母乳脂质的研究及其作为婴幼儿乳粉特种油脂的应用

母乳是婴幼儿喂养的黄金标准,母乳脂质的深入研究不断推进脂质代用品的发展。母乳提供了婴幼儿足够数量的脂质和最适宜消化吸收的脂质结构,这些脂质以乳脂肪球的形式存在并被乳脂肪球膜所包裹。母乳脂质的组成、结构和性质直接影响婴幼儿对脂质的消化吸收。与此相对应,母乳脂质代用品也经历了从脂肪酸组成接近向三酰基甘油结构接近的转变。本文对母乳脂质研究近年来的新进展进行了回顾,并对这些新知识如何推动脂质代用品特种油脂的发展进行了探讨。     

不同脂肪来源婴儿配方乳粉与母乳脂质组成的差异分析

研究4 种不同脂肪来源的婴儿配方乳粉与母乳在总脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸及甘油三酯上的脂质组成差异。结果表明,从样品中共检测出27 种脂肪酸及87 种甘油三酯,与母乳相比,4 种婴儿配方乳粉含有更多的饱和脂肪酸,较少的多不饱和脂肪酸,且母乳中超过70%的饱和脂肪酸酯化在甘油三酯的sn-2位,而4 种婴儿配方乳粉甘油三酯sn-2位更多的被不饱和脂肪酸占据,尤其是植物油基IF1和IF2,sn-2位不饱和脂肪酸高达80%。在甘油三酯组成方面,母乳中1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯、1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯及一些中长链甘油三酯显著高于4 种婴儿配方乳粉（P＜0.05）,而婴儿配方乳粉含有更多的三油酸甘油三酯、1-油酸-2,3-二亚油酸甘油三酯及一些中链甘油三酯（P＜0.05）,并且脂肪来源的不同会显著影响婴儿配方乳粉的脂质组成,同为植物油基的IF1和IF2具有更相似的甘油三酯、脂肪酸组成及分布,并与添加了乳脂成分的IF3和IF4形成明显区分,且牛乳/植物油混合基婴儿配方乳粉在整体脂质组成上更加接近母乳。最后,基于多变量分析,发现共有16 种甘油三酯可用于区分人乳和婴儿配方奶粉。本研究结果有助于研发更接近人乳的婴儿配方乳粉。     

乳脂肪球膜的特性、开发及在模拟母乳脂肪球结构中的应用

乳脂肪球膜（milk fat globule membrane,MFGM）是包裹在天然乳脂肪球外部的3 层膜状结构,然而牛乳基和大豆基婴儿配方奶粉缺少MFGM,脂肪球结构与母乳存在较大差异,因此添加外源MFGM以及制备与母乳脂肪球结构接近的婴儿配方奶粉成为了近期的研究焦点。本文综述了MFGM的相关特性和生产开发途径,以及牛乳MFGM在仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉中的应用。体外模拟婴儿胃肠道消化实验以及啮齿动物体内实验结果表明,仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉能够促进婴儿脂肪消化并且改善脂质代谢过程。     

人乳脂肪球的研究进展

人乳是婴儿最理想的食物,人乳脂肪是人乳中的重要组成,不仅是婴儿生长发育所需能量的主要来源,也提供了各种脂溶性营养物质。人乳脂肪在乳清相中并非呈完全均匀地分散,而是以人乳脂肪球的形态稳定存在。人乳脂肪球是由一个三层的膜结构包裹住中心层状排列的甘油三酯组成,这种结构不仅维持了乳液本身的稳定性,还为婴儿的生长发育提供了特有的营养学功能。近年来,这种天然而特殊的物理形态引起了学者们的广泛关注。对国内外人乳脂肪球的相关文献进行综述,主要包括人乳脂肪球的形成、组成、营养学意义以及其在加工过程中的变化,并对今后研究的方向和重点进行了展望。     

婴儿配方奶粉中脂肪母乳化的调配研究

利用MATLAB优化工具箱中的线性约束优化函数求解脂肪酸配比合理且植物油总价最小时的配比.得到了10组配方中所用五种原料油(椰子油、棕榈油、葵花仁油、大豆油、紫苏籽油)的配比和最优价格.经气相色谱分析,10组配方的脂肪酸含量均符合婴儿配方食品标准,其中配方10的脂肪酸含量较其余九组更接近人乳脂(HMF).配方十中5种原料油(椰子油、棕榈油、葵花仁油、大豆油、紫苏籽油)在婴儿配方奶粉中的配比分别为13.6%,50%,14%,21%,1.4%,最优价格为9.53元/kg.     

