热处理对一种新型增材制造镍基高温合金显微组织与拉伸性能的影响

本文研究了不同热处理工艺对一种新型增材制造镍基高温合金ZGH451组织性能的影响。结果表明,沉积态组织主要由外延生长的微细柱晶组成,枝晶间存在γ/γ＇共晶组织,合金中元素偏析造成了枝晶干与枝晶间处γ＇相尺寸差异,分别为100 nm和250 nm。不同热处理工艺合金的组织和性能存在一定差异：随着固溶温度由1180 ℃升高到1350 ℃,合金偏析程度逐渐减弱,直至1350 ℃发现初熔组织;随着一级时效温度由1050 ℃升高到1150 ℃,γ＇相的尺寸逐渐增大,形状由球状等不规则形状转变为立方状。综上,优化出适用于该合金的热处理工艺（HT2）,与沉积态合金相比,完全热处理后合金的晶粒尺寸明显增大,且消除了合金的偏析及γ/γ＇共晶,在1000 ℃拉伸变形过程中γ/γ＇界面形成致密的位错网,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为520 MPa和269 MPa,延伸率为11%。     

Phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of as-cast Ni-based superalloy during heat treatment

The phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of an as-cast Ni-based alloy, IN617B alloy, after solution heat treatment and long-term aging treatment were investigated. Ti(C,N), M₆C and M₂₃C₆ are the primary precipitates in as-cast microstructure. After solution heat treatment, most of carbides dissolve into the matrix except a few fine Ti(C,N) within grains. During long-term aging at 700 °C, the phase precipitation behaviors of the alloy are characterized as follows: (1) M₂₃C₆ carbides at grain boundaries (GBs) transform from film-like shape to cellular shape and gradually coarsen due to the decrease of the surface energy and element aggregation to GBs; (2) M₂₃C₆ carbides within grains have a bar-like morphology with a preferential growth direction [110] and have a cube-on-cube coherent orientation relationship with the matrix γ; (3) γ′ particles inhibit the coarsening of M₂₃C₆ within grains by constraining the diffusion of formation elements. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the alloy obviously increases, but the ductility significantly decreases after the aging for 5000 h. The alloy has a relatively stable microstructure which guarantees the excellent tensile properties during long-term aging.     

Effect of cooling rate on microstructure and tensile properties of powder metallurgy Ni-based superalloy

The effects of size distribution, morphology and volume fraction of γ′ phase and grain size on tensile properties of powder processed Ni-based superalloy were investigated by using two different quenching methods. Oil quenching and air cooling were adopted with cooling rate of 183 °C/s and 4–15 °C/s, respectively. The experimental results show that the average size of the secondary γ′ after oil quenching is 24.5 nm compared with 49.8 nm under air cooling, and corresponding volume fractions of γ′ are 29% and 34%, respectively. Meanwhile, the average grain size remains nearly equivalent from both oil-quenching and air-cooling specimens. The tensile strength at room temperature is higher for the oil-quenched specimen than the equivalent from the air-cooled specimen, but the difference approaches each other as the temperature increases to 650 °C. The fractography clearly demonstrates that transgranular fracture governs the failure process at ambient temperature, in contrast to the intergranular fracture at 650 °C or even higher temperature. These two mechanical responses indicate the strengthening effects of γ′ precipitates and grain boundary for polycrystalline Ni-based superalloys at different temperatures.     

Effect of Zr on solidification and microstructure of a Ni-based superalloy with high Al and Ti contents

