纳米TiC对Al-Cu合金微观组织和性能的影响

研究了纳米TiC对Al-Cu合金铸态、轧态和热处理态微观组织和对热处理态力学性能的影响。结果表明,加入适量的纳米TiC颗粒,可以有效细化合金的微观组织。当TiC含量较小时,随着TiC含量的增加,合金在轧制变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,平均晶粒尺寸减小。当TiC含量超过0.5%(质量分数,下同)时,再结晶晶粒又逐渐长大粗化。当纳米TiC含量为0.5%时,合金的综合性能最优,与基体相比,抗拉强度和伸长率分别提升了约18.6%和7%。TiC/Al-Cu合金在热处理过程中产生了析出相和大量位错,这有助于提高材料的力学性能。     

固溶处理和人工时效对Al-Cu合金显微组织和力学性能的影响(英文)

对Al-Cu合金进行析出强化和人工时效处理以获得优异的力学性能,如高的强度、好的韧性。其热处理工艺条件为:510～530℃固溶处理2h;60℃水淬;160～190℃人工时效2～8h。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析、透射电镜和拉伸实验对经固溶和人工时效处理的Al-Cu合金的组织和力学性能进行表征。固溶处理实验结果表明,Al-Cu合金的力学性能随着固溶处理温度的升高先增加,然后降低。这是由于Al-Cu合金的残余相逐渐溶解进入基体中,从而导致析出相的数量和再结晶晶粒尺寸不断增加。相较于固溶处理温度,固溶处理时间对Al-Cu合金的影响较小。人工时效处理实验结果表明,合金经180℃时效8h,可以获得最大的拉伸强度。合金的最大拉伸强度和屈服强度随着时效时间的延长和温度的升高而升高。     

Strong single-crystalline Au films tested by a new synchrotron technique

Although it is well known that thin films exhibit mechanical properties very different from those of their bulk counterparts, knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is incomplete. Single-crystalline films have a favorable microstructure for investigating the scaling behavior of mechanical properties. We present a novel experimental route for preparing single-crystalline Au films on a compliant polyimide substrate. For such single-crystals, we have developed a synchrotron-based tensile testing technique to measure the isothermal stress–strain curves and average peak widths. The analysis of Laue diffraction patterns as well as a parallel transmission electron microscopy study give new insight in the initial and evolving microstructure of the films. Complex novel deformation mechanisms are found, including a transition of the dominant deformation mechanism from full to partial dislocations in films thinner than 160 nm. The scaling behavior is described in view of the coexistence of different deformation mechanisms where the nucleation stress for single dislocations very likely governs the behavior.     

Dislocation accumulation and strengthening in Cu thin films

An analysis that addresses the strain-hardening behavior of thin metallic films on substrates is presented. Stress measurements were made on 0.5 μm thick Cu films on Si substrates during thermal cycling, during stress relaxation at room temperature (RT), and after quenching in liquid nitrogen. Significant strengthening was observed in the thermal cycle during cooling. The stress relaxation at RT shows a decrease of the stress from 360 MPa to 290 MPa within 15 months. A theoretical approach to the strengthening phenomenon is made on the basis of the Peach–Koehler dislocation-interaction forces. It shows that adding threading dislocations into a parallel array of dislocations at the film–substrate interface can contribute significantly to the strain hardening of thin films. The calculated strain hardening accounts for a large portion of the observed strengthening.     

预处理对汽车用Al-Mg-Si合金组织和晶间腐蚀行为的影响

采用拉伸试验、晶间腐蚀试验、电化学测试、光学显微镜、透射电镜等方法手段研究了Al-Mg-Si合金在不同预处理条件下经烤漆处理后的微观组织与晶间腐蚀行为的演变规律。结果表明,随着预变形量的增加,试验合金晶界析出相的数量密度和尺寸相应地减小,而晶内析出物(β″相)的析出数量增加,尺寸减小,以致不同的预处理试验合金具有不同的综合性能。由预应变和预时效组成的预处理工艺有利于提高Al-Mg-Si合金的综合性能,其晶间腐蚀抗力和烘烤硬化性能都得到显著提高,这主要归因于合金在烤漆过程中不产生无析出区,形成的晶界析出物数量少而不连续,以及基体强化相β″相通过消耗大量溶质原子而充分地析出。     

Size effects on yield strength and strain hardening for ultra-thin Cu films with and without passivation: A study by synchrotron and bulge test techniques

