传统发酵食品中乳酸菌生态演替研究进展

传统发酵食品具有微生物多样性和多变性的生态学特征,微生态学研究可揭示发酵过程中微生物的丰度和均匀度及其演变规律,探究微生物与食品基质和环境之间,微生物与微生物之间相互作用关系。该文对韩国泡菜、酵头、发酵香肠和开菲尔乳等传统乳酸发酵食品中乳酸菌的发生、发展与演替过程进行分析,阐明在传统发酵食品中乳酸菌种群生态演替过程,同时介绍了用于食品微生态学研究的技术方法,为我国传统食品研究提供借鉴与参考,旨在提高我国传统发酵食品研究水平。     

生产菌种及环境微生物与腐乳品质关系研究进展

腐乳作为一种传统发酵食品,其中微生物对其品质起着决定性作用。腐乳的生产模式为开放式,因此除了发酵菌种以外,来自环境及原材料中的各种微生物都有可能侵入,进而形成复杂的微生物群落。该文归纳了我国各地腐乳生产人工接种常用菌种,并对其生长特征、与腐乳品质关系进行总结;此外,全面阐述了腐乳在生产过程中侵入的非人工接种微生物,并详细介绍了其中霉菌、酵母、芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌等微生物的研究及其对腐乳品质的积极和消极影响,旨在为腐乳及其相关发酵食品中的微生物研究提供参考,并为后续腐乳多菌种混合发酵奠定基础。     

食品微生物对花色苷呈色的影响

随着科技的进步和人们生活水平的提高,发酵食品越来越受到人们的青睐。发酵不仅可以改善食品的风味和质地,而且赋予了食品新的营养功能,提高了农作物的附加值。然而,发酵过程中产品色泽的改变和衰减现象十分明显,特别是富含花色苷的原料。花色苷的降解、微生物对花色苷的吸附、代谢产物与花色苷的相互作用都会影响产品色泽的呈现。本文综述了近年来发酵食品产业中常用的微生物菌种(如酵母菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌和霉菌)对花色苷稳定性以及产品色泽和功能品质的影响,并对微生物以及代谢产物与花色苷降解、衍生物的生成关系进行分析,以期改善发酵食品的色泽和功能品质,为扩大花色苷在食品加工中的应用提供理论参考。     

PCRDGGE技术分析混菌发酵乳中马克斯克鲁维酵母与乳酸菌的相互作用

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)技术,对混菌发酵及贮藏过程中马克斯克鲁维酵母与乳酸菌之间的相互作用进行分析,进而对整个过程中微生物优势菌群及其稳定性进行跟踪监测。结果表明:混菌发酵及贮藏过程中微生物组成比较稳定,优势菌为嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus,ST);发酵过程中,马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)的添加对乳酸菌生长起到促进作用,尤其是对保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus,LB)效果显著,贮藏期间该作用转变为抑制;整个过程乳酸菌的存在对酵母菌的生长具有一定的抑制作用。该研究可为深入探讨乳酸菌与酵母菌共同发酵机理及新型发酵乳制品的开发提供理论基础。     

发酵乳中乳酸菌菌株间互作机制及其对产品特性影响的研究进展

乳酸菌作为食品、农业和医药领域重要的微生物资源，具有良好的发展前景。但经过长期的生产实践发现，某些重要的生化反应过程仅靠单种微生物很难实现，需两种或两种以上微生物共同培养来完成，即混合培养。本文简述了发酵乳中不同乳酸菌菌株间的相互作用机制以及乳酸菌混合培养对发酵乳制品感官特性、营养特性等产品特性的影响。了解发酵乳中乳酸菌菌群间的相互作用方式及机制有利于提高产品底物转化率、改善工艺性能等，为乳酸菌共培养在产量调控、产品功能化和资源利用等方面提供一定理论参考。     

