长链多不饱和脂肪酸对婴儿生长发育的重要作用

近年来,人体必需脂肪酸和长链多不饱和脂肪酸相继受到广泛关注。两种人体必需脂肪酸之一的亚油酸,其最低限量在我国婴儿配方乳粉国家标准中(GB10766)已有所规定,而γ-亚麻酸尚未被列入我国婴儿食品的国家标准之列。对于婴儿而言,其食物选择面比较窄,在母乳不足时能否从专用食品中摄取足量的必需脂肪酸,不仅直接关系着婴儿的能量代谢平衡和生长发育,还会直接影响长链多不饱和脂肪酸的合成。     

气相色谱法测定奶粉中的高级脂肪酸

前言奶粉中主要含有八种高级脂肪酸,其中必需脂肪酸是指亚油酸、亚麻酸等,它在人体中有重要的生理功能及很强的生理活性,是维持哺乳动物正常生长发育的重要条件之一,关于对人体必需脂肪酸的供给量问题,一般认为至少应占每日总热能供给量的2％,因此,每日至少需要8g左右。奶粉是母乳不足婴儿的主要理想食品,奶粉中必需脂肪     

捷克斯洛伐克婴儿奶粉生产

报导了在捷克斯洛伐克已经工业投产的各种婴儿奶粉。包括:专供早产儿和2—3个月的婴儿喂养用,以及母乳喂养婴儿作辅助食品用的,牌号为Feminar的婴儿奶粉(此产品乳糖含量较高,并增加了必需脂肪酸的比例,减少了蛋白质和灰份的含量,还添加了亚铁离子、维生素A、维生素B_6使之     

婴儿配方乳粉中必需脂肪酸调配的研究

通过对婴儿配方乳粉中必需脂肪酸调配的研究实验，引用正交实验，得出最佳结果：按棕榈油10％、玉米油0．4％、葵花籽油0．4%、椰子油0．4％(均为质量分数)的比例进行油脂复配时，可使婴儿配方乳粉中亚油酸含量为34．10mg／g，亚麻酸含量为3．30mg／g，亚油酸和亚麻酸的比例在10：1(质量比)的范围，使配方粉中必需脂肪酸的含量和比例接近母乳，产品的综合评定最佳。     

低脂食品影响人体健康的最新进展

体内过剩的脂肪往往是诱发部分恶性疾病的重要因素,所以人们一直都在致力于开发低脂食品。但由于脂肪是食品能量的集中来源与必需脂肪酸的唯一来源,也是脂溶性维生素的载体,单纯减少对脂肪的摄入将对人体健康带来某些不利影响。因此,应根据各年龄段机体（特别是孕妇、乳母、婴儿、儿童和青少年等）对脂肪的不同需求,精心设计食品结构,做到既有效避免了过量脂肪可能造成的危害,又保证了机体对能量与营养素的摄入。     

强化食品对乳汁主要成分影响

生后六个月以内婴儿的主要食品是乳类,以人乳与牛乳比较,不仅人乳中所含蛋向质、脂肪、糖类更易于吸收,脂肪中必需脂肪酸含量较多,不含有过多的矿物质,而     

我国市售婴儿配方乳粉油脂配料使用情况分析

目的:了解我国市售婴儿配方乳粉的油脂配料使用情况及脂肪酸提供情况,为提升婴儿配方乳粉的营养水平及制定产品相关标准提供参考。方法:多渠道收集婴儿配方乳粉标签信息,统计分析油脂配料的种类、组合、最高添加量构成比及标识含量,比较全脂乳产品与脱脂乳产品、牛乳基产品与羊乳基产品、高必需脂肪酸产品与全部产品间的差异。均数和率的比较分别采用t检验和卡方检验。结果:共纳入269个婴儿配方乳粉。配料表分析显示,85%的产品使用了4种及以上的油脂配料,葵花籽油和椰子油在全部产品中的添加率最高,分别为88%、76%。牛、羊乳基配方粉的油脂配料使用情况存在差异,牛乳基配方粉中脂肪、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸的标识含量略高于羊乳基配方粉(P<0.05)。脱脂乳配方粉中,棕榈油添加率为32%,显著高于全脂乳产品(P<0.05)。44例使用了棕榈油的产品中仅有4例强化了1,3-二油酸2-棕榈酸甘油三酯。结论:牛、羊乳基配方粉中的必需脂肪酸标识含量基本一致。现市售婴儿配方乳粉以多种油脂组合使用的方式,以尽可能模拟母乳脂肪酸模式,但有些油脂类原料使用的科学性还有待进一步研究。     

