酒酒球菌胁迫适应性机制的研究进展

酒酒球菌是使苹果酸乳酸发酵(MLF)能够顺利进行的重要启动者,也是耐受性最强的乳酸菌。概述了酒体温度、乙醇浓度和pH值对酒酒球菌的影响及菌体的胁迫适应性机制的研究进展,并提出目前研究存在的问题及展望。这对更好的了解酒酒球菌的特性具有重要意义。     

酒类酒球菌SD-2a营养需求的研究

以西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院优选酒类酒球菌SD-2a为菌种，对其苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中所需的营养物质及其最佳比例进行了研究。结果表明，酒类酒球菌SD-2a所需的营养物质及其最佳配比为番茄汁30％，异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、天门冬氨酸各0．03g/L，精氨酸、脯氨酸、色氨酸、盐酸半胱氨酸各0．01g／L，硫酸镁0．2g/L、硫酸锰0．05g/L。     

酒酒球菌基因功能研究方法进展

酒酒球菌(Oenococcus oeni)是葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵(Malolactic fermentation,MLF)的主要启动者与承担者,在葡萄酒酿造工业中具有重要地位。葡萄酒生境中的高酸度、高酒精度、低温等胁迫环境的存在,使得MLF的启动常常发生延迟甚至失败,因此,需要明确在酒酒球菌中发挥胁迫应答功能的关键基因及其作用机制。研究者利用组学技术发掘出大量与酒酒球菌特定表型或功能相关的基因,但相关研究进展缓慢,亟需确证这些基因与表型或功能的确切关系及其作用机制,为代谢调控或定向菌种改造增加MLF启动稳定性提供理论与技术支撑。文章归纳了组学技术和基因工程技术在酒酒球菌和植物乳杆菌中的应用进展,以期让研究者更加关注基因工程技术在酒酒球菌基因功能及其他相关的研究中,解决酒酒球菌基因功能研究的难题。     

酒酒球菌在青梅汁中的生长及苹果酸乳酸发酵特性的研究

以青梅汁为原料,利用酒酒球菌的苹果酸-乳酸发酵(MLF)对青梅汁进行生物降酸的研究。结果表明:接种量为2.0×108CFU/mL,青梅汁的pH≥3.4时,MLF能正常进行,并使样品的酸度降低61.35%以上;接种量为2.6×107CFU/mL时,青梅汁的pH为3.6才能触发MLF,样品的酸度降低了77.60%;接种量为2.3×108CFU/mL,在pH3.6和4.0的青梅汁中,添加1.0g/100g的葡萄糖的样品,与不添加葡萄糖的样品相比,其酸度分别降低了27.04%和34.63%;在柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲体系中,酒酒球菌使体系酸度降低了26.40%,证实酒酒球菌可利用柠檬酸作为碳源,进行MLF。     

酒酒球菌在青梅汁中的生长及苹果酸乳酸发酵特性的研究

以青梅汁为原料,利用酒酒球菌的苹果酸-乳酸发酵（MLF）对青梅汁进行生物降酸的研究。结果表明:接种量为2.0×108CFU/mL,青梅汁的pH≥3.4时,MLF能正常进行,并使样品的酸度降低61.35%以上;接种量为2.6×107CFU/mL时,青梅汁的pH为3.6才能触发MLF,样品的酸度降低了77.60%;接种量为2.3×108CFU/mL,在pH3.6和4.0的青梅汁中,添加1.0g/100g的葡萄糖的样品,与不添加葡萄糖的样品相比,其酸度分别降低了27.04%和34.63%;在柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲体系中,酒酒球菌使体系酸度降低了26.40%,证实酒酒球菌可利用柠檬酸作为碳源,进行MLF。      

苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程酒酒球菌碳源代谢分析研究进展

葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵(malolactic fermentation,MLF)中碳源物质的利用及其产物、副产物的形成对葡萄酒感官品质有很大影响。其中,酒酒球菌参与的葡萄糖代谢、有机酸代谢及相关产物的形成和流向对葡萄酒MLF影响重大,决定着葡萄酒的最终品质。环境条件也是影响酒酒球菌生长的重要因素。苹果酸、柠檬酸和pH值三者在一定范围内相互作用,影响酒酒球菌生长。SO2会抑制酒酒球菌细胞ATP酶活性,高含量乙醇能增加细胞膜流动性,这些都会阻碍酒酒球菌生长,而溶解氧不仅不利于酒酒球菌生长,还会使醋酸菌等有害微生物大量繁殖,乙酸、双乙酰等不良产物含量上升,使葡萄酒败坏。本文就葡萄酒MLF过程中酒酒球菌的苹果酸代谢、柠檬酸代谢、糖代谢和乳酸、乙酸、双乙酰、乙偶姻等的产生途径及影响因素进行总结。     