The total content of Al and Ti in advanced Ni-based wrought superalloys is up to 7.5wt.%,which makes it easier to form harmful nonequilibrium eutectic(γ+γ′)andηphase.It has been reported that the addition of certain amount of Zr can modify precipitation of the nonequilibrium phases obviously,but the mechanism is still controversial.The effect of Zr ranging from<0.0006wt.%to 0.150wt.%on solidification behavior,segregation and microstructure of a Ni-based superalloy with high Al and Ti contents was investigated,eliminating the interferences of C and B.Results show that increase in Zr content significantly promotes the formation of eutectic(γ+γ′),ηand Zr-rich phase in the interdendritic region.Besides the Zr-rich phase,Zr dissolves slightly in the eutecticγ′and obviously in theηphase.An interesting phenomenon is discovered that the Zr addition significantly increases the area fraction of liquid pools and enlarges the forming range ofγdendrites,which suggests that Zr markedly retards the solidification.Zr affects the eutectic(γ+γ′)andηformation mainly due to the retard of solidification and dissolution of Zr in them.The retard of solidification obviously increases the residual liquid fraction and undercooling.Zr can serve as a forming element for the eutectic(γ+γ′)andηphase,and the obvious dissolution of Zr inηphase significantly decreases the critical concentration of Ti for its precipitation.     

Room temperature tensile deformation behavior of a Ni-based superalloy with high W content

K416B Ni-based superalloy with high W content has good high temperature properties and low cost, which has a great development potential. To investigate the room temperature tensile property and the deformation feature of K416B superalloy, tensile testing at room temperature was carried out, and optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the deformation and damage mechanisms. Results show that the main room temperature tensile deformation features of the K416B nickel-based superalloy are dislocations slipping in the matrix and shearing into γ′ phase. The <110> super-dislocations shearing into γ′ phase can form the anti-phase boundary two coupled (a/2)<110> partial-dislocations or decompose into the configuration of two (a/3)<112> partial dislocations plus stacking fault. In the later stage of tensile testing, the slip-lines with different orientations are activated in the grain, causing the stress concentration in the regions of block carbide or the porosity, and cracks initiate and propagate along these regions.

     

激光增材制造GH3625高温合金激光焊接头组织及力学性能

对激光增材制造GH3625高温合金进行激光对接焊实验,分析了焊接接头的显微组织演变规律和力学性能。结果表明,在热影响区,仅在上层晶界处析出大量Laves相,导致晶界发生明显粗化。沿焊缝上层至下层,熔合区和中间区由上层的胞状晶、柱状晶和等轴细晶逐渐转变为下层的柱状晶,且紧贴熔合线生长的等轴细晶的数量逐渐增多,中心区均为树枝晶。细小颗粒状γ′相弥散分布于焊缝;大量Laves相在中间区枝晶间析出,且形态由上层的条状逐渐转变为下层的颗粒状。接头抗拉强度为872MPa,达到母材抗拉强度的98.2%,伸长率达到母材的90.7%。接头断面近似呈45°斜面,断裂形式为脆性和韧性混合断裂方式。     

中温形变热处理对新型镍基高温合金组织和力学行为的影响

本文采用EBSD、SEM和准静态室温单轴拉伸试验研究了不同中温形变热处理工艺与新型镍基高温合金微观组织和室温力学性能之间的关系。研究表明,新型镍基高温合金经中温形变热处理后可明显提高退火孪晶的长度分数,最高可达40.6%。退火孪晶的形成主要以晶粒的“生长意外”机制为主。同时,相比于固溶+双级时效处理试样的力学性能(σ_y=1018 MPa,ε_f=17.44%),合金在750 ℃轧制变形30%后在1120 ℃退火30 min并经双级时效处理,其σ_y可提高499 MPa,为1517 MPa,而其ε_f仅降低了4.69%。在750 ℃轧制变形50%后在1120 ℃退火30 min并经双级时效处理,其σ_y可提高352 MPa,为1370 MPa,而其ε_f基本保持不变。这种强度的升高主要归因于晶粒细化和退火孪晶的共同作用,这为高性能镍基高温合金提供一种新的强化策略。     