婴儿配方乳粉中亚油酸与维生素E的添加量

婴儿配方乳粉(infant formula milk powder)是以牛乳和脱盐乳清粉(或脱盐乳清)为主要原料,经配料、均质、杀菌、浓缩、喷雾干燥制成的供六个月以内婴儿食用的母乳代用品。其主要营养成分接近母乳,因此又称为母乳化乳粉(humanized milk powder)。根据国家专业标准规定,婴儿配方乳粉中乳脂肪应占脂肪总量50%以上,亚油酸甘油酯(1inolin,以亚油酸计)含量应在1500mg/100g乳粉以上。本文拟从亚油酸在人体必需脂肪酸中的地位、亚油酸的生     

婴幼儿多吃脂肪好 还是少吃脂肪好

生活中，有些年轻父母为了防止婴幼儿（婴幼儿的年龄段是：出生后满1周岁为婴儿期，1周岁后到满3周岁为幼儿期）便秘或是为了补充营养，常常喜欢在一些辅助食物中加些脂肪，有的老年人还觉得多吃脂肪，婴幼儿就会长得更加结实、健壮。其实这种看法和做法都是欠科学的。脂肪是主要供能营养素，其中的必需脂肪酸对婴幼儿生长发育十分重要。婴幼儿的脂肪需要量为每日4－6克／公斤，他们每日能量应有30－35％来自脂肪。而必需脂肪酸供能约占总能量的1－3％，不能低于0．5％．但是脂肪的饱腹作用大，而婴幼儿的消化能力低，婴儿期生长虽旺盛，但…     

必需脂肪酸膳食平衡与生命健康

不能一味排斥脂肪，含有必需脂肪酸的脂肪对增强人体免疫力具有重要作用；现代人的很多疾病是长期食用不健康的油或食油方法不当造成的；不良情绪破坏营养吸收、影响人体健康——上述三大新的健康理念，来自中国食品工业协会 主办的《必需脂肪酸膳食平衡与生命健康》高层研讨会。为什么要摄取必需脂肪酸，它有何功能，怎样摄取？专家们给出了一致的答案。     

Dietary PUFA for preterm and term infants: review of clinical studies

Human milk contains n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA (long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids), which are absent from many infant formulas. During neonatal life, there is a rapid accretion of AA (arachidonic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in infant brain, DHA in retina and of AA in the whole body. The DHA status of breast-fed infants is higher than that of formula-fed infants when formulas do not contain LCPUFA. Studies report that visual acuity of breast-fed infants is better than that of formula-fed infants, but other studies do not find a difference. Cognitive development of breast-fed infants is generally better, but many sociocultural confounding factors may also contribute to these differences. The effect of dietary LCPUFA on FA status, immune function, visual, cognitive, and motor functions has been evaluated in preterm and term infants. Plasma and RBC FA status of infants fed formulas supplemented with both n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA was closer to the status of breast-fed infants than to that of infants fed formulas containing no LCPUFA. Adding n-3 LCPUFA to preterm-infant formulas led to initial beneficial effects on visual acuity. Few data are available on cognitive function, but it seems that in preterm infants, feeding n-3 LCPUFA improved visual attention and cognitive development compared with infants receiving no LCPUFA. Term infants need an exogenous supply of AA and DHA to achieve similar accretion of fatty acid in plasma and RBC (red blood cell) in comparison to breast-fed infants. Fewer than half of all studies have found beneficial effects of LCPUFA on visual, mental, or psychomotor functions. Improved developmental scores at 18 mo of age have been reported for infants fed both AA and DHA. Growth, body weight, and anthropometrics of preterm and term infants fed formulas providing both n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA fatty acids is similar in most studies to that of infants fed formulas containing no LCPUFA. A larger double-blind multicenter randomized study has recently demonstrated improved growth and developmental scores in a long-term feeding study of preterm infants. Collectively, the body of literature suggests that LCPUFA is important to the growth and development of infants. Thus, for preterm infants we recommend LCPUFA intakes in the range provided by feeding of human milk typical of mothers in Western countries. This range can be achieved by a combination of AA and DHA, providing an AA to DHA ratio of approximately 1.5 and a DHA content of as much as 0.4%. Preterm infants may benefit from slightly higher levels of these fatty acids than term infants. In long-term studies, feeding more than 0.2% DHA and 0.3% AA improved the status of these fatty acids for many weeks after DHA; AA was no longer present in the formula, enabling a DHA and AA status more similar to that of infants fed human milk. The addition of LCPUFA in infant formulas for term infants, with appropriate regard for quantitative and qualitative qualities, is safe and will enable the formula-fed infant to achieve the same blood LCPUFA status as that of the breast-fed infant.     

