3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱及其氧化偶氮呋咱的合成

新型钝感高能量炸药3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(DAAF)和3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(DAOAF)具有耐热性好,标准生成焓高、感度低、临界直径小、爆轰性能优良等许多优点.本文采用乙二醛、盐酸羟胺和氢氧化钠等为起始原料,通过四步反应分别以12.1%、19.5%的总收率合成出DAAF和DAOAF,其结构通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和碳谱得到证实.并实验研究了DAAF和DAOAF的精制方法.     

3, 3′-二氨基-4, 4′-偶氮呋咱及其氧化偶氮呋咱的研究进展

高氮呋咱化合物3，3′-二氨基-4，4′-偶氮呋咱(DAAzF)和3，3′-二氨基-4，4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(DAAF)具有耐热性能好，标准生成热高、感度低、临界直径小、爆轰性能优良等优点。介绍了这两个化合物的合成方法、工艺条件和合成规模对产品收率的影响，并对其物化性能、热安定性、爆轰性能、安全性等方面的研究进展进行了概述。两化合物有望作为新一代钝感炸药使用。     

DAAzF对DAAF热性能的影响

3,3′-二硝基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱（DAAzF）是3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱（DAAF）合成过程的主要杂质之一。目前尚不清楚DAAzF作为杂质对DAAF热性能的影响。为此,本研究使用了基于共溶解-共析出策略的杂质掺杂方法,将0.5%~10% DAAzF均匀掺杂于DAAF中,得到DAAF@DAAzF炸药,并采用同步热分析技术研究了DAAzF对DAAF@DAAzF炸药热性能的影响。结果表明,DAAzF明显降低了DAAF的熔点,10% DAAzF会导致DAAF的熔点从246.4 ℃下降至239.3 ℃。当存在5%的DAAzF时,DAAzF还会与DAAF形成低共熔物。DAAzF的存在会降低DAAF@DAAzF炸药初始热分解过程的活化能和指前因子。总之,DAAzF作为杂质会加速DAAF@DAAzF炸药的热分解,降低其热稳定性。     

3,3′-二(3-氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱-4-基)-4,4′-偶氮呋咱的合成与表征

含呋咱(氧化呋咱)环的含能化合物具有许多优异的炸药性能: 标准生成焓高,富含氮氧,能量密度优异,分子稳定性好,熔点较低,是炸药界研究热点之一.3,4-二(氨基呋咱基)氧化呋咱(BAFF)爆速较高,热稳定性良好,机械感度低,是一种新型高能低感炸药.本课题组以其为基本结构单元通过偶氮、氧化偶氮等设计出了系列BAFF衍生物.本文首次报道了该类衍生物之一--3,3′-二(3-氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱-4-基)-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(BAFFaF)的合成与表征.     

3,3′-二硝胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱基含能离子盐的合成及性能（英）

以3,3′-二胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(AOF)为原料,经纯硝酸硝化得到3,3′-二硝胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(NOF)。通过复分解反应与多氮阳离子(碳酰肼(CBH)、氨基胍(AG))结合得到了两种新的含能离子盐—3,3′-二硝胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱碳酰肼盐(NOF-CBH)和3,3′-二硝胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱氨基胍盐(NOF-AG)。通过¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、IR及元素分析表征了化合物的结构。用TG-DTG研究了化合物的热行为。采用量子化学方法对比研究了NOF及其阴离子NOF^2-的几何构型。预估了化合物的爆轰性能。结果表明,NOF-CBH和NOF-AG的初始分解温度分别为144.9,151.6 ℃,高于NOF的90 ℃。NOF-CBH和NOF-AG的标准摩尔生成焓分别为515.86 kJ·mol^-1和815.96 kJ·mol^-1,密度分别为1.82 g·cm^-3和1.75 g·cm^-3,理论爆速均大于8500 m·s^-1。     

一种合成3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱的新方法

以3,4-二氨基呋咱为原料,经过中间体3-氨基-4-甲酰胺基呋咱或3,4-二甲酰胺基呋咱,以1,4-二氧六环为溶剂,30%双氧水为氧化剂,加热回流4 h,得到产物3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(DAOAF),产率分别为97%或89%。并通过¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、IR和EI对产物进行了表征。      

二(4-硝氨基呋咱基-3-氧化偶氮基)偶氮呋咱的合成及热性能

以乙二醛为原料,经过中间体二(4-氨基呋咱基-3-氧化偶氮基)偶氮呋咱(ADAAF),合成了高能材料二(4-硝氨基呋咱基-3-氧化偶氮基)偶氮呋咱(ADNAAF)。用红外、核磁、质谱等表征了其结构。分析了在溴酸钾和冰乙酸的氧化体系下合成中间体ADAAF的影响因素,确定最佳工艺条件为:反应温度50℃,反应时间16 h,冰乙酸与3,3'-二氨基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱(DAOAF)摩尔比为68∶1,收率为58.5%。采用差示扫描量热法和热重分析研究了ADNAAF和ADAAF的热性能。结果表明,ADAAF的分解温度为267.18℃,热重变化范围50~500℃,共失重90.91%;ADNAAF的分解温度为114.81℃,热重变化范围70~500℃,共失重100%。对ADNAAF的爆轰性能进行了理论预测,爆速,爆压分别为9140 m·s-1和38 GPa,是一种具有潜在应用价值的高能量密度化合物。     

3,3′-二氰基-4,4′-偶氮氧化呋咱合成与表征

以丙二睛为原料,经过亚硝化、肟化、氧化环化以及偶氮偶合四步反应合成了3,3′-二氰基-4,4′-偶氮氧化呋咱,上述四个反应过程收率分别为79.0%,86.8%,61.3%和71.9%,全程收率为30.2%,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等进行了结构表征;初步探讨了氧化环化合成氧化呋咱的反应机理,研究了其关键影响因素,优化了反应条件,最后确定适宜反应条件为:料比n(过氧化铅)∶n(1-氨基-2-氰基二肟)为4∶1,反应时间4 h,收率达到61.3%。     

含3,3′-二硝基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱推进剂的能量特性研究

利用GJB/Z84-96方法在标准条件(pc/po=70：1)下,计算了新型高能氧化剂3,3′-二硝基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(DNOAF)的三类推进剂的能量特性.计算发现用DNOAF取代丁羟复合固体推进剂中的高氯酸铵(AP),比冲可提高120 N·s·kg-1, NC/NG/DNOAF组成的无烟改性双基推进剂比冲可达2558 N·s·kg-1.在PET/NG/DEGDN/HMX推进剂中,用DNOAF取代HMX,比冲提高194 N·s·kg-1.     

5-[4-硝基呋咱基]-5H-[1,2,3]三唑并[4,5-c][1,2,5]呋咱内盐(NOTO)合成与表征

以二氨基呋咱(DAF)为起始原料,经Caro′sacid氧化、锌粉还原、环化和Caro′sacid二次氧化四步反应得到5-[4-硝基呋咱基]-5H-[1,2,3]三唑并[4,5-c][1,2,5]呋咱(NOTO)内盐,总收率为17.5%(以DAF计),并利用元素分析、核磁共振、红外光谱等进行了结构表征;首次采用Zn粉还原二氨基偶氮氧化呋咱(DAAzF)合成关键中间体二氨基偶氮呋咱(DAAF),收率92%;探讨了5-[4-硝基呋咱基]-5H-[1,2,3]三唑并[4,5-c][1,2,5]呋咱(AMOTO)环化反应机理,确定DAAF和二乙酰氧基碘苯(IBD)的最佳料比为11,重结晶后AMOTO纯度达到99.4%。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.