低层错能镍基单晶高温合金压缩行为和变形组织的温度相关性（英文）

在室温至1000℃的范围内,研究温度对一种低层错能镍基单晶高温合金压缩行为和变形组织的影响。研究结果表明,压缩行为和变形组织均表现出温度相关性。室温下该合金具有较高屈服强度,600℃时屈服强度有所下降;随后,随着温度的升高,屈服强度持续增加,并在800℃时达到最大值;在800℃以上时,屈服强度迅速降低。通过透射电子显微镜观察揭示合金变形机制。位错缠结和位错对塞积是室温下屈服强度较高的主要原因。在600℃时,变形机制从反相畴界切割向堆垛层错切割转变,这导致屈服强度略有下降。在800℃时,变形机制以堆垛层错切割为主,而Lomer-Cottrell锁和不同方向堆垛层错之间的反应导致最大的屈服强度。在900℃及以上时,虽然仍存在一些层错,但主要变形机制为位错绕过机制。最后,讨论变形机制和压缩行为的温度依赖性。     

热处理对激光增材制造IN718合金组织及析出相演变的影响

研究了经过固溶+双时效(SA)、均匀化+双时效(HA)、均匀化+固溶+双时效(HSA)3种热处理后IN718合金的微观组织、析出相的演变。结果表明,沉积态试样中的显微组织为柱状晶结构,并贯穿多个沉积层;经过SA热处理后开始发生再结晶;经HA和HSA热处理后再结晶程度显著提高。热处理能够促进沉积态中的柱状晶逐渐向等轴晶转变。沉积态试样中存在γ基体、Laves相和一些碳化物;经过SA热处理后溶解了大部分的Laves偏析相,并在晶界、晶内、枝晶间析出大量的针状δ相,还有部分碳化物残留;经过HA热处理后,Laves偏析相、δ相全部溶解,只有少量的碳化物残留;经过HSA热处理后Laves偏析相全部溶解,在晶界处析出部分δ相,还有少量的碳化物残留。沉积态试样中没有γ′、γ″相析出,3种热处理状态均有大量的γ′、γ″相析出。     

热处理对电弧增材制造Inconel 625合金显微组织和力学性能的影响（英文）

研究电弧增材制造Inconel 625合金热处理前后的显微组织和力学性能。未热处理样品的显微组织中形成枝晶镍基固溶体相、(Nb,Ti)C碳化物、Laves相和δ-Ni₃Nb二次相。固溶热处理导致Laves和Ni₃Nb相的溶解。此外,枝晶被大柱状晶取代。时效热处理导致晶界M₂₃C₆碳化物和纳米γ’’晶的析出。未经热处理试样的硬度、屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率与铸态合金的接近,其断裂为穿晶韧性断裂。固溶热处理能提高合金的硬度和屈服强度,降低伸长率,但对抗拉强度影响不大。此外,时效热处理导致拉伸性能变差,断裂模式转变为穿晶韧性断裂和沿晶脆性断裂的混合模式。     

一种镍基粉末高温合金的静态再结晶行为

用EBSD和SEM等技术手段研究了热变形后的某种新型镍基粉末高温合金在不同温度下的静态再结晶行为。结果表明,镍基高温合金的静态再结晶开始温度在900℃以上,合金的显微硬度显著下降;而在组织中存在的γ’相和碳化物颗粒抑制再结晶晶粒的长大,在1100℃再结晶退火后合金的平均晶粒尺寸在约5μm。     

Geometric distortion-compensation via transient numerical simulation for directed energy deposition additive manufacturing

ABSTRACT

Components distort during directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM) due to the repeated localised heating. Changing the geometry in such a way that distortion causes it to assume the desired shape – a technique called distortion-compensation – is a promising method to reach geometrically accurate parts. Transient numerical simulation can be used to generate the compensated geometries and severely reduce the amount of necessary experimental trials. This publication demonstrates the simulation-based generation of a distortion-compensated DED build for an industrial-scale component. A transient thermo-mechanical approach is extended for large parts and the accuracy is demonstrated against 3d-scans. The calculated distortions are inverted to derive the compensated geometry and the distortions after a single compensation iteration are reduced by over 65%.     