Illumina技术研究不同喂养方式婴儿肠道菌群差异

目的:比较母乳喂养、混合喂养和人工喂养婴儿肠道微生物区系的差异,探讨喂养方式对婴儿肠道菌群的影响。方法:采用Illumina高通量测序技术对24份1～6个月内婴儿粪便中所有微生物的16SrRNA-V6区进行测序检测。结果:门水平上,3组均以Firmicutes和Proteobacteria为优势菌门;科水平上,Enterobacteriaceae在3组中均为优势菌,但在人工喂养组婴儿粪便菌群中所占的比例(50.82%)明显高于母乳喂养组(28.66%),混合喂养组为41.44%;Veillonellaceae和Bacteroidaceae在母乳喂养组婴儿粪便中是优势菌,相对丰度(21.42%和12.82%)明显高于混合喂养组(3.65%和4.32%)和人工喂养组(3.25%和0.04%);Bifidobacteriaceae在母乳喂养婴儿粪便中的数量仅占总菌数的8.16%,但高于混合喂养组(6.16%)和人工喂养组(1.48%)。结论:不同喂养方式婴儿肠道菌群存在明显差异,Illumina高通量测序技术为婴儿肠道菌群的研究提供了更加准确、科学的数据资源。     

婴儿被服热舒适性研究进展

为促进婴儿热生理舒适,推动婴儿被服热舒适性测评方法及理论体系的建立,回顾了婴儿被服热舒适性的相关研究,在分析婴儿与环境热传递机制的基础上,讨论了婴儿被服热舒适性的影响因素及测评方法,并根据当前研究现状提出了发展方向。研究表明：婴儿主要依靠传导、对流、辐射显热热交换维持人体热平衡,其体表热传递系数明显大于成人;被服的过高隔热、头部覆盖与俯卧姿势可能造成睡眠时婴儿的热应激反应;目前,婴儿暖体假人被认为是研究被服热舒适性最理想的装置,未来的发展应聚焦于婴儿被服热湿传递过程、使用数值模拟方法研究婴儿体表热传递及建立婴儿体温调节模型等方面。     

蛋白水解产物对婴幼儿成长的作用

婴幼儿由于胃肠道发育不成熟、功能不足,导致其成为食物过敏反应患病率较高的群体,往往会出现过敏性反应、消化功能紊乱、胃肠道不适等疾病。这与婴幼儿早期暴露牛奶、鸡蛋和其他主要致敏食物蛋白相关。目前对于预防婴幼儿过敏性疾病最好的食物为母乳和水解蛋白配方奶粉。本文对当前国内外关于蛋白水解产物在婴幼儿发育中的应用研究进行综述,讨论蛋白水解产物的营养配方及影响其性质的主要因素,以及水解蛋白配方奶粉在婴幼儿成长过程中的作用,以期为婴幼儿的健康成长提供一定的理论指导。     

婴幼儿病号服的设计因素分析

婴幼儿病号服在中国还处于一种萌芽、不完善的状态，一些医院还没有推广应用婴幼儿病号服。主要分析了影响婴幼儿病号服设计的心理、颜色、装饰、面料、款式和结构等因素，分析了婴幼儿病号服在制作时应注意的事项和标准。合理的婴幼儿病号服设计，有助于生病期间婴幼儿的治疗与康复。     

缅甸KSRl区6-36个月婴幼儿营养健康现状

目的：了解缅甸克钦第一特区（KSR1区）6-56月婴幼儿及母亲的健康状况以及影响因素。方法：采用方便抽样法,于2011年4-6月期间对缅甸KS＆I的;570名婴幼儿及母亲进行包括一般情况、膳食情况、体检情况及Hb水平的调查。结果：KSR1区6-56月儿童中生长迟缓率为68．6％、低体重率为;35．8％、贫血患病率为98．9％,且不同性别间无显著差异,不同年龄组间仅贫血患病率无显著差异。近期均有感冒发烧等发生,发病率为85．5％,口腔溃疡的发病率较高,为51．7％。大部分婴幼儿谷类、蔬菜和油的摄入可满足需要,但肉类和乳类等缺乏。非条件Logistic回归分析发现,母亲贫血对孩子生长迟缓有显著影响（P〈0．05）,饮用开水、少量或不吃油类、吃少量肉类、早产、粮食有盈余对婴幼儿低体重有显著影响（P〈0．05）。结论：KSR1婴幼儿营养状况较差,需提高其营养健康水平。     

