不同入口结构下行床内气固流动及混合行为的CFD-DEM模拟

采用计算流体力学和离散单元模型（CFD-DEM）耦合一种简单的气固催化反应模型对具有不同入口结构的二维下行床内的气粒流动和混合行为进行全床数值模拟。模拟得到了不同入口结构下行床内的多尺度气固运动状态、全床的固含、速度及反应生成物浓度分布,以及气体和颗粒在下行床内的停留时间分布,发现入口结构对反应器内的流动、混合和气固接触效率起着关键性的作用,入口气体和颗粒的不均匀分布将导致下行床内气体停留时间的宽分布以及气固接触效果的恶劣。     

沉浸管式流化床的颗粒尺度模拟

为模拟具有复杂几何结构的气固流动系统,文中将计算流体力学和离散单元法与边界元方法结合起来,对沉浸管式流化床内颗粒及气泡的运动行为进行了数值模拟。模拟计算得到的瞬态流型图揭示了气泡绕流沉浸管束时出现的合并和破碎状态及颗粒群的详细运动行为,发现床内气固二相的流动受到沉浸管束存在的显著影响。当颗粒及气相的流动受到沉浸管的阻碍而绕管流动过程中气泡会发生变形,变得扭曲狭长且易被撕碎。同时颗粒与管道壁面碰撞会造成气固二相复杂的动态运动形式,床内的管道大部分时间会被气穴包围,将严重阻碍管道与颗粒之间的传热。     

下行床气固两相流动计算流体力学模拟

基于颗粒相动力学理论 ,对层流机制表达的气固两相流体力学模型采用Reynolds平均的方法获得气固两相流的湍流模型描述 .其中 ,气相湍流行为以k -ε模型描述 ;颗粒相的碰撞行为以颗粒流的动力学模型表达 ;而湍流行为以kp 模型描述 .因此建立的k -ε -Θ -kp 模型综合考虑了气相和颗粒相的湍流运动以及颗粒的碰撞行为 .依据此模型建立了三维流体力学求解程序并对下行床气固两相流动行为进行了模型预测 .讨论了恢复系数的选取及壁效应假设 ,从机理上分析并考察了 3种模型的预测能力 .针对内径 1 40mm、高 7m的下行床冷态设备 ,在较宽的操作范围内 ,对比了详细的颗粒浓度和速度径向分布以及轴向参数分布 ,并对下行床的放大行为进行了预测 .     

下行床反应器内催化裂化过程的CFD模拟

耦合湍流气粒多相流模型和催化裂化集总动力学模型,建立了描述下行床内多相流动和催化裂化过程的反应器数学模型,并利用计算流体力学单元模拟软件CFX4.3对下行床内的催化裂化过程进行了数值模拟及分析.模型能预测出在工业应用中反应器内最受关注的诸多参数,如固含率、相间滑移速度、压降、气固相的加速区以及各组分浓度的分布情况.预测结果表明,气相反应的进行将导致反应器内的气粒流动行为发生较大变化,充分考虑反应与流动行为的耦合十分重要;而反应器床径的增大将导致转化率和各产物收率的下降.     

逆向气体射流对下行床颗粒混合的影响

下行床入口结构的研究一直被人们所重视。今在内径为0．192m的下行床中颗粒达到均匀分布的部位，沿床四周均布了三个45度方向逆流场气体射流入口，在此处设立气体入口可以使颗粒分散与气固快速接触不再同时进行。采用磷光颗粒示踪技术对下行床有逆流场射流气体存在时颗粒的轴径向混合行为进行了研究。这种逆流场射流气体对下行床颗粒的轴向混合行为无明显影响，在各操作条件下下行床内颗粒均能以接近平推流的方式运动；但该射流气体可以大大加强颗粒的径向混合，有利于气固接触，在下行床颗粒径向混合越差的操作条件下，射流气体对颗粒径向混合的影响效果越明显，下行床的这种入口结构具有良好的应用前景。     

基于DEM模拟的气固鼓泡床内流场间歇性及颗粒相干结构的分析

采用计算流体力学和离散元方法(CFD-DEM)对气固鼓泡床流动行为进行模拟研究,并基于模拟结果分析鼓泡床内气泡和颗粒微观运动特性。对颗粒速度的脉动能谱进行分析,发现鼓泡床流场中存在间歇性。通过对比鼓泡床不同轴、径向位置的颗粒脉动速度的平坦因子,发现鼓泡床内不同位置的流场间歇性不同,随着床层高度的增加,流场的间歇性减弱;在径向上,过渡区的流场间歇性明显大于边壁区和中心区。进一步采用连续小波分析方法揭示了相干结构(颗粒涡团)的分布以及演化过程,并分析了不同尺度下相干结构(颗粒涡团)的分布与鼓泡床内颗粒与气泡运动的关系。     