Zr对一种高Al+Ti镍基高温合金均匀化过程组织演变的影响

采用真空感应炉制备了一种高Al+Ti含量镍基变形高温合金铸锭,然后将其重熔成三种Zr含量的铸锭。观察了这些铸锭的显微组织并对其进行了均匀化处理,重点研究了Zr对这类合金均匀化后显微组织演变的影响。结果表明,Zr对铸锭原始晶粒的尺寸和形貌没有明显影响。添加Zr显著促进了非平衡(γ + γ′)共晶和富Zr相在枝晶间析出,并且增加了枝晶间区域显微孔洞的形成。经均匀化处理后,三种Zr含量铸锭中的非平衡相完全溶解,枝晶偏析明显减轻,晶粒发生了明显长大,且Zr含量越高晶粒长大的越显著。三种Zr含量铸锭中显微孔洞的尺寸和面积分数均较原始铸态的明显增加,且Zr含量越高孔洞形成越多。Zr增加铸态合金中孔洞形成主要与Zr向剩余液相中的富集阻碍合金凝固有关。Zr促进均匀化过程中晶粒长大和孔洞形成的主要原因是,较多(γ + γ′)共晶和富Zr相的析出加剧了溶质元素间的相互扩散。     

超瞬态凝固增材制造梯度整体涡轮叶盘用高温合金粉末特性研究I：盘体用合金粉末

本文针对超瞬态凝固增材制造梯度整体涡轮叶盘用高温合金粉末特性开展研究。根据合金的承温能力和JMatPro相平衡计算结果,分别选用GH4169和K418作为盘体心部和轮盘边缘部位材料,DZ4125作为叶片材料。采用真空感应熔炼氩气雾化制粉(VIGA)制备高温合金粉末,筛分至53-105μm粒度范围,采用差示扫描量热分析（DSC）、场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）、电子探针（EPMA）、激光粒度仪、动态图像粒度粒形分析仪以及综合粉体性能测试仪对高温合金粉末的相变温度、显微组织、元素偏析行为、粒度、粒形、松装密度、振实密度和流动性进行了系统表征。结果表明：K418合金固液温度范围比G4169合金窄,K418合金的γ′和MC碳化物的开始析出温度均比GH4169高,过渡区(GH4169+K418)混合成分合金主要强化相的析出温度介于GH4169和K418两种合金之间。GH4169和K418合金粉末形貌主要为球形和近球形。表面和截面显微组织主要呈树枝晶结构,所含元素中偏析倾向较强的元素有Ti、Nb、Zr和Mo,均富集分布于枝晶间,而偏析倾向弱的元素包括Ni、Cr、Fe和Al,高温合金粉末元素偏析类型与铸造镍基高温合金相近,但粉末组织更为细小均匀。激光衍射和动态图像分析法测得的粉末粒度值接近,GH4169的D50分别为79.1μm和76.2μm,K418的D50分别为67.8μm和65.6μm。动态图像法测得2种合金均具有较好的球形度,GH4169和K418的SPHT均值分别为0.91和0.90。所选GH4169和K418高温合金粉末具有相近的松装密度、振实密度和流动性,其松装和振实密度分别达到合金理论密度的50%和60%,压缩度在13.3~15.5%范围,粉末具有较好的流动性（18.5~20.4 s?(50 g)-1）。     

增材制造高温合金组织及缺陷研究进展

增材制造作为一种先进的数字化制造技术,广泛应用于高温合金制备研究中。介绍了增材制造高温合金的微观组织基础上,梳理增材制造过程中的气孔种类及特征,回顾了裂纹种类及开裂倾向性模型的发展过程,综述数值模拟技术在增材制造高温合金性能优化的应用,并对增材制造高温合金的研究和发展进行了展望。     