耐酸和酸敏感酒酒球菌突变株酸胁迫下膜脂肪酸差异分析

利用气质联用(GC)法测定了两株不同酸耐受表型酒酒球菌(Oenococcus oeni)突变株在酸胁迫及无酸胁迫条件下不同生长时期的细胞膜脂肪酸种类与含量,并对两株菌中引起膜脂肪酸差异关键基因fabF在酸压力响应中的功能进行异源验证。结果表明,pH 3.0条件下在培养3 h、36 h及108 h的酸耐受突变株b1和酸敏感突变株b2的2-己基环丙烷-1-癸酸(C_19:1)含量均显著高于pH 4.8条件下的C_19:1含量(P<0.05);培养3 h及36 h的菌株b1的2-己基-环丙烷辛酸(C_17:1)、C_19:1含量及总不饱和脂肪酸与总饱和脂肪酸比值均显著高于菌株b2(P<0.05)。此外,pH 3.0条件下培养36 h时,仅在突变株b1中检测到C_17:1;培养108 h时,菌株b1的C_17:1含量约高于菌株b2的7倍。酸胁迫条件下,过表达菌株b1、b2的fabF基因的重组植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)L1、L2的稳...     

紫外诱变法选育酒酒球菌乙醇胁迫耐受菌株及其发酵性能研究

该研究以酒酒球菌（Oenococcus oeni）SD-2a为研究对象,采用紫外诱变法选育乙醇胁迫耐受突变菌株,评价其在乙醇胁迫条件下的生长能力,并测定其产β-葡萄糖苷酶活性及其在模拟酒中苹果酸、乳酸含量及活菌数的变化。结果表明,分离筛选到3株乙醇胁迫耐受性好的突变菌株,分别编号为UVe1、UVe2、UVe3,在高体积分数乙醇（12%和14%）胁迫环境下,3株突变菌株的生长速度均显著高于出发菌株SD-2a（P＜0.05）;突变菌株UVe2的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著高于出发菌株SD-2a和对照菌株L-450（P＜0.05）;在模拟酒中,3株突变菌株的苹果酸降解与乳酸生成速度均显著高于出发菌株SD-2a（P＜0.05）,且突变菌株UVe1和UVe2的存活率显著高于出发菌株SD-2a（P＜0.05）;综上,突变菌株UVe2具有优良商业酒酒球菌的潜力。     

酒酒球菌高密度培养条件的优化

酒酒球菌（Oenococcus oeni）主导的苹果酸-乳酸（MLF）发酵是优质葡萄酒生产的重要工艺环节,制备高活菌数的酒酒球菌发酵剂是保障该环节顺利进行的重要前提之一。研究发现,一定量的L-苹果酸可以有效促进酒酒球菌的生长,并通过高密度培养条件优化提高酒酒球菌菌体密度。结果表明,通过正交试验得出的最佳高密度培养条件为初始pH值5.1、接种量3%、L-苹果酸添加量1 g/L。在此优化条件下,酒酒球菌ES-1的菌体密度较高,为（7.33±0.40）×109 CFU/mL;进一步结合化学中和法和半连续培养法,可使最终菌体密度达（1.67±0.11）×1010 CFU/mL,是对照组的11倍。该研究获得的高密度培养优化方案可为制备优质本土酒酒球菌发酵剂奠定基础。     

酒酒球菌β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与耐酸胁迫能力的相关性分析

目的:β-葡萄糖苷酶是葡萄酒中结合态香气物质释放的关键酶,但其活性受诸多因素的影响。本研究旨在从酒酒球菌自身耐酸能力的视角去分析评估菌株糖苷酶活性,探索酸胁迫下不同耐酸表型酒酒球菌与其β-葡萄糖苷酶活性之间存在的相关性关系。方法:结合利用离子注入诱变与胁迫环境筛选的方式,获得耐酸(p H 3.0)、酸敏(p H 9.0)突变酒酒球菌菌株,对其β-葡萄糖苷酶的活力进行测定,并筛选3组酸胁迫下表型差异大的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因送样测序。结果:耐酸突变酒酒球菌的β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活力是出发菌株的2~4倍,是相应酸敏突变株的2~7倍。测序结果显示,除菌株a3的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因在108位(G置换成C)和1 232(A置换成T)位处发生了突变外,其余菌株β-葡萄糖苷酶的基因均未发生改变。结论:酒酒球菌β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与菌株酸胁迫能力显著相关(P0.05)。耐酸胁迫能力越强的菌株,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性越高。     