基于DEM模拟的气固鼓泡床内流场间歇性及颗粒相干结构的分析

采用计算流体力学和离散元方法（CFD-DEM）对气固鼓泡床流动行为进行模拟研究,并基于模拟结果分析鼓泡床内气泡和颗粒微观运动特性。对颗粒速度的脉动能谱进行分析,发现鼓泡床流场中存在间歇性。通过对比鼓泡床不同轴、径向位置的颗粒脉动速度的平坦因子,发现鼓泡床内不同位置的流场间歇性不同,随着床层高度的增加,流场的间歇性减弱;在径向上,过渡区的流场间歇性明显大于边壁区和中心区。进一步采用连续小波分析方法揭示了相干结构（颗粒涡团）的分布以及演化过程,并分析了不同尺度下相干结构（颗粒涡团）的分布与鼓泡床内颗粒与气泡运动的关系。     

提升管内气粒流动行为的数值模拟

采用描述密相湍流气粒流动规律的k-ε-kp-εp-Θ双流体模型对不同尺度和操作条件下的提升管内的定常流动进行了计算流体力学数值模拟，获取了各种工况下有关颗粒速度、体积分率和质量流率分布等宏观流动行为的大量信息，并与相应条件下的实验数据取得了较好的吻合。此外还通过对大量模拟数据的分析获得了提升管内宏观流动规律的综合图像。该模型描述了密相湍流气粒流动规律，预测出了描述单颗粒脉动能大小的颗粒拟温度田和表征颗粒在介观尺度上脉动大小的颗粒湍动能江在床内的分布。分析表明：不同流动参数对颗粒在微观和介观尺度上的脉动有不同程度的影响；固含率对颗粒相的脉动行为和颗粒的质量扩散行为有重要的影响。     

径向移动床气固流动特性数值模拟

应用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法对矩形与楔形结构径向移动床内气固两相流动规律进行数值模拟。考察了床型结构、料封高度等关键结构参数对径向移动床内气固两相流场分布的影响。通过优化移动床关键结构参数,改善径向移动床中出现的贴壁、空腔问题。结果表明,模拟结果与相应工况下的实验数据吻合较好,模型可以定性描述径向移动床内气固两相流动规律。楔形结构不但能够提高贴壁临界气速,减小贴壁区域厚度,缓解贴壁现象;而且能够有效减小窜气量,明显提高临界空腔气速,避免或者缓解空腔现象。料封高度是影响空腔现象形成的关键性因素之一,适当增加料封高度可以有效消除空腔现象,提高装置操作弹性和操作稳定性。     

提升管与下行床颗粒团聚行为的离散颗粒模拟

从微观机理出发,采用计算流体力学和离散单元方法（CFD-DEM）结合的模型对二维提升管和下行床气固流动体系进行了数值模拟。模拟选用了粒径为520 μm、密度为2620 kg·m-3的球形颗粒和周期性边界条件,展示了气固并流逆重力场和顺重力场运动的颗粒聚团瞬态图像,定性或半定量地揭示了两个不同体系的颗粒微观聚集行为。提升管中颗粒聚团较为严重,且表现明显的颗粒返混现象;下行床中的颗粒聚团比较松散,且具有与宏观流动相同的流速方向,几乎无颗粒返混。通过统计分析获得宏观时均流体力学行为,包括两相的相分布和速度分布,并与文献报道的实验现象进行定性的比较。     

Flow development in a gas-solids downer fluidized bed

The development of gas and solids flow structure was studied in a 9.5 m high and 0.10 m diameter, gas-solids cocurrent downflow circulating fluidized bed (downer). Local solids concentration and particle velocity were measured using two separate optical fibre probes at different radial positions on several axial levels along the downer. The results show that the flow development is significantly influenced by the operating conditions. For most of the conditions under which the experiments were conducted, the gas-solids flow reaches its fully developed zone within 3 to 8 m away from the entrance. On the other hand, the development zone can extend as long as the downer itself, under certain conditions. When the solids circulation rate is over 100 kg/m²s, an increasing solids circulation rate largely extends the length of radial flow development. It is found that the flow developments in the core and at the wall are not quite simultaneous. For solids concentration, the core develops more quickly at low gas velocities and the wall region develops faster at high gas velocities. For particle velocity, higher gas velocity speeds up the development of the wall region but does not significantly affect the development of the core region. The wall region is much more sensitive to the change of superficial gas velocity than the core region. At high superficial gas velocities (> 7 m/s), a “semi-dead” region is observed in the fully developed zone adjacent to the wall where the dilute solids are moving at a very low velocity.     