激光熔丝增材制造监测与控制系统研究现状

激光熔丝增材制造作为一种定向能量沉积技术,具有很好的发展前景。文中对国内外激光熔丝增材制造监测与控制系统进行归纳概述。现阶段,国内外激光熔丝增材制造常见的监测系统包括结构光扫描系统、红外测温成像系统等,实时监测沉积层高度、熔池状态;常见的控制系统为以闭环控制策略为主的在线反馈送丝速率控制系统、在线反馈激光功率控制系统等,在线监测系统与控制系统协同作用,能够显著优化增材制造工艺、提高成形质量。介绍了包括三维超声波扫描技术、电磁振动监测技术在内的新兴激光熔丝增材制造监测技术。结合激光熔丝增材制造技术的工艺难题对下一代监测与控制系统进行展望。国内外对沉积层高度和宽度、熔池尺寸和温度等监测对象已有较为充分的研究和试验验证,但在沉积过程中,由于激光的高能量密度会造成高温度梯度,因此对沉积过程在线高精度、高质量监测与控制技术的研究变得至关重要。创新点： 激光熔丝增材制造成形精度要求高,同时国内外对该技术的相关工艺、成形原位控制的研究处于起步阶段,对沉积层、熔池偏差的实时监测与控制进行深入研究具有重要意义。     

Design for Ti-Al-V-Mo-Nb alloys for laser additive manufacturing based on a cluster model and on their microstructure and properties

In this study, α+β Ti-Al-V-Mo-Nb alloys with the addition of multiple elements that are suitable for laser additive manufacturing (LAM) were designed according to a Ti-6Al-4V cluster formula. This formula can be expressed as 12[Al-Ti₁₂](AlTi₂)+5[Al-Ti₁₄]((Mo, V, Nb)₂Ti), in which Mo and Nb were added into the alloys partially instead of V to give alloys with nominal compositions of Ti-6.01Al-3.13V-1.43Nb, Ti-5.97Al-2.33V-2.93Mo, and Ti-5.97Al-2.33V-2.20Mo-0.71Nb (wt.%). The microstructures and mechanical properties of the as-deposited and heat-treated samples prepared via LAM were examined. The sizes of the β columnar grains and α laths in the Nb-containing samples are found to be larger than those of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, whereas Mo- or Mo/Nb-added alloys contain finer grains. It indicates that Nb gives rise to coarsened β columnar grains and α laths, while Mo significantly refines them. Furthermore, the single addition of Nb improves the elongation, whereas the single addition of Mo enhances the strength of the alloys. The simultaneous addition of Mo/Nb significantly improves the comprehensive mechanical properties of the alloys, leading to the best properties with an ultimate tensile strength of 1,070 MPa, a yield strength of 1,004 MPa, an elongation of 9%, and micro-hardness of 355 HV. The fracture modes of all the alloys are ductile-brittle mixed fracture.     

中温轧制对新型镍基高温合金微观组织和高温力学性能的影响

本文采用EBSD、SEM、TEM和准静态高温拉伸试验研究了中温轧制变形量对新型镍基高温合金微观组织和高温(760 ℃)力学性能的影响。结果表明,中温轧制变形量对合金高温力学性能影响显著,相比于标准热处理(固溶处理+双级时效)合金试样的高温力学性能(σ_y=860 MPa,σ_uts=973 MPa和ε_f=3.5%),当中温轧制变形量为10%时,合金的σ_y提高了230 MPa,σ_uts提高了166 MPa,ε_f变化不明显,为4.1%;而当中温轧制变形量为80%时,合金的σ_y提高了190 MPa,σ_uts提高了165 MPa,ε_f大幅度增加,为22.5%,实现了合金高温强塑性匹配。760 ℃时合金强度和延伸率的提升是由于变形机制发生改变,随着变形量的增加,合金的主要变形机制由层错剪切向微孪生转变,微孪晶的形成既保证了合金的高温强度,又有利于延伸率的提高。     

Development of microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ni-base single-crystal superalloy by hot-isostatic pressing

Effects of the hot-isostatic pressing (HIP) process on microstructures and mechanical properties of Ni-base single crystal superalloy CMSX-4 were investigated. In the overall heat treatment process, the HIP treatment remarkably induced the healing behavior of micropores and decreased the pore size and porosity of superalloy CMSX-4 compared with normally treated specimens. The microstructure of γ′ phase after the HIP process showed rather a coarsening tendency and could be developed by the partially solution and aging treatment. Consequently, the elimination of cast micropores using the HIP step resulted in the inhibition of crack initiation in microstructure and improved the stress-rupture lives of Ni-base single crystal superalloy by 185%.