能够较好地抑制莴苣的酶促褐变 ;MAP技术中以 φO2 +φCO2 +φN2 =1% +2 % +97%保鲜莴苣的效果较好 ;在莴苣低温贮藏的 6d内 ,O2 及CO2 的体积分数基本达到动态平衡 ,并且分别维持在 9%及 2 6%左右 ;10 0mg/kgH2 O2 +MAP(φO2 +φCO2 +φN2 =1% +2 % +97% ) +低温 (4℃ )能够很好地抑制莴苣贮藏过程中的常见病害     

Efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on minimally-processed vegetables

Consumption of minimally-processed, or fresh-cut, fruit and vegetables has rapidly increased in recent years, but there have also been several reported outbreaks associated with the consumption of these products. Sodium hypochlorite is currently the most widespread disinfectant used by fresh-cut industries. Neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) is a novel disinfection system that could represent an alternative to sodium hypochlorite. The aim of the study was to determine whether NEW could replace sodium hypochlorite in the fresh-cut produce industry. The effects of NEW, applied in different concentrations, at different treatment temperatures and for different times, in the reduction of the foodborne pathogens Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and against the spoilage bacterium Erwinia carotovora were tested in lettuce. Lettuce was artificially inoculated by dipping it in a suspension of the studied pathogens at 10(8), 10(7) or 10(5) cfu ml(-1), depending on the assay. The NEW treatment was always compared with washing with deionized water and with a standard hypochlorite treatment. The effect of inoculum size was also studied. Finally, the effect of NEW on the indigenous microbiota of different packaged fresh-cut products was also determined. The bactericidal activity of diluted NEW (containing approximately 50 ppm of free chlorine, pH 8.60) against E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, L. innocua and E. carotovora on lettuce was similar to that of chlorinated water (120 ppm of free chlorine) with reductions of 1-2 log units. There were generally no significant differences when treating lettuce with NEW for 1 and 3 min. Neither inoculation dose (10(7) or 10(5) cfu ml(-1)) influenced the bacterial reduction achieved. Treating fresh-cut lettuce, carrot, endive, corn salad and 'Four seasons' salad with NEW 1:5 (containing about 50 ppm of free chlorine) was equally effective as applying chlorinated water at 120 ppm. Microbial reduction depended on the vegetable tested: NEW and sodium hypochlorite treatments were more effective on carrot and endive than on iceberg lettuce, 'Four seasons' salad and corn salad. The reductions of indigenous microbiota were smaller than those obtained with the artificially inoculated bacteria tested (0.5-1.2 log reduction). NEW seems to be a promising disinfection method as it would allow to reduce the amount of free chlorine used for the disinfection of fresh-cut produce by the food industry, as the same microbial reduction as sodium hypochlorite is obtained. This would constitute a safer, 'in situ', and easier to handle way of ensuring food safety.