酒类酒球菌对葡萄酒中相关物质代谢的影响

酒类酒球菌是触发葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵(malolactic fermentation,MLF)的主要乳酸菌,其代谢产物如乳酸、乙酸、双乙酰、乙偶姻、生物胺等对葡萄酒的感官品质有重要作用。本文对酒类酒球菌在葡萄酒MLF过程的代谢情况进行总结,阐述糖、有机酸、含氮物质和酚类化合物的代谢情况,以及在不同影响因素下酒类酒球菌生长和代谢途径的改变状况,已经证明pH值、SO2、乙醇体积分数、葡萄糖/果糖比等都是影响代谢的因素。随着研究的不断深入,酚类化合物在代谢中的作用也受到越来越多的关注。酚类化合物一方面通过刺激或者抑制酒类酒球菌的生长而间接影响MLF的进行;另一方面,不同的酚类物质也会影响细菌对其他酚类的代谢,从而影响葡萄酒的口感和质量。通过全面综合了解酒类酒球菌在葡萄酒中的代谢情况有助于更好地调控MLF过程。     

酒类酒球菌SD-2a高密度培养的研究

对酒类酒球菌SD-2a液体培养条件和半连续高密度培养进行了研究,研究结果表明,酒类酒球菌SD-2a的适宜培养条件为:培养温度25℃,接种量5%,pH值4.8.在培养过程中,每4 h添加一次CaCO3溶液,调整pH值至最适值.并结合优化培养条件,对酒类酒球菌SD-2a进行半连续法高密度培养,使其菌体密度达到了6.5×1010 cfu/mL,比二次培养前提高了近10倍.     

酒酒球菌（Oenococcus oeni）耐酸突变株苹果酸-乳酸发酵能力分析

目的：研究酒酒球菌（Oenococcus oeni）耐酸突变菌株的抗胁迫能力和苹果酸-乳酸发酵能力,为耐酸突变菌株开发为商业发酵剂提供参考。方法：以采用离子注入诱变,分离纯化后筛选出耐酸突变菌株b1为研究对象,酒酒球菌SX-1b和商业菌株31-DH为对照,探究单因素胁迫环境、复合因素胁迫条件及模拟酒环境对菌株b1生长能力、L-苹果酸降解速率和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响,评价菌株b1的苹果酸-乳酸发酵能力。结果：单因素试验结果显示,当pH?3.0、乙醇体积分数14%、L-苹果酸质量浓度3?g/L时,菌株b1的L-苹果酸降解速率和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性均高于其余菌株;正交试验进一步确定各因素对菌株生长能力、L-苹果酸降解速率和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响程度为：pH值＞乙醇体积分数＞L-苹果酸质量浓度;当模拟酒的乙醇体积分数为14%时,菌株b1的累积L-苹果酸降解量为1.493?2?g/L,分别为SX-1b与31-DH的1.41?倍和1.26?倍,且菌株b1的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高。结论：耐酸突变菌株b1表现出良好抗胁迫能力和苹果酸-乳酸发酵能力。因此,菌株?b1具有成为商业发酵剂的潜能。     

Malolactic Fermentation and Secondary Metabolite Production by Oenoccocus oeni Strains in Low pH Wines

Abstract: Different wine varieties, including some with low pH, were studied to determine the ability to grow and produce secondary metabolites of a previously selected autochthonous Oenococcus oeni strain (C22L9), compared with a commercial strain. Monitoring of malolactic fermentation (MLF) was carried out by microbiological and chemical analysis of wines. The concentration of some major volatile compounds and biogenic amines in wines before and after malolactic fermentation was also determined. The results showed major differences in MLF duration both between wines and strains, although the differences between strains were slight for most of the analyzed compounds. Statistically significant differences in citric acid degradation were found in all wine varieties and it was confirmed that O. oeni C22L9 is a poor degrader of citric acid; this means that MLF can be prolonged without the risk of producing high concentrations of diacetyl and acetoin. Sensory analysis of wines after MLF showed similar characteristics in wines from both strains. This study thus shows that O. oeni C22L9 possesses even better sensory and fermentation properties than the commercial strain and can be used in wines with different characteristics, which makes it highly valuable for industrial use. Practