玉米秸秆热解规律的试验研究

用热重分析法对玉米秸秆的热解规律进行了研究，分析了玉米秸秆样品在不同升温速率（5，10，20，30℃／min）、不同温度（250，300，350℃）恒温加热2h条件下热解的试验结果，发现样品的非等温失重过程由脱水、保持、剧烈失重和缓慢失重4个阶段组成，并且在相同条件下，样品的质量对玉米秸秆热解有一定的影响。在恒温热解过程中，在不同的恒温温度条件下，秸秆失重曲线形态基本相似，但在300℃条件下，恒温热解的热重曲线与250，350℃条件下恒温热解的热重曲线相比较为平缓。     

不同条件下玉米秸秆热解规律实验研究

用热重分析法对玉米秸秆的热解规律进行了研究。分析了玉米秸秆样品在不同升温速率（5,10,20,30℃／min）和不同温度（200,250,300,350℃）条件下恒温2h热解的实验结果,发现样品的非等温失重过程由脱水、保持、剧烈失重和缓慢失重4个阶段组成,并且在相同奈件下样品的质量对玉米秸秆热解有一定的影响：在恒温热解过程中,不同的恒温温度条件下其失重曲线形态基本相似,但在300℃条件下恒温热解的热重曲线与250℃、350℃条件下恒温热解的热重曲线相比则较为平缓。上述的研究结果为玉米秸秆的舍理利用提供了一定的理论基础．     

玉米秸秆在不同条件下热解规律实验研究

用热重分析法对玉米秸秆的热解规律进行了研究。分析了玉米秸秆样品在不同升温速率(5℃、10℃、20℃、30℃/min)和不同温度(200℃、250℃、300℃、350℃)条件下恒温2h热解的实验结果,发现样品的非等温失重过程由脱水、保持、剧烈失重和缓慢失重4个阶段组成,并且在相同条件下样品的质量对玉米秸秆热解有一定的影响。在恒温热解过程中,不同的恒温温度条件下其失重曲线形态基本相似,但在300℃条件下恒温热解的热重曲线与250℃、350℃条件下恒温热解的热重曲线相比较较为平缓。上述的研究结果为玉米秸秆的合理利用提供了一定的理论基础。     

玉米秸秆恒温热解实验研究及动力学分析

用热重分析法对玉米秸秆在恒温条件下的热解规律进行研宛。分析玉米秸杆样品在恒温热解过程中,不同的恒温条件对其热解曲线形态的影响。研究结果表明在不同的恒温温度条件下其热解曲线形态基拳相似,但在300℃条件下恒温热解的热解曲线与250℃、350℃条件下恒温热解的热解曲线相比较较为平缓。同时对玉米秸秆样品的热解的动力学模型进行研究,得到符合玉米秸秆样品在恒温条件下的热解失重动力学方程和热解动力学参数,为玉米秸秆的合理利用提供一定的理论依据。     

秸秆等温干燥热质传输机理研究(Ⅰ)——TG/DSC实验分析

对干玉米秸秆进行了元素分析和组分分析;通过热重分析仪和差示扫描量热仪对不同含湿量的粉末状玉米秸秆进行等温干燥实验,通过对热流曲线积分得到干燥需热量并对其进行定量研究.结果表明:以最大干燥速率为分界点,玉米秸秆干燥过程可分为升速干燥段和降速干燥段;热流曲线与干燥失水过程有明显的对应关系;90℃干燥1kg含湿量20％ -40％的湿秸秆需热量在380～620kJ之间;50～110℃干燥含湿量25％秸秆的需热量在210 - 610kJ之间.     

玉米秸秆和海藻共热解特性研究

为解决陆地生物质资源短缺,开发水生生物质有效替代部分陆地生物质迫在眉睫。通过热重法研究玉米秸秆和海藻共同热解的特性,重点考察掺混比例和升温速率的影响,并对混合样品的热力学特性和动力学特性进行分析。结果显示,热解分为干燥、挥发分析出及焦炭热解三个阶段。掺配后的混合样品最终失重率与最大失重速率均小于纯秸秆与纯海藻。随着海藻掺配比例的增加,可燃性指数Ca先增大后减小,燃尽特性指数K递减,热解特性指数S先增大后减小。不同升温速率工况下,在热解区间（200～600℃）,随着升温速率的升高,样品的热重曲线右移,失重率越来越大,最大失重速率先减小后增大,30℃/min时最小。Ca在递减,K、S呈增加趋势。动力学研究结果表明,不同掺配比例工况下,混合样品存在明显的协同作用,降低了共热解所需活化能。在不同升温速率工况下,升温速率越大,所需要的活化能越小,样品越容易发生热解。     

O2/CO2/N2气氛下玉米秸秆混煤燃烧特性及动力学分析

以玉米秸秆和煤粉为原料,在不同原料配比,不同升温速率下,利用热重分析仪在模拟锅炉气氛下进行燃烧实验,采用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法建立动力学模型,研究模拟锅炉气氛下玉米秸秆及其混煤燃烧的燃烧特性及其动力学,对比相同实验条件空气气氛下的燃烧工况结果表明,燃料的综合燃烧特性指数SN随升温速率的增大而成倍增长,因掺入煤粉的比例加倍而减半;随着掺混煤比例的增大,失重速率(DTG)曲线上固定碳燃烧阶段逐渐分化为2个失重峰,模拟锅炉气氛下分化现象更为明显;煤粉的掺入会使燃烧过程所需表观活化能波动增大。     

采用热重与红外光谱联用研究玉米秸秆热解

采用热重与红外光谱联用技术(TG—FTIR),在升温速率为20℃/min下,对玉米秸秆各部分(秸秆皮、秸秆瓤、叶子及苞叶)的热解产物及析出过程进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,玉米秸秆各部分的热解产物主要为CO2、CO、CH4、H2O,同时含有少量的丙酸类物质;秸秆皮和秸秆瓤热解气体的析出呈单峰形状,而叶子和苞叶热解气体的析出呈双峰形状;玉米秸秆各部分的热解最大失重率对应的热解温度约为360～371℃,相差较小;对玉米秸秆的同一部分,主要热解产物的最大失重率对应的热解温度基本相同。     

以玉米秸秆为原料挤出生物质颗粒燃料的研究

对不同情况下以玉米秸秆为原料挤出生物质颗粒燃料的技术进行了研究，通过对玉米秸秆在不同压缩比环模下的颗粒密度，不同粒度玉米秸秆在同一环模下的成型状况以及不同含水率玉米秸秆在同一环模下的成型状况进行试验，筛选出颗粒成型的最佳条件。     

失重法在熔模铸造制壳工艺开发中的应用

文章采用失重法跟踪测量了硅溶胶一EC95型壳在干燥过程中的重量变化．得到了文章所述的制壳工艺条件下每层型壳的失重曲线和干燥时间。试验结果表明：每层型壳在干燥过程中的失水速率均逐渐降低;从面层到背层,失重曲线逐渐变缓;提高风速,失重曲线变陡;失重曲线可以反映型壳的干燥过程及其影响因素的作用。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.