母乳中免疫成分及其对婴儿免疫发育作用的研究进展

人们对乳的研究有着悠久的历史,随着人们对母乳中多种生物活性物质认识的逐渐加深,科学家们发现这些活性物质不仅可以保护婴儿免受病原菌感染,而且还可以促进婴儿发育并调节婴儿的免疫系统。母乳是母亲的免疫系统向婴儿的转移。母乳中许多免疫成分的生理和保护性功能可以通过对婴儿及动物模型和体外实验的研究得以证实。本文综述了母乳中的免疫成分及其对婴儿免疫发育的作用,并主要论述了母乳中“传统的”免疫和非免疫成分对免疫发育的促进作用及对婴儿免疫应答的调控。     

Fumonisin exposure through maize in complementary foods is inversely associated with linear growth of infants in Tanzania

Infants consuming maize‐based foods are at a high risk of exposure to fumonisins. This study explored the association between exposure of fumonisins from maize and growth retardation among infants in Tanzania. Mothers of 215 infants consented for their children to participate in this study. We estimated maize intake for each child by twice conducting a 24 h dietary recall and fumonisins level in the maize, using HPLC. Fumonisins exposure for each child was estimated by combining his/her maize intake and the fumonisins level in the maize. Of the infants, 191 consumed maize. The maize consumed by 131 infants contained fumonisins at levels varying from 21 to 3201 μg/kg. Fumonisins exposure in 26 infants exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2 μg/kg body weight. At 12 months of age, infants exposed to fumonisins intakes above the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2 μg/kg bodyweight were significantly shorter by 1.3 cm and 328 g lighter. It appears that the exposure to fumonisins is associated with growth retardation. This is the first study to report an association between fumonisins exposures and growth retardation.     

Measured consumption of tap water in German infants and young children as background for potential health risk assessments: data of the DONALD Study.

Contaminated tap water can become a health risk, e.g. by metals or environmental pollution particularly for sensitive population groups such as infants and young children. There is a lack of data on exactly measured water intake. In the DONALD Study, individual food and fluid intakes were measured by use of 3-day weighed diet records. Here we report on the distribution of individual intakes of tap water in 504 healthy normally nourished subjects aged 3-36 months (1962 diet records) between 1990 and 1998. We calculate scenarios for potential tap water contamination. Tap water intake per kg body weight was significantly higher in formula-fed (FF) infants than in breast-fed (BF) infants. The estimated median intake of lead and nitrate per kg body weight from tap water was higher in FF infants than in BF infants or mixed fed (MF) young children. The scenarios based on intakes at the median, P95 or maximums show that higher risks for exceeding the presently existing maximums could be expected in FF infants. Our data could also be used for estimations of potential risks from other contaminants of tap water.     

Perchlorate exposure and dose estimates in infants

Perchlorate is a naturally occurring inorganic anion used as a component of solid rocket fuel, explosives, and pyrotechnics. Sufficiently high perchlorate intakes can modify thyroid function by competitively inhibiting iodide uptake in adults; however, little is known about perchlorate exposure and health effects in infants. Food intake models predict that infants have higher perchlorate exposure doses than adults. For this reason, we measured perchlorate and related anions (nitrate, thiocyanate, and iodide) in 206 urine samples from 92 infants ages 1-377 days and calculated perchlorate intake dose for this sample of infants. The median estimated exposure dose for this sample of infants was 0.160 μg/kg/day. Of the 205 individual dose estimates, 9% exceeded the reference dose of 0.7 μg/kg/day; 6% of infants providing multiple samples had multiple perchlorate dose estimates above the reference dose. Estimated exposure dose differed by feeding method: breast-fed infants had a higher perchlorate exposure dose (geometric mean 0.220 μg/kg/day) than infants consuming cow milk-based formula (geometric mean 0.103 μg/kg/day, p < 0.0001) or soy-based formula (geometric mean 0.027 μg/kg/day, p < 0.0001), consistent with dose estimates based on dietary intake data. The ability of perchlorate to block adequate iodide uptake by the thyroid may have been reduced by the iodine-sufficient status of the infants studied (median urinary iodide 125 μg/L). Further research is needed to see whether these perchlorate intake doses lead to any health effects.