Wear of the blade diamond tools in truing vitreous bond grinding wheels: Part I. Wear measurement and results

The wear of stationary blade diamond tools used to generate a precise and intricate form on the vitreous bond grinding wheel is presented. Two types of blade tools made of rod and particle diamond were used. A method to measure the wear of the blade diamond tool in the μm-scale range using the size difference of two parts ground before and after truing was introduced. Two sets of experiments with four truing feeds and four tool traverse speeds across the grinding wheel were conducted on the rod and particle blade diamond tools, respectively. Experimental results showed the wear rate of blade diamond tools was improved at higher truing feeds and traverse speeds due to the brittle fracture of the abrasive and vitreous bond.     

Wear phenomenon in the hard steel machining using ceramic tools

The principle aim of this investigation is to recognize the wear phenomenon of the mixed ceramic tips against 60 HRC steel specimens in dry and hard turning operations. For this purpose both microscopic and microstructural aspects of ceramic tool wear were taken into consideration. Investigations were performed under varying feed rate, constant cutting speed of 100 m/min and small depth of cut of 0.2 mm to perform finishing cuts. Light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BSE technique and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRM) were applied for observations of worn tool surfaces, wear products and the distinction of wear mechanisms occurring. In general, wear mechanisms observed in the machining tests involve abrasion, fracture, plastic flow, material transfer and tribochemical effects which appear depending on the mechanical and thermal conditions generated on the wear zones. In particular, two types of transfer layer formation with different morphologies occurring at the rake-chip interface are distinguished.     

ZrO2/(W,Ti)C陶瓷材料的摩擦磨损性能

用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了陶瓷材料ZYW35(3Y-TZP (W,Ti)C)和ZYA30(3Y-TZP Al2O3)的磨损特性,并对其磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明：ZYA30和ZYW35两种材料的摩擦因数均随负荷的增加而下降,磨损率均随负荷的增加而增加。两种材料的磨损机理基本相同,低负荷下主要是塑性变形和粘着磨损;较高负荷下主要是塑性变形、分层剥落。相同磨损条件下,ZYA30的耐磨性能比ZYW35好。     

Sliding metallic wear test with in-process wear measurement: A new approach to collecting and applying wear data

A wear test is described in which the edge of a hard wedge is loaded against the periphery of a rotating disc of softer specimen material. The applied normal load is kept approximately constant during a test. As the test progresses and the disc diameter is reduced by the wear taking place the wedge moves radially inward. By measuring this inward movement during a test it is shown how the wear can be continually monitored. Results are given and it is shown how these might be applied in practice, taking into account the influence of both surface roughness and lubrication.     

Transition of Mild Wear to Severe Wear in Oxidative Wear of H21 Steel

Under atmospheric conditions at 400 °C, we studied the wear mechanism of H21 steel with different tempering states as a function of normal load. Typical oxidative wear was identified by X-ray diffraction patterns with predominant tribo-oxides of Fe₃O₄ and Fe₂O₃. Under loads of 50–100 N, mild oxidative wear prevailed for all samples, such that the wear losses of H21 steel with various tempering states showed no significant differences with characteristics of a slight plastic deformation of the substrate and single-layer oxide. In this case, the wear rate was lower, and the tribo-oxide was decisive factor in determining wear rate. Under loads of 150–200 N, the transition of mild wear to severe wear occurred in H21 steel and was characterized by: (1) a significant difference of wear losses for steel with various tempering states; (2) wear loss that started to increase faster and reached a relatively high level; (3) the appearance of significant plastic deformation in the oxide underneath the substrate and multi-layer tribo-oxide. Under a load of 200 N for the steel tempered at 700 °C, plastic extrusion prevailed with a mixed metal-oxide layer.     

短切玻璃纤维增强尼龙材料的摩擦与磨损

在环块式磨损试验机上研究了载荷、速度以及润滑介质等因素对自制短切玻璃纤维增强尼龙材料摩擦学行为的影响 ,利用扫描电镜对其磨损机理进行分析。发现 :材料的摩擦系数随载荷的增加而下降 ,达到最小值后 ,又随载荷的增加而持续上升 ,随着速度的增加 ,材料的摩擦系数增加 ;材料的磨损量则随载荷、速度的增加而持续增加 ;材料的磨损以粘着、疲劳为主。在润滑条件下 ,复合材料的摩擦系数大大降低 ;油润滑条件下 ,材料基本无磨损 ,但水润滑条件下 ,材料的磨损量反而比干摩擦条件下大。     

机构磨损的模糊可靠性算法研究

首先介绍了磨损的常规失效判据和可靠性分析方法,然后着重于磨损失效判据的模糊性提出了模糊可靠性的计算公式,并用实例阐明了其概念、思路和方法。     

Wear of spray deposited Al–6Cu–Mn alloy under dry sliding conditions

The dry sliding wear of spray deposited Al–6Cu–Mn alloy was studied as a function of applied load in the range of 5–400 N. The variation of wear rate with applied load was obtained, from which four regions can be observed. On the basis of observations and analyses on the worn surface, the worn subsurface, the wear debris and friction coefficient, wear mechanism in different regions has been identified. Two wear regimes, i.e. mild and severe wear, were displayed in the entire applied load range. The transition from mild to severe wear occurred at a critical load. Mild wear involves three regions in the wear rate vs. load variation, and the wear in each region was controlled by different wear mechanism. With increasing load, the dominant wear mechanism in the period of mild wear displays successively oxidative wear, delamination and subsurface-cracking assisted adhesive wear. Severe wear was operated by the adhesive wear mechanism and the wear debris was formed by the shear fracture of subsurface material of the pin. The transition from mild to severe wear depended on the strength of the material of the pin adjacent to the contact surface and the strain-induced shear stress created by applied load.     

陶瓷材料磨损机制及磨损程度评价方法综述

综合分析陶瓷材料摩擦磨损的机制和影响摩擦磨损的各种因素,如表面加工状况、载荷、速度、时间、温度、润滑等。介绍几种陶瓷材料摩擦磨损程度的评定方法,如用量纲一化参数(最大赫兹接触压力、最大表面粗糙度和断裂韧性的函数Sc,硬度、最大表面粗糙度和断裂韧性的函数S*)大小评价磨损程度,用磨损表面的粗糙度Ry与平均粒径Dg的比值评价陶瓷材料磨损程度,用磨损率评价陶瓷材料磨损程度等。以期指导人们进一步认识陶瓷摩擦磨损的本质规律,有目的地调整材料的性能以提高其耐磨性。     

Wear and wear particles—some fundamentals

Each of the various processes by which material can be lost from a surface in service leaves its fingerprint both in the topography of the worn surface and in the size, shape and number of the particles which make up the wear debris. To use debris examination as a diagnostic aid in assessing the health of operating plant, which may contain many tribological contacts, requires not only careful and standardised procedures for debris extraction and observation but also an appreciation of the mechanisms by which wear occurs and the regimes in which each of the contacts of interest operates when displayed on an appropriate operational map.     

TC4合金冲击磨损性能与机制的研究

固定冲击频率,在3组大小不同的冲击力下,在自制的小载荷冲击磨损实验机上对TC4合金进行了系列周次的冲击试验,研究了TC4合金的冲击磨损性能与磨损机制.结果表明:试样的整个冲击磨损过程可分为3个阶段,即无磨损阶段、微量磨损阶段和严重磨损阶段,增加冲击力将缩小前2个阶段的进程,加速材料的磨损;在各冲击力下磨痕轮廓及形貌的变化规律基本一致.TC4合金的磨损过程是接触表面硬化、启裂、疲劳剥落的过程,其磨损机制主要表现为塑性变形和疲劳剥落.     

新型马氏体耐磨钢的冲击磨料磨损性能

对自行研制的新型ADVANS 450W马氏体耐磨钢分别进行了(900,1 050,1 200)℃×0.5 h油淬+300℃×2 h空冷处理,然后在MLD-10型动载磨料磨损试验机上,在3.5 J冲击能量下分别进行了石英砂和棕刚玉磨料下的冲击磨料磨损试验,并与ZGMn13钢进行了对比;用X射线衍射仪测定了试验前后钢中残余奥氏体含量的变化,用扫描电镜分析了磨损机理。结果表明:在900℃奥氏体化淬回火得到的试验钢能够获得较高的硬度,强韧性匹配较理想,在不同类型磨料下其耐磨性都优于其它处理条件和ZGMn13钢的,磨损试验后磨损面硬度明显提高,且存在一定深度的塑性变形层,钢中的残余奥氏体转变为马氏体;在棕刚玉磨料下,磨损机理以显微切削为主,在石英砂磨料下,磨损机理以塑变疲劳为主。     

基于不同冲击频率条件下的套管磨损表面分形特征及磨损机制研究

选取TP140套管在自行研制的套管磨损试验机上进行磨损试验,利用表面形貌仪测量在不同冲击频率条件下的套管表面磨损形貌,选用结构函数法考察磨损形貌的分形特征,使用拟合误差法确定分形曲线的无标度区间并计算分形维数,利用扫描电子显微镜分析其磨损机制。结果表明:在不同冲击频率条件下的套管表面形貌存在明显的分形特征,但分形维数会随频率的不同而有所变化。从光学图像和扫描电镜图像可以看出磨损机制主要有粘着磨损和犁沟。     

钛合金TC4放电加工电极损耗研究

针对钛合金TC4在火花油中放电加工电极损耗大的问题,以蒸馏水和火花油为工作介质,进行了钛合金TC4的放电加工试验,分析比较了两者的电极绝对损耗量和相对损耗率的差异,并从加工波形和加工后电极的表面微观形貌及主要成分等几个方面研究了电极损耗机制。结果表明:蒸馏水的绝缘性较差,而流动性和冷却性好,消电离较充分,改善了极间状态,加工稳定,使加工效率大大提高;另外加工过程中产生的少量氧化钛和从工件飞溅的蚀除产物附着在电极表面,形成覆盖层,有效抑制了电极损耗。其电极绝对损耗与火花油加工时相差不大但相对损耗却大大降低。     