We present a systematic study of the mechanical properties of different Cu, Ta/Cu and Ta/Cu/Ta films systems. By using a novel synchrotron-based tensile testing technique isothermal stress–strain curves for films as thin as 20 nm were obtained for the first time. In addition, freestanding Cu films with a minimum thickness of 80 nm were tested by a bulge testing technique. The effects of different surface and interface conditions, film thickness and grain size were investigated over a range of film thickness up to 1 μm. It is found that the plastic response scales strongly with film thickness but the effect of the interfacial structure is smaller than expected. By considering the complete grain size distribution and a change in deformation mechanism from full to partial dislocations in the smallest grains, the scaling behavior of all film systems can be described correctly by a modified dislocation source model. The nucleation of dissociated dislocations at the grain boundaries also explains the strongly reduced strain hardening for these films.     

添加Al、Cu对40CrNi3MoV钢组织和力学性能的影响

利用OM、SEM、TEM以及力学性能测试等表征手段研究了添加Al、Cu的40CrNi3MoV钢在900 ℃油冷淬火及450~650 ℃回火后的显微组织和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,试验钢经淬火+回火后的显微组织主要为回火索氏体,同时析出了纳米级NiAl-Cu析出相,最佳回火温度区间为500~550 ℃。由于基体中析出纳米尺度B2结构的NiAl析出相,对添加Al的试验钢中微裂纹的扩展有较强的阻碍作用, 500~550 ℃回火时抗拉强度最高增幅达200 MPa;进一步添加Cu后,富Cu相和位错的相互作用使得试验钢的屈服强度提高了150 MPa。500 ℃回火时抗拉强度为1706 MPa,屈服强度为1505 MPa,试验钢的拉伸和冲击断口呈现出典型的解理断裂特征,有明显的撕裂棱。     

双重淬火对7055铝合金组织性能的影响

通过拉伸性能测试、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能测试,金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜研究了双重淬火对7055铝合金组织及性能的影响.结果表明:合适的双重淬火可调控晶界和晶内析出状态,使合金时效后晶界上的析出相呈断续分布,晶内沉淀强化相均匀、弥散、细小析出,保证合金高强度的同时,提高晶间和剥落腐蚀性能.     

回火时间对高强抗震耐火钢板组织与力学性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、TEM、拉伸试验和冲击试验等,研究了600 ℃回火不同时间对690 MPa级高强抗震耐火钢板的力学性能、微观组织及析出行为的影响。结果表明,不同回火时间对耐火钢板的力学性能和微观组织有重要影响。耐火钢板经过600 ℃回火后强度稍有降低,但伸长率增大,屈强比降低,综合力学性能提高,低温冲击吸收能量随回火时间的延长而降低。最优回火保温时间为15 min,此时试验钢板的屈服强度为976 MPa、硬度为396 HV,-40 ℃冲击吸收能量为164 J,其组织由贝氏体+铁素体+少量马氏体构成,在马氏体和铁素体中均存在位错和细小析出相,析出相为富Nb的Nb、Ti复合碳化物,发挥沉淀强化作用;当保温时间延长至60 min后,析出大量细小Nb、Ti和Mo复合碳化物,但此时的沉淀强化作用不能弥补铁素体造成的强度损失,所以在相同温度回火过程中,随着回火时间的延长,抗拉强度和硬度下降。     

热处理对选区激光熔化304L不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM),X射线衍射仪(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),透射电镜(TEM)等研究了热处理工艺对选区激光熔化(SLM)制备的304L不锈钢微观组织结构与力学性能的影响。结果表明:SLM制备的304L不锈钢的组织结构细小,组织中存在高密度位错、δ铁素体与σ相析出物,其强度和塑性均远高于传统304L不锈钢。对SLM制备的304L不锈钢分别进行1050℃×30 min和1000℃×2 h固溶处理后,其微观组织结构发生了变化,观察到了晶内胞状亚晶组织的长大和析出相的固溶,强度和塑性均有所降低。SLM制备过程产生的大量纳米级胞状亚晶结构,是304L不锈钢具有高强高韧性能的主要原因,析出强化和加工硬化可进一步提高其强度。     

Dislocation-Induced Precipitation and Its Strengthening of Al–Cu–Li–Mg Alloys with High Mg