传统发酵食品中的微生物及其代谢作用

传统发酵食品体系是功能性食品微生物的重要来源。多样的微生物构成了发酵食品的复杂微生态环境,其代谢作用与发酵制品的品质和风味密切相关,许多功能性微生物也赋予了发酵制品特殊的活性。但与此同时,微生物代谢的过程中也伴随有害物质的产生,传统发酵食品的安全问题也成了人们的关注焦点。因此,探究发酵食品中微生物的群落组成和代谢作用对发酵食品的质量控制和新功能的发掘都具有重要意义。随着分子生物学技术的发展,传统发酵食品微生物的群落组成逐步得到解析,微生物在发酵环境中的作用也越来越多地被研究。本文对大豆发酵食品、食醋、发酵酒类、普洱茶、红曲等传统发酵食品中的微生物及其代谢作用进行了综述,并对发酵食品中功能性微生物的研究方向进行了展望。     

传统发酵食品中乳酸菌与酵母菌互作机制研究进展

传统发酵食品历史悠久、风味独特并具有一定地域特色，深受当地居民喜爱，但在进一步推广中却面临产品质量不稳定、缺乏安全保障等问题。乳酸菌和酵母菌广泛存在于各类传统发酵食品中，并在发酵过程中起重要作用，因此，解析二者间的互作机制能为传统发酵食品发展提供理论支撑。目前已发现乳酸菌和酵母菌的互作机制可分为代谢产物互补、影响细胞生长、群体感应现象3大类。该文综述了乳酸菌与酵母菌混菌发酵两者间相互作用的研究方法及作用机制，以期为传统发酵食品工业化发展提供一定思路。     

传统发酵过程微生物互作研究进展

在传统发酵过程中,丰富的营养物质、开放的发酵环境和历史传承的发酵工艺促成丰富多样且相对稳定的微生物群落发酵体系。这些微生物的生长繁殖和相互作用控制发酵过程,同时产生丰富的营养成分和独特的风味物质,是传统发酵精髓所在。这些微生物相互作用类型丰富,包括真菌与真菌、真菌与细菌、细菌与细菌之间的互利共生、偏利共生和相互竞争等。近些年来,随着高通量DNA测序技术和组学分析技术的广泛应用,对传统发酵过程的微生物相互作用的认识得到进一步加强。本文从不同传统发酵食品入手,总结了传统发酵过程中的微生物群落结构及其相互作用,着重阐述典型性微生物相互作用中的分子机制,有助于研究和认识发酵过程中微生物相互作用方式及其机理。     

黄酒微生物及其与风味形成关系的研究进展

黄酒是我国传统发酵食品,在其风味物质形成过程中,微生物起到了非常重要的作用。本研究综合分析了黄酒原料处理、麦曲、酒药以及酿造过程等方面对微生物群落结构,并探讨了微生物群落结构与黄酒风味形成的关系。其中,浸米过程中的微生物主要以乳酸菌为主,麦曲主要以霉菌为主,酒药主要以酵母菌为主。而在整个黄酒酿造过程中霉菌先减少后增多,并在后酵过程起到产酶糖化的作用;酵母先增加后减少,并在前主酵过程中起到产酒精增强黄酒风味的作用;细菌尤其是乳酸菌在浸米及酿造过程中起到降解大分子物质的作用从而促进黄酒呈香呈味,且对有机酸的产生即黄酒酸味起到积极作用,而其余各种细菌在黄酒不同的酿造阶段相互作用并对黄酒的风味起到积极作用。根据目前的研究现状,提出可利用多组学技术分析黄酒中主要产香微生物并通过后续的高通量筛选应用到黄酒发酵生产中,优化黄酒风味的形成过程。     

发酵食品中的微生物及代谢作用

正发酵食品是在微生物作用下制得的一类食品,通过发酵制得的食品,其品质和风味都非常独特,自古以来深受我国人民喜爱。本文分析几类生活中常见的发酵食品的微生物及其代谢作用,并提出了发酵改良技术。发酵食品和发酵工艺在我国有着悠久历史,常见的发酵食品有发酵乳制品、豆制品、酒类产品、食醋和面包等。传统的发酵食品,其发酵体系是由一种或多种微生物构成的,在传统发酵工艺中,参与代谢的微生物在各自原产地统一富集,共同组成完整     

Lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented Chinese foods

Food fermentation is a widely practiced and ancient technology in China. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are involved in many fermentation processes of Chinese traditional foods, demonstrating their profound effects on improving food quality and food safety. This review article outlines the main types of LAB fermentation as well as their typical fermented foods such as koumiss, suan-tsai, stinky tofu and Chinese sausage. The roles of LAB and the reasons for their common presence are also discussed.     