乳脂肪球膜制备方法及其乳化特性的研究进展

乳脂肪球膜是包裹在乳脂肪球外层的复杂三层膜结构,主要成分为蛋白质和脂质.近年来研究表明乳脂肪球膜具有亲水亲油性,能有效地阻止乳脂肪球之间的聚集,是一种性能良好的天然乳化剂.该文主要介绍了工业规模制备乳脂肪球膜原料来源、制备方法和影响条件及乳脂肪球膜良好的乳化特性,并对其潜在工业应用进行了详细综述,旨在为乳脂肪球膜的进一...     

母乳及婴幼儿配方奶粉中脂肪酸的组成及分布特点

母乳是婴幼儿成长最自然、最安全、最理想的食品,是婴幼儿营养的最佳来源。近年来,国内外对母乳脂肪酸的研究逐渐增多,不仅关注其中的长链多不饱和脂肪酸对婴幼儿生长发育的功能性质,并逐渐意识到母乳中甘油三酯独特的组成特点,尤其是母乳脂肪酸在甘油三酯中的位置分布对婴幼儿消化吸收具有重要影响。本文对母乳及婴幼儿配方奶粉中乳脂的组成特点进行综述并提出一些参考建议,旨在为婴幼儿配方奶粉生产企业提供一定的指导。     

人乳与市售婴儿配方乳粉脂质比较研究

目的 研究不同市售婴儿配方乳粉中脂质的结构、含量和组成特征,并将其与人乳对比分析,为婴儿配方乳粉的改进和发展提供参考。方法 分别挑选了甲、乙(添加乳脂肪球膜)和丙3个品牌的婴儿配方乳粉,利用激光共聚焦显微镜对人乳和乳粉中的中性和极性脂质进行显微结构观察,并依靠气相色谱和拉曼光谱,分析脂肪酸组成的差异。结果 各乳粉复溶后脂质呈现球状结构,和人乳状态相似;各乳粉极性脂质碎片化存在,不同于人乳;观察到乙乳粉脂肪亮斑较少,其脂肪含量也较低,为16.3 g/100 g,其脂肪球粒径显著大于其余乳粉。在脂肪酸组成上各种乳粉和人乳也有明显不同,乙乳粉的单不饱和脂肪酸含量较为接近人乳,含有较高DHA、AA;拉曼光谱显示各乳粉脂质流动性较为接近。结论 目前市售的婴儿配方乳粉的脂质存在状态与人乳存在差异,优化脂肪球的脂质微结构,使其状态更加趋近于人乳可能是未来婴儿配方乳粉的重要方向。     

配方奶粉和母乳中结构脂质差异及其对婴幼儿生理功能的影响研究进展

母乳喂养和配方奶粉喂养婴儿的差异可以归因于母乳中多种成分在数量和质量上与配方奶粉的不同,特别是甘油三酯的结构和类型。本文基于国内外不同配方奶粉和母乳中结构脂质差异的研究现状,对两者结构脂质差异、消化与吸收过程、粪便排泄、脂肪酸代谢等作用分别进行了综述,并就不同结构脂质对婴幼儿生理健康的影响进行了总结归纳。     

乳脂肪球膜蛋白的研究与应用进展

随着如今乳制品生产检测技术的快速发展,对乳脂肪球膜蛋白的研究也越来越深入,富含乳脂肪球膜蛋白的大规模工业化产品已经被消费者广泛接受.乳脂肪球膜蛋白步入了科研与应用并重的快速发展时期.作为乳蛋白的研究热点,乳脂肪球膜蛋白能够调节人体的自身免疫力,构筑机体对抗外来物质入侵的第一道防线;从肠道健康的角度,乳脂肪球膜蛋白表现出...     

Impact of milking frequencies on the level of free fatty acids in milk, fat globule size, and fatty acid composition

The aim of the present study was to study the effect of milking cows 4 times daily on free fatty acids (FFA) in the milk compared with milking twice daily. An experiment was performed during 2 wk in which half udders in 11 cows were milked 2 or 4 times daily. Milk yield was measured, and milk was analyzed for fat content, FFA, fatty acid composition, fat globule size, and activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Concentration of FFA was greater (1.49 mEq/100 g of fat) in milk from half udders milked 4 times daily than in milk from the half udders milked twice daily (1.14 mEq/100 g of fat). Further, it was noted that milk from the half udder milked 4 times daily contained milk fat globules with larger average diameters. Increased milking frequency increased milk yield by 9% compared with the udder half milked twice daily, but fat content and fat yield were not affected. The results are of importance for further understanding the mechanisms behind the increased content of FFA that is frequently observed in automatic milking systems.     