Generally, the good combination of pre-deformation and aging can improve the mechanical strength of the Al–Cu–Li–Mg alloys. However, the effects of pre-deformation on competitive precipitation relationship and precipitation strengthening have not been clarified in detail in Al–Cu–Li–Mg alloys with high Mg. In the present study, the effects of pre-deformation level on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al–2.95 Cu–1.55 Li–0.57 Mg–0.18 Zr alloy have been investigated. It is found that the introduction of dislocation by 5% pre-deformation can facilitate the precipitation of new successive composite precipitates and T _1 precipitates along the sub-grain boundaries or dislocations and inhibit the precipitation of dispersive GPB zones which is the main precipitates of the alloys without pre-deformation. The introduction of 5% pre-deformation can enhance the mechanical properties considerably. When the pre-deformation level increases from 5 to 15%, the number density of the successive composite precipitates and T _1 precipitates increases, and the aspect ratio of T _1 precipitates decreases. The decrease in T _1 precipitate aspect ratio and the increment of the successive composite precipitates result in the reduction in precipitation strengthening. Therefore, the increase in pre-deformation level from 5 to 15% does not further improve the mechanical properties of the alloys, although the dislocation strengthening increases continuously.     

喷射成形Al—Zn—Mg—Cu系高强铝合金的组织与性能

利用喷射成形工艺制备了Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系高强铝合金材料,研究了热挤压工艺与热处理工艺对材料微观组织与力学性能的影响,在峰时效的情况下材料表现出了高的力学性能指标,抗拉强度达到754MPa,屈服强度达到722ＭＰa,断裂延伸率达到8%,与采用传统铸造变形工艺制备的同类合金相比（σb≥610MPa,σ0.2≥580MPa,δ≥4%),性能有了明显的提高。合金性能的提高与其基体中呈弥散分布的Mg7Zn3相有很大的关系,合金的主要强化机制是沉淀强化。     

Effect of Long-Term Service on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Martensitic 9% Cr Steel

The paper presents the results of research on the X10CrMoVNbN9-1 (T91) steel after long-term service. The material for testing was taken from a pipe section of a boiler superheater coil serviced for around 105,000 h at the temperature of 540 °C, at the pressure of 12.5 MPa. A quantitative analysis including the measurement of mean diameter of subgrains and precipitates as well as the density of dislocations of the examined steel was performed by means of TEM. The microscopic tests of T91 steel were complemented with the results of tests on mechanical properties which included also the short creep tests. After service, the investigated steel was characterized by a retained lath microstructure of tempered martensite with fine subgrain and quite large density of dislocations as well as numerous precipitates. In the microstructure, apart from the particles of M₂₃C₆ and MX (VX, NbC, V-wings), the precipitates of Laves phase and single particles of Z phase were revealed. It has been shown that the extent of degradation of the T91 steel microstructure was minor, which resulted from its low temperature of service. Performed tests of mechanical properties showed that these properties fulfilled the minimum requirements for this steel in the as-received condition. A favorable influence of fine precipitates of Laves phase on mechanical properties was observed. Moreover, an insignificant influence of single precipitates of Z phase on the creep resistance of the examined steel was stated.     

Determining the effect of microstructure and heat treatment on the mechanical strengthening behavior of an aluminum alloy containing lithium precipitation hardened with the δ′ Al3Li intermetallic phase

The effect of the thermal treatment and composition on microstructure and subsequent mechanical behavior of an Al-2.6 wt.% Li-0.09 wt.% Zr alloy that was solution heat treated (SHT) and artificially aged for a series of aging times and temperatures was studied. The underaged, peakaged, and overaged thermal heat treatments were studied to determine the effect of the microstructure and processing on the mechanical properties. The precipitates in the microstructure, which impede dislocation motion and control the precipitation strengthening response as a function of aging practice, were analyzed as the basis for controlling the strengthening depending on their size distribution, average size, and interparticle spacing. The average particle size, spacing, and size distribution were determined from the microstructure as a function of the thermal processing and composition. For the demonstration alloy, the primary strengthening was a direct consequence of ordered coherent Al₃Li (δ′) intermetallic precipitates, which are uniformly distributed throughout the microstructure and restrict the glide motion of dislocations during plastic deformation. The Al₃Li average particle size, distribution, spacing, and volume fraction are closely related to the overall mechanical behavior and are a result of the heat treating practice and composition. Consequently, a micromechanical model was developed for predicting the precipitation hardening response in terms of the variation in polycrystalline strength with aging time, aging temperature, and composition. The overall micromechanical model, which was determined from the particle coarsening kinetics, dislocation mechanics, thermodynamics, resolved shear stress, as well as the dislocation particle shearing and bypassing mechanisms, accurately predicted the mechanical strength in the underaged, peak-aged, and overaged tempers of the demonstration alloy.     