乳酸菌耐盐分子机制研究进展

乳酸菌广泛应用于食品和发酵行业。在酱油、熏肉、泡菜等发酵食品的生产过程中,乳酸菌的生长常受到 高盐浓度的影响。盐胁迫引起的渗透压变化会引起乳酸菌细胞结构损伤,导致细胞生理代谢活动紊乱甚至死亡。因 此,乳酸菌在盐胁迫条件下生存、生长和代谢的能力在食品发酵过程中是非常重要的。本文就乳酸菌的耐盐机制进 行阐释,以期为乳酸菌科学研究及食品发酵工业应用提供参考。     

海藻乳酸菌发酵的研究进展

海藻是一类重要的海洋资源,富含大量营养元素如蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质,以及多糖、酚类等生物活性物质。由于海藻营养价值极高,利用乳酸菌发酵海藻促进生物活性化合物的产生和释放,具有良好的健康效益。因此,本文根据国内外近年来利用乳酸菌发酵海藻的相关研究报道,对乳酸菌发酵类型、乳酸菌发酵海藻的可行性和乳酸菌主要种类、以及乳酸菌在海藻发酵中的效果和作用进行阐述,同时综述了乳酸菌发酵海藻在食品行业中的开发应用现状,并对今后发展趋势和前景进行展望,为藻类乳酸菌发酵制品的开发提供一定参考。     

Lactic acid fermentation as a tool for increasing the folate content of foods

Folate is an essential micronutrient involved in numerous vital biological reactions. The dietary consumption of naturally occurring vitamin B9 is often inadequate in many countries, and supplementation or fortification programs (using synthetic folic acid) are implemented to alleviate folate deficiency. Other food-based alternatives are possible, such as the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to synthesize folate during fermentation. Many studies have been conducted on this topic, and promising results were reported for some fermented dairy products. However, in other studies, folate consumption by LAB or rather low folate production were observed, resulting in fermented foods that may not significantly contribute to the recommended B9 intake. In addition, the optimum conditions for folate biosynthesis by LAB are still not clear. The aim of this review was thus to (i) clarify the ability of LAB to produce folate in food products, (ii) check if the production of folate by LAB in various fermented foods is sufficient to meet human vitamin B9 requirements and (iii) suggest ways to optimize folate production by LAB in fermented food products.     

Fermented Milks and Milk Products as Functional Foods—A Review

Fermented foods and beverages possess various nutritional and therapeutic properties. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play a major role in determining the positive health effects of fermented milks and related products. The L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria spp are known for their use in probiotic dairy foods. Cultured products sold with any claim of health benefits should meet the criteria of suggested minimum number of more than 10⁶ cfu/g at the time of consumption. Yoghurt is redefined as a probiotic carrier food. Several food powders like yoghurt powder and curd (dahi) powder are manufactured taking into consideration the number of organisms surviving in the product after drying. Such foods, beverages and powders are highly acceptable to consumers because of their flavor and aroma and high nutritive value. Antitumor activity is associated with the cell wall of starter bacteria and so the activity remains even after drying. Other health benefits of fermented milks include prevention of gastrointestinal infections, reduction of serum cholesterol levels and antimutagenic activity. The fermented products are recommended for consumption by lactose intolerant individuals and patients suffering from atherosclerosis. The formulation of fermented dietetic preparations and special products is an expanding research area. The health benefits, the technology of production of fermented milks and the kinetics of lactic acid fermentation in dairy products are reviewed here.     

