Identification of Key Textural Attributes of Fluid and Semi-Solid Foods Using Regression Analysis

Regression analysis was used to identify key attributes from 15 textural terms generated by a panel for 27 fluid and semi-solid commercial foods. A search using single independent variables showed that “thick” gave the best average R² with a value of 0.548; a search with two independent variables showed that “thick” and “soft” gave the best average R² of 0.748; a search with three attributes showed that “slippery”, “thick,” and “soft” gave the highest R² values of 0.803. The final equations provided a set of regression parameters which can be used to predict twelve textural attributes from scores obtained for “thick”, “soft”, and “slippery”.     

脂肪添加量对熏煮香肠质构的影响

研究了不同脂肪添加量(0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)对熏煮香肠质构品质的影响。结果表明:随着脂肪添加量的增加,熏煮香肠的感官硬度逐渐下降,感官弹性先升高后下降,感官质构总分逐渐下降,但添加量20%、30%、40%的感官质构总分差异不显著(P>0.05);熏煮香肠的机械测定硬度、胶着性、回复性、内聚性、咀嚼性随着脂肪添加量的增加逐渐减小(P<0.05),而脂肪添加量对熏煮香肠的黏着性无显著影响(P>0.05)。硬度与脂肪含量呈现较好的线性关系:硬度值=-1 075.9×脂肪添加量+7 875.5(R2=0.932 8);依据质构机械测定值建立的Fisher线性判别方程能准确判别熏煮香肠的脂肪添加等级。     

利用质构值对火腿肠进行分级的研究

探讨建立火腿肠的质构标准及利用质构值判别火腿肠的等级。通过测定火腿肠质构特性的感官得分和质构值,利用感官得分点对应参照样品的质构值及通过建立以感官得分为自变量,质构值为因变量的线性回归方程,确立硬度、脆性、黏着性、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性的标准范围;同时以不同品牌火腿肠的质构值为基础建立Fisher线性判别方程。在特定的测试条件下,特级火腿肠的硬度、脆性、黏着性、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性值范围分别为8690.162～9357.137g、8929.995～10963.274g、―102.467～―35.005g、0.836～0.951、0.226～0.279和1 7 6 6 . 9 9 0 ～ 2 2 3 2 . 3 4 8 g ; 优级火腿肠对应质构值范围分别为7 4 4 1 . 3 3 4 ～ 9 1 8 8 . 9 8 0 g 、6700.973～8929.995g、―102.467～―66.644g、0.741～0.833、0.200～0.247和1368.863～1737.272g;普通级火腿肠对应质构值范围分别为6734.754～8690.162g、4441.556～6700.973g、―257.264～―159.397g、0.633～0.698、0.148～0.183和736.838～951.339g;利用线性判别方程对不同品牌火腿肠等级判别的正确率为94.5%。所建立的各等级火腿肠的质构标准范围及Fisher线性判别方程可以应用于该类产品的开发及质量评价等。     

鱼骨粉添加量对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠色度、质构及感官特性的影响

研究添加鱼骨粉对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠品质的影响。采用梯度添加鱼骨粉的方法制作鱼肉火腿肠,并对其色度和质构进行测定,同时进行感官评定。结果表明：鱼骨粉添加量为2%时,白度值下降显著(P＜0.05) ;鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼性随着鱼骨粉添加量的增多而增大,弹性变小;当添加量为2.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼度和弹性变化趋势极显著(P＜0.01),但黏聚性变化不明显;随着鱼骨粉添加量的增加,鱼肉火腿肠切面较粗糙,咀嚼时颗粒感较强,当鱼骨粉添加量为3%时鱼肉火腿肠总体可接受度较差。综合考虑,鱼骨粉添加量为1.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠色度和质构较好,感官总体可接受度高。     