Milk fat globule membrane proteins are involved in controlling the size of milk fat globules during conjugated linoleic acid–induced milk fat depression

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins surround the triacylglycerol core comprising milk fat globules (MFG). We previously detected a decrease in the size of fat globules during conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-induced milk fat depression (MFD), and other studies have reported that some MFGM proteins play a central role in regulating mammary cellular lipid droplet size. However, little is known about the relationship between MFD, MFG size, and MFGM proteins in bovine milk. The aim of this study was to investigate the profile of MFGM proteins during MFD induced by CLA. Sixteen mid-lactating Holstein cows (145 ± 24 d in milk) with similar body condition and parity were divided into control and CLA groups over a 10-d period. Cows were fed a basal diet (control, n = 8) or control plus 15 g/kg of dry matter (DM) CLA (n = 8) to induce MFD. Cow performance, milk composition, and MFG size were measured daily. On d 10, MFGM proteins were extracted and identified by quantitative proteomic analysis, and western blotting was used to verify a subset of the identified MFGM proteins. Compared with controls, supplemental CLA did not affect milk production, DM intake, or milk protein and lactose contents. However, CLA reduced milk fat content (3.73 g/100 mL vs. 2.47 g/100 mL) and the size parameters volume-related diameter D_[4,3] (3.72 μm vs. 3.35 μm) and surface area-related diameter D_[3,2] (3.13 μm vs. 2.80 μm), but increased specific surface area of MFG (1,905 m²/kg vs. 2,188 m²/kg). In total, 177 differentially expressed proteins were detected in milk from cows with CLA-induced MFD, 60 of which were upregulated and 117 downregulated. Correlation analysis showed that MFG size was negatively correlated with various proteins, including XDH and FABP3, and positively correlated with MFG-E8, RAB19, and APOA1. The results provide evidence for an important role of MFGM proteins in regulating MFG diameter, and they facilitate a mechanistic understanding of diet-induced MFD.     

Transfer of dietary zinc and fat to milk--evaluation of milk fat quality, milk fat precursors, and mastitis indicators

The present study demonstrated that the zinc concentration in bovine milk and blood plasma is significantly affected by the intake of saturated fat supplements. Sixteen Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 periods of 12 d, and 4 dietary treatments were conducted. A total mixed ration based on corn silage, grass-clover silages, and pelleted sugar beet pulp was used on all treatments. A high de novo milk fat diet was formulated by adding rapeseed meal and molasses in the total mixed ration [39 mg of Zn/kg of dry matter (DM)], and a low de novo diet by adding saturated fat, fat-rich rapeseed cake, and corn (34 mg of Zn/kg of DM). Dietary Zn levels were increased by addition of ZnO to 83 and 80 mg of Zn/kg of DM. Treatments did not affect daily DM intake, or yield of energy-corrected milk, milk fat, or milk protein. The high de novo diet significantly increased milk fat percentage and milk content of fatty acids with chain length from C6 to C16, and decreased content of C18 and C18:1. Treatments did not influence milk free fatty acids at 4°C at 0 or 28 h after milking. The average diameter of milk fat globules was significantly greater in milk from cows offered low de novo diets. Furthermore, the low de novo diet significantly increased the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids and d-β-hydroxybutyrate in blood plasma, the latter was also increased in milk. Treatments did not affect the enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in milk or the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in blood plasma. The low de novo diet significantly increased plasma Zn and milk Zn content, whereas dietary Zn level did not in itself influence these parameters. This indicates that the transfer of fat from diet to milk might facilitate transfer of Zn from diet to milk.     

Composition of milk fat from cows selected for milk fat globule size and offered either fresh pasture or a corn silage-based diet

The objective of this study was to examine the synthesis and composition of milk produced by dairy cows that secrete either small milk fat globules (SMFG) or large milk fat globules (LMFG), and to study their response to diets known to alter milk composition. Four groups of 3 multiparous dairy cows were assigned to 2 isoenergetic feeding treatments: a corn silage treatment supplemented with soybean meal, and fresh pasture supplemented with cereal concentrate. The 4 groups comprised 2 groups of 3 dairy cows that produced SMFG (3.44 μm) and 2 groups of 3 dairy cows that produced LMFG (4.53 μm). The SMFG dairy cows produced higher yields of milk, protein, and calcium. Nevertheless, their milk had lower fat and protein contents. Both SMFG and LMFG cows secreted similar amounts of milk fat; therefore, higher globule membrane contents in milk fat were observed in SMFG cows. Higher calcium mineralization of the casein micelles in SMFG cows suggests that it may be possible to improve cheese-making properties even if the lower protein content may lead to lower cheese yields. The SMFG cows secrete milk fat with a higher concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids and a lower concentration of short-chain fatty acids. They also have a higher C18:1/C18:0 ratio than LMFG cows. This suggests that SMFG cows have more significant fatty acid elongation and desaturation. The pasture treatment led to an increase in milk and protein yields because of increased energy intake. It also resulted in lower milk fat yield and fat and protein contents. The pasture treatment led to a decrease in milk fat globule size and, as expected, an increase in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. However, it induced a decrease in the protein content, and in calcium mineralization of casein micelles, which suggests that this type of milk would be less suitable for making cheese. This study also shows that there is no correlation between the cows, based on milk fat globule size and diet. These results open up possibilities for improving milk fat quality based on milk fat globule size, and composition. The mechanisms involved in milk fat globule secretion are still to be determined.     