植物基食品乳酸菌发酵技术研究进展

植物基食品泛指用植物来源的原料制成的食品。进入大健康时代,植物基食品具有较大的增长空间。乳酸菌发酵技术在多元化的植物基食品开发方面具有明显潜力,可实现植物基食品风味口感和营养健康功效的多元化。因此,植物基乳酸菌发酵食品产业面临良好的发展机遇。作者对国内外植物基乳酸菌发酵食品的类型、相关基础理论和关键技术研究以及产业化现状等进行了综述,并分别从基础理论、关键技术、产品开发等方面简要讨论了植物基乳酸菌发酵食品产业未来发展趋势,旨在为新型植物基乳酸菌发酵食品研发提供参考。     

A review on selection of fermentative microorganisms for functional foods and beverages: the production and future perspectives

Fermentation has been employed as a traditional means of improving the shelf life and nutritional contents of foods, thus making fermented foods and beverages functional and therapeutic. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plays a major role in determining the health benefits of fermented milk and related products. This review takes into cognizance numerous investigations reporting certain microbial strains and mixes to contribute safety, quality, stability, health and organoleptic properties to fermented foods, due to increased consumers’ awareness of food products with health claims. A look was taken at selection criteria for the ideal fermentative microbial species and strains, their usefulness and prospective ‘OMICS‘-based approaches to elucidating fermentative complex communities in relation to their effects on fermented food products. Moreover, recommendations were given for improved fermentation of beverages and functional foods. It is projected that fermented foods and beverages will continually be a paramount in the global food and emerging functional food market.     

发酵类食品中微生物鉴定方法及功能研究进展

发酵类食品是主要通过直接接种微生物而产生特殊风味或者将食物浸入含有微生物的臭卤水中,从而获得特殊食品风味的中国传统食品。其中,采用含有微生物的卤水进行发酵是常见的发酵方式。因此,微生物在该类食品中一直扮演着一种非常重要的角色,具有较高的研究价值。本文阐述了发酵类型的食品所需要的卤水中微生物的鉴定常用方法,以及卤水微生物与风味成分的产生之间的关系,同时论述了卤水中微生物在各种发酵食品制作过程中所起到的功能特性,包括提高豆制品的营养价值、延长保质期、去除有害成分等问题,并提出了较为可行的新型发酵类食品卤水改进方向,为进一步开发理想的食品微生物发酵剂,控制有害物质的残留、拓展相关有益微生物资源的研究提供较为明确的指导方向。     

A Traditional Turkish Fermented Cereal Food: Tarhana

Tarhana has a long history. According to historical records, it was first produced by Turkish people in Middle Asia and afterwards it spread out to different parts of the world. It is a fermented cereal-based food and can be simply defined as a mixture of yoghurt, cereal flours, yeast, different vegetables, herbs, and spices. After the mixing process, tarhana dough is fermented for 1 to 5 days and immediately dried. Both lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast fermentations occur simultaneously during tarhana production. Therefore, tarhana has sour and acidic taste with yeast flavour as well. It is sun-dried at the home-made level or oven-dried of the commercial level. Several types of tarhana can be classified depending upon processing method or raw materials used. Low moisture (6–10%), low pH (3.5–5.0), and components (organic acids, bacteriosin, etc.) formed in fermentation have bacteriostatic effect on pathogens and spoilage microorganisms during long term storage (1–2 years) and enhance shelf life. Since tarhana is a good source of B vitamins, minerals, organic acids, and free amino acids, and since it is a product of LAB and yeast fermentation, it may be considered a functional and probiotic food.     

Production of Bioactive Peptides from Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Sustainable Approach for Healthier Foods

Traditional fermented foods where lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are present have been associated with beneficial effects on human health, and some of those benefits are related to protein‐derived products. Peptides produced by LAB have attracted the interest of food industries because of their diverse applications. These peptides include ribosomally produced (bacteriocins) and protein hydrolysates by‐products (bioactive peptides), which can participate as natural preservatives and nutraceuticals, respectively. It is essential to understand the biochemical pathways and the effect of growth conditions for the production of bioactive peptides and bacteriocins by LAB, in order to suggest strategies for optimization. LAB is an important food‐grade expression system that can be used in the simultaneous production of peptide‐based products for the food, animal, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This review describes the multifunctional proteinaceous compounds generated by LAB metabolism and discusses a strategy to use a single‐step production process, using an alternative protein‐based media. This strategy will provide economic advantages in fermentation processes and will also provide an environmental alternative to industrial waste valorization. New technologies that can be used to improve production and bioactivity of LAB‐derived peptides are also analyzed.