燕麦复合火腿肠的感官、质构及保水特性研究

为了探索燕麦粉添加量对燕麦复合火腿肠品质特性的影响,分别对复合火腿肠进行感官评定及质构测定(质构剖面分析),并对这两种评价测定方法的结果进行相关性分析,同时也对复合火腿肠的保水特性进行测定。感官和质构测定结果表明:燕麦粉添加量为14%时,复合火腿肠具有较理想的质构,感官总体接受性好;质构测定硬度与感官评定硬度呈显著相关性(r=0.898),质构测定黏聚性与感官评定硬度、弹性呈显著相关性(r分别为-0.863和-0.825)。保水性测定结果表明:随着燕麦粉添加量的增加,复合火腿肠保水能力逐渐上升(94.33%～94.83%),当添加量达到17%以后,保水能力变化不大,增加趋势平缓,可以看出,燕麦粉的添加可能有利于提高复合火腿肠的保水性。因此,将适量的燕麦粉与肉品复合可以制作出能被消费者接受、质构和保水性很好的燕麦复合火腿肠。     

Textural and sensory characteristics of whole and skimmed flavored set-type yogurt during long storage

A study of refrigerated storage (10°C for 91 d) of whole and skimmed flavored set-type yogurt was made. Comparison with storage at 20°C for 21 d and 30°C for 3 d (accelerated) was also carried out. Refrigerated storage yogurts were assessed by a trained panel and by a consumer panel. Trained-panel scores were correlated to instrumental data, and the acceptability data for long storage were studied using consumer criteria. In all cases, after-storage pH values barely changed over storage time, indicating that the yogurt samples did not develop much acidity under any of the storage conditions studied. The profile of the instrumental texture curves obtained corresponded to a firm gel, which broke after a plunger penetrated the sample, and the firmness values of the whole yogurt were lower than for the skimmed yogurt under all the storage conditions studied. From a microbiological point of view, the viability of the yogurts was adequate at the different storage times and temperatures studied, although those stored at 10°C for long periods would not comply with some countries’ minimum requirements. Logistic regression of the data from a 50-consumer sensory evaluation showed that the probability of the whole yogurt being accepted after 91 d storage at 10°C was around 40%, whereas for the skimmed yogurt it was only 15%, largely because the skimmed yogurt developed certain negative attributes at an earlier stage of storage than the whole yogurt.     

Textural properties of yogurts with green tea and Pu‐erh tea additive

Set‐style yogurts enriched with green tea or Pu‐erh tea infusions in three concentrations, that is, 5%, 10% and 15% (v/v), and the nonsupplemented yogurts were produced. The obtained cultured milk treatments were subjected to the analyses of acidity, viscoelastic properties, back extrusion parameters, susceptibility to syneresis and instrumental colour analysis. As revealed by the performed HPLC and spectrophotometric studies, the two types of tea differed greatly in their polyphenolic composition which was further reflected in the physicochemical properties of yogurt gels. Results indicate that yogurts varied as regards textural properties depending on the type of tea applied as well as tea concentration. Green tea incorporation, which contained significantly higher amounts of catechins, produced yogurts with increased titratable acidity, better mechanical properties and less susceptible to syneresis, while yogurt gels with Pu‐erh tea were firmer, less elastic and with visible syneresis at higher (10%, 15%) tea concentrations.     

Textural Properties and Sensory Quality of Processed Sweetpotatoes as Affected by Low Temperature Blanching

Sweetpotatoes (SP) stored for 9–12 mo after harvest were cut into cylindrical pieces and, following factorial experiments and response surface design, were blanched at 50–80°C for 15–274 min. Instrumental textural properties were measured by uniaxial compression and texture profile analysis. Samples of selected blanching treatments were canned in syrup for textural and sensory evaluations. Both blanching temperature and time had significant effects on firmness. Optimal temperature for maximal firmness retention was about 62°C. For canned SP, the 62°C blanched samples were more intact (2–3-fold) and firmer (2–7-fold) than controls. Sensory texture and overall acceptability were greatest for samples blanched at 62°C for 30 or 45 min before canning.     

Sensory Attributes and Preference Mapping of Muesli Oat Flakes

ABSTRACT: A trained sensory panel rated 8 muesli oat flakes—6 experimental (with 3 thickness levels and 2 heat treatments) and 2 commercial (regular and organic)—as such or with milk for attribute intensities; and 3 consumer groups–young adults, 18 to 25 y; adults, 35 to 49; elderly, 58 to 85—rated the same oat flakes for preference. To appeal to the majority of the consumers, the flakes should not adhere to teeth and should not need too much mastication. In addition, large enough milk absorption is preferred. The elderly preferred an easy eating experience more than the younger consumers. Thus, it is important to recognize that different types of muesli appeal to different consumer segments.