Characterization of the hardness and the substrate fluxes during reactive magnetron sputtering of TiN

Aiming for enhanced mechanical properties, materials are coated with thin films. However, despite all efforts, basic relations between mechanical properties of the thin film and its intrinsic properties, i.e. stochiometry, microstructure, and crystallographic orientation are still relatively unclear. TiN thin films were grown by means of reactive magnetron sputter deposition. By varying the target-substrate distance and the N₂-flow, a relation between the resulting thin film hardness and the ion, momentum, and energy flux towards the substrate during deposition is investigated.     

热处理工艺对30Cr16Mo1VN钢组织和性能的影响

为探索30Cr16Mo1VN钢最佳的热处理工艺,采用冲击、拉伸试验机、洛氏硬度计、OM、SEM、XRD、TEM研究了淬、回火温度对该钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:该钢最佳的淬火温度为1050 ℃,淬火后存在少量M₂₃C₆碳化物和M₂N氮化物阻碍晶界迁移,其平均晶粒尺寸为14.1 μm,而大部分碳/氮化物固溶进基体中,导致Ms点降低,残留奥氏体含量增至59.2%。经-73 ℃冷处理后,大量残留奥氏体转变成马氏体,硬度提高至57 HRC。该钢300 ℃回火时具有良好的强韧性匹配,抗拉强度达2030 MPa,断面收缩率为10.0%。回火后基体发生回复,位错密度降低,随回火温度的升高,基体上析出细小弥散的球状碳化物阻碍位错运动产生二次硬化,450 ℃回火时出现硬度峰值。回火温度低于500 ℃时,该钢的硬度值皆大于55 HRC,具有良好的回火稳定性。     

Anisotropy and texture in thin copper films—an elasto-plastic analysis

The role of elastic anisotropy on the stress inhomogeneity and effective behavior of columnar grained textured Cu thin films have been analyzed within a continuum framework. The analysis is based on a three-dimensional model of a film/substrate system. The film exhibits a fiber texture with (111), (001) and randomly oriented grains. Mainly two load cases have been considered. Biaxial loading of a film deposited on a silicon substrate and tensile loading of a film deposited on a polyimide substrate. The stress distributions in the (111) and (001) grains were generally found to be very different when subjected to biaxial loading and quite similar when subjected to tensile loading. When plastic behavior is invoked, a structural hardening effect is observed. The plastic behavior differs significantly between biaxial and tensile cyclic loading respectively. A new orientation dependent hardening law is proposed. This hardening law causes the plastic hardening behavior to be orientation dependent and scale with elastic anisotropy. The newly proposed hardening law is demonstrated on a film with small grain aspect ratio.     

敏化温度对高碳奥氏体不锈钢析出行为及力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、透射电镜等,研究敏化温度对高碳奥氏体不锈钢析出相数量、形态及分布情况的影响,采用拉伸试验机、冲击试验机和布氏硬度仪,分析不同敏化温度下析出相对试验钢力学性能的影响。结果表明,不同敏化温度处理后试样的显微组织均为奥氏体;但随着敏化温度的升高,奥氏体晶界处富Cr碳化物析出增多,以颗粒状和条状形态存在,晶界处析出相尺寸在100~400 nm之间。经650 ℃敏化2 h后试样的强韧性匹配良好,综合力学性能较为优异。     

Cu和Mg含量对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金组织与性能的影响

通过力学试验及透射电镜研究了不同Cu和Mg含量对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金室温、高温力学性能以及显微组织的影响.结果表明,提高Cu和Mg的含量可以提高合金在室温及高温条件下的屈服强度和抗拉强度,但伸长率下降.透射电子显微分析表明,增加Cu和Mg的含量将提高时效过程中强化相的形核密度与体积分数,从而提高合金的强度.     

Effect of thermomechanical treatment on microstructure and properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag alloy

The effects of thermomechanical treatment on the properties and microstructure of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy and Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag alloy were investigated. Ag addition improves the mechanical properties of the alloy through solid solution strengthening and brings a little effect on the electrical conductivity of the alloy. A new Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag alloy was developed, which has an excellent combination of the tensile strength, elongation, and electrical conductivity reaching 476.09 MPa, 15.43% and 88.68% IACS respectively when subjected to the optimum thermomechanical treatment, i.e., solution-treating at 920°C for 1 h, cold drawing to 96% deformation, followed by aging at 400°C for 3 h. TEM analysis re-vealed two kinds of finely dispersed precipitates of Cr and Cu4Zr. It is very important to use the mechanisms of solid solution strengthening, work hardening effect as well as precipitate pinning effect of dislocations to improve tensile strength of the alloy without adversely affecting its electrical conductivity.