Lateral flux and velocity of FCC particles in a CFB riser

The radial profiles of the lateral solids mass flux and the lateral solids velocity were determined for FCC particles in a 7 m tall circulating fluidtzed bed riser 0.14 m in diameter by applying a lateral flux probe and electrical capacitance tomography. The external solids mass flux was varied between 148 and 302 kg/(m².s), while the superficial gas velocity was varied between 3.7 and 4.7 m/s. Under these conditions, a dense bottom region and an upper dilute region coexisted in the riser. Lateral fluxes in the dense bottom region reached 100 kg/(m².s) at the wall, but fell to 14 kg/(m².s) at the wall in the upper dilute region. At both axial locations, a net deposition of solids from the core to the annulus occurred, indicating that fully developed flow was never established under these conditions. The lateral fluxes in the bottom region were significantly larger than those found in previous studies. It was further concluded that considering the lateral solids flux to be only a function of solids concentration is an over‐simplification.     

Comparative Study of Flow Structure in Circulating Fluidized Bed Risers with FCC and Sand Particles

The combined influences of particle properties and nozzle gas distributor design on the axial and radial flow structure in two 100 mm i.d., 15.1 m and 10.5 m long risers with FCC and sand particles were investigated by measuring the axial pressure gradient profiles, and the axial and radial profiles of solids concentration. The results show that the nozzle gas distributor design has significant effects on the axial and radial flow structure for the FCC and sand particles. At lower superficial gas velocity of less than 8.0 m/s, the upward gas‐solid flow of the sand particles decelerates in various degrees with the disappearing of the nozzle gas distributor effect. The upward gas‐solid flow of the FCC particles, however, occurs without noticeable deceleration within the range of this study. In the acceleration section, the radial distributions of the local solids concentration of the FCC particles are more uniform than those of sand particles under the same operating conditions; while in the fully developed zone, the sand particles have a more uniform radial distribution than the FCC particles. The gas‐solid flow is first developed in the center region, and then extends towards the wall. The overall flow development in the riser mainly depends on the local gas‐solid flow in the wall region.     

Improvement of the Uniformity of Radial Solids Concentration Profiles in Circulating Fluidized‐Bed Risers

In order to enhance the uniformity of the radial solids distribution and thereby the performance of industrial circulating fluidized‐bed (CFB) risers, an approach by using the air jet from the riser circumference is proposed. The Eulerian‐Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the kinetic theory of granular flow is adopted to simulate the gas‐solids two‐phase flow in a CFB riser with fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles. The numerical results indicate that by employing the circumferential air jet approach under appropriate jet velocities, the maximum solids concentration in the near‐wall region can be greatly reduced, the entrance region can be shortened, and the uniformity of the flow structure can be significantly improved.     

Particle residence time distributions in circulating fluidised beds

This paper gives experimental measurements of the particle residence time distribution (RTD) made in the riser of a square cross section, cold model, circulating fluidised bed, using the fast response particle RTD technique developed by Harris et al. (Chem. Eng. J. 89 (2002a) 127). This technique depends upon all particles having phosphorescent properties. A small proportion of the particles become tracers when activated by a flash of light at the riser entry; the concentration of these phosphorescent particles can subsequently be detected by a photomultiplier. The influence of the solids circulation rate and superficial gas velocity on the RTD were investigated. The results presented are novel because (i) the experiments were performed in a system with closed boundaries and hence give the true residence time distribution in the riser and (ii) the measurement of the tracer concentration is exceedingly fast. The majority of previous studies have measured the RTD in risers with open boundaries, giving an erroneous measure of the RTD.Analysis of the results suggests that using pressure measurements in a riser to infer the solids inventory leads to erroneous estimates of the mean residence time. In particular, the results cast doubt on the assumption that friction and acceleration effects can be neglected when inferring the axial solids concentration profile from riser pressure measurements.An assessment of particle RTD models is also given. A stochastic particle RTD model was coupled to a riser hydrodynamic model incorporating the four main hydrodynamic regions observed in a fast-fluidised bed riser namely (i) the entrance region, (ii) a transition region, (iii) a core-annulus region and (iv) an exit region. This model successfully predicts the experimental residence time distributions.     

大型快速流化床内颗粒浓度和速度分布的实验研究

采用压力巡检仪和光纤测量仪,对直径300 mm的快速流化床反应器内气固两相流动特性进行了研究,考察了操作条件对快速床轴、径向催化剂颗粒浓度、颗粒速度、筛分分布等的影响. 结果表明,当操作气速提高到2.0~2.6 m/s,相应的催化剂循环强度在60~160 kg/(m2×s),床层密度可保持在50~650 kg/m3;催化剂颗粒浓度在径向上呈中心低、边壁高的不均匀分布,轴向上各径向位置在颗粒加速区逐渐降低、在充分发展区趋于稳定、随表观气速增大或催化剂循环强度减小而减小,且径向均匀性变好,在r/R<0.7的中心区域趋于一致;颗粒速度在径向上呈中心高、边壁低的抛物线形分布,且随操作气速增大或催化剂循环强度增大而更加明显.     

Numerical simulation of hydrodynamics in downers using a CFD-DEM coupled approach

The gas-solid flows in a two-dimensional downer of 10 m in height and 0.10 m in width were simulated using a CFD-DEM method, where the motion of particles was modeled by discrete element method (DEM) and the gas flow was described by Navier-Stokes equations. The simulations revealed a rich variety of developing flow structures in the downer under different operating conditions. The two-phase flow development can be clearly characterized by the micro-scale particle distributions in the downer. Near the inlet, the particle distribution is dominated by the distributor design. Then, the particles disperse in the column, forming a homogeneous transit region. After that clusters start to form and modulate the gas-solid flow field till the fully-developed state. The particle-scale simulation disclosed that the clusters are composed of loosely collected particles, and these particles have the same flow direction as the bulk flow so that no particle backmixing can be observed. As the particles in the downer have the tendency to maintain the inertia, the capability of lateral transfer of particles is relatively weak, which was illustrated by tracking the movement of the single particles and clusters. The simulations of the inlet effect on the hydrodynamics in the downer showed that the gas-solid flow structure and the mixing behavior are sensitive to the inlet design. An inappropriate design or operation would probably cause the undesired flow phenomena such as the wide distribution of residence times. The time-averaged hydrodynamics based on the transient simulations showed good agreement with the experimental findings in the literature. The simulation based on the CFD-DEM coupled approach provides a theoretical way to comprehensively understand the physics at micro- to macro-scales in the co-currently downward gas-solid flows.     

提升管内气固流动特性的离散元模拟

采用离散单元法模型对二维提升管内气固流动特性进行了数值模拟。利用标准k-ε模型模拟气相的湍流流动,考虑了颗粒间的van der Waals力和滚动摩擦的作用。通过对颗粒和气体流动行为的分析,得到了颗粒浓度、速度、温度及气体速度等的分布,研究了表观气速和颗粒循环速率对颗粒流动的影响。结果显示:颗粒在提升管内呈现边壁浓、中心稀的环核流动及上稀下浓的流动结构;气固两相都存在一定程度的返混现象;增加表观气速,使颗粒浓度降低、速度增大,颗粒分布更均匀;增加颗粒循环速率,使颗粒浓度增大,而颗粒速度对颗粒循环速率的变化不敏感,颗粒分布的不均匀性更强。模拟结果与文献中实验定性吻合。     

流动方向对循环流化床中颗粒混合行为的影响

对循环流化床提升管及下行床两种不同气固流动方式对颗粒混合行为的影响进行了较为深入的对比分析，发现在影响循环流化床颗粒混合的众多因素（如操作条件、床层直径、颗粒性质及床层内构件等）中，气固流动方向是影响颗粒轴向混合的最主要因素．当气固流动为顺重力场时（下行床），颗粒的轴向混合很小，流型接近平推流；当气固流动为逆重力场的提升管时，轴向颗粒混合将成倍增大，颗粒流动远离平推流流动．分析表明，下行床中颗粒混合仅为单一的弥散颗粒扩散，而提升管中则存在着两种颗粒混合机制：弥散颗粒扩散及颗粒团扩散．弥散颗粒的扩散基本以平推流的形式通过循环流化床，提升管中大量的颗粒轴向返混归因于颗粒团的严重返混并由此形成了提升管中颗粒停留时间的双峰分布．     

下行床入口段流体力学及混合行为

针对工业快速反应对气固进料混合过程的特殊需求,在内径140mm,高4.7m的并流下行循环流化床中,采用双光路光纤密度测量技术及磷光颗粒示踪技术,对两种不同的气固并流下行床分布器结构的流动及颗粒混合行为进行了研究．分别考察了人口段颗粒浓度径向分布沿轴向的变化规律及颗粒轴径向混合行为．实验结果表明,下行床入口段颗粒浓度随轴向位置的变化可划分为分布器影响区及湍流控制区．分布器结构对入口段颗粒密度分布有较大影响,利用侧向喷嘴并降低入口处颗粒的射流可以获得较好的径向均布效果．侧向喷嘴的分布器结构更有利于颗粒的径向混合．还考察了入口结构对颗粒混合的影响因素,给出了对Pe_a及Pe_r的关联式．