Wear testing of saw teeth in timber cutting

Wear of saw teeth for timber cutting has been evaluated with the objective to establish an experimental method for saw steel development. Laboratory test results are compared to wear as determined in a case study. The case study was made on band saw tools, exhibiting abrasive, corrosive, cracking and chipping wear mechanisms. Laboratory tests were performed cutting pine wood using the martensitic saw steel grade, UHB 15LM, hardened and tempered to 1370 MPa tensile strength. The parameters, cutting speed, feed and depth, were chosen to be similar to saw mill conditions. A circular plate with two saw teeth was set up in a milling machine and each tooth was run a total cutting length of 10 000 m, equivalent to a normal 8 h work shift in a saw mill. Wear mechanisms were identified and characterised. The test method was found to simulate the saw mill conditions, and future wear studies using extreme cutting process parameters are possible.     

Friction and Wear Transitions in Carbons (Temperature and Stress Analysis)

In this paper, the friction and wear behavior of a carbon composite is studied. Friction tests were performed under constant friction mode. The power inputs were increased gradually to study their effects on friction transition at ambient air environment. Friction surfaces were examined using various macro and nanoscopic techniques to understand the evolution of friction transition. Structural changes of friction film have been observed from graphitic allotropic form to amorphous type structure. This sudden change leads to an increase of the coefficient of friction. It seems that the inter-laminar shearing, disruption of the film and sample cracking might cause the friction transition. Analysis from stress field simulation shows that cracks were more likely to occur at the trailing edge of the sample at the end of transition. This study shows that any type of failure (mechanical or thermal fatigue) of the friction film or bulk material is sufficient to generate friction and wear instabilities.     

The Wear Behavior of Small Module Gears Lubricated with NLGI 1 Grease

Small module gears (m_n ≤ 1 mm) are increasingly important in power transmitting gear applications due to ever more rigorous requirements regarding, for example, performance and weight. They can be found in numerous applications that are subject to very different operating conditions. Often, small module gear applications are grease lubricated. This results in the lubrication supply mechanism (i.e., circulating and channeling) playing an important role in regard to the resultant gear failure mode. In the experimental investigations conducted herein, the focus was on gear sliding wear. The influence of the operating conditions and the grease composition on the lubrication supply mechanism, and thus wear behavior, was investigated using case-carburized, small module gears (m_n = 1 mm). The investigations show that the rotational speed has a significant effect on gear wear behavior. Increasing rotational speed does not necessarily lead to more favorable wear behavior of grease-lubricated gears. Furthermore, the grease composition was shown to affect wear behavior.     

A study of the wear of explanted metal-on-metal resurfacing hip prostheses

Due to their recent introduction there are few studies of retrieved resurfacing hip prostheses. Nine such components associated with groin pain in patients, and five associated with early fracture of the femur, were obtained and analysed using a roundness measuring machine. While the ‘fracture’ components showed no more than 3 μm out of roundness, components associated with groin pain showed between 15 and 92 μm out of roundness values. These latter results indicate wear and correlated with high metal ion levels in these patients, therefore the groin pain was likely associated with an adverse reaction to excessive metal wear debris.     

Wear mechanisms of cutting tools in high-speed cutting processes

Contemporary cutting tools used for High Speed Cutting (HSC), made on the basis of micro-grained cemented carbides with multi-layer protective coating, allow for effective machining of hardened and tempered steels of hardness over 50 HRc. The characteristic wear of such tools is affected by the fact that the cutting speed is no longer the main influential factor on wear; the wear can also be the consequence of the high-speed tool movements in the feed direction. The paper presents some original research into the wear types, as well as the phenomena in the cutting zone and their relationships to the causes and main wear mechanisms (adhesion, abrasion and diffusion) for the tools used in HSC.     

Wear behaviour of a steel weld-joint

A series of experiments has been carried out to examine the dry sliding wear behaviour of the different regimes of a single pass steel weld-joint vis-à-vis their microstructures and micro-hardness characteristics. Wear tests have been performed on two types of specimen configurations: first, on limited regions of the weld-joint exhibiting a specific microstructure, and second, continuously from the weld metal to the base metal via the heat affected zone (HAZ). The former type of experiments was found capable in delineating the wear characteristics of the base metal, weld metal and the different regimes of the HAZ. The wear behaviour of the varied regimes of the weld-joint, specifically that of the different sub-zones of the HAZ, has been explained using their microstructures, initial micro-hardness, work hardening during wear and their inherent residual stresses. This is a first report on the sequential wear behaviour of a weld-joint.