Factors affecting the concentration of sphingomyelin in bovine milk

Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid located in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of most cells and is a component of the milk fat globule membrane. Sphingomyelin and its digestion products participate in several antiproliferative pathways that may suppress oncogenesis. Although milk and dairy products are important sources of sphingomyelin in the human diet, little is known about factors that influence sphingomyelin concentrations in milk fat or whether concentrations can be modified via the nutrition of cows. Sphingomyelin concentrations were determined in milk from Holstein and Jersey cows matched for parity and stage of lactation. Sphingomyelin was more concentrated in milk fat from Holstein cows than in milk fat from Jersey cows (1,044 vs. 839 μg/g of fat). Concentrations in whole milk did not differ because of greater milk fat content for milk from Jerseys. Differences between breeds may be related to the greater fat globule size in milk from Jerseys. Sphingomyelin content in whole milk increased with increasing days in milk because of associated increases in milk fat content. Regardless of breed, primiparous cows had greater amounts of stearic acid and less palmitic acid in sphingomyelin than did older cows. The sphingomyelin concentration in milk fat of cows in a commercial Jersey herd was lower for cows in their fourth or greater parity. Sphingomyelin content in whole milk was greater for cows in late lactation because of greater milk fat content. Feed restriction of multiparous Holstein cows to 37% of ad libitum dry matter intake increased milk fat content but did not affect milk sphingomyelin content or milk fat globule size. Supplementation of the diet with 4% soybean oil did not affect milk composition, sphingomyelin content, or milk fat globule size. Milk was sampled seasonally from 7 herds throughout Illinois during a 2-yr period. Sphingomyelin concentration in milk fat was greatest during summer and least during winter, but whole milk concentrations did not vary across seasons. We conclude that 1) sphingomyelin content of milk fat is greater in milk from Holsteins than that from Jerseys, 2) sphingomyelin content in whole milk increases with stage of lactation, and 3) sphingomyelin content of milk fat is greater during summer. However, efforts to produce milk with a greater sphingomyelin content through altering management and nutrition are unlikely to be successful.     

Symposium review: Fat globules in milk and their structural modifications during gastrointestinal digestion

The fat globules in milk are unique oil droplets that are stabilized by a specific and structurally complex membrane, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). In the last decade, excellent progress has been made on studying the structure of the milk fat globules and the MFGM and how common processing treatments affect these structures to deliver dairy products with improved functional properties. Although the digestion of milk fat to deliver energy and lipid-soluble nutrients is essential for survival of the neonate, there is little understanding of the complex processes involved. The structural alterations to fat globules during gastrointestinal processing affect the way in which milk fat is digested, absorbed, and metabolized. The packaging of these globules within the MFGM or in other forms may affect the bioaccessibility of raw or processed milk fat globules; in turn, this may affect access of the gastrointestinal enzymes to the globules and, therefore, may influence the rate and extent of lipid digestion. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding milk fat globules during gastrointestinal digestion, including the effects of processing on their bioavailability and the kinetics of lipid digestion. Possible effects of the dairy matrix on lipid digestion and physiological responses are briefly described.     

牛乳和双峰驼乳中乳脂球膜蛋白的差异分析

为阐明双峰驼乳中乳脂球膜蛋白（milk fat globule membrane proteins,MFGMP）的组成以及与牛乳MFGMP之间的差异,以牛乳和双峰驼乳中的MFGMP为研究对象,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、双向电泳和液相色谱-串联质谱（liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）技术对其中的高丰度蛋白质进行表征,并对双峰驼乳MFGMP提取方法进行选择。结果显示,双峰驼乳和牛乳MFGMP中含量最高的蛋白组分依次为嗜乳脂蛋白、黄嘌呤氧化还原酶/脱氢酶、乳凝集素（MFG-E8或PAS6/7）、脂肪分化相关蛋白（ADRP或PLIN2）,3 种方法分析双峰驼乳和牛乳中MFGMP中高丰度蛋白组分的结果具有一致性。基于LC-MS/MS技术对双峰驼乳的MFGMP进行鉴定,并将对鉴定出的蛋白质进行基因本体功能注释和京都基因与基因组百科全书路径分析,发现这些蛋白主要是细胞膜、线粒体、内质网膜等组分,参与的生物途径有翻译和翻译的起始、氧化还原过程、细胞内蛋白质转运、蛋白质折叠、细胞氧化还原稳态等,具有结合活性和分子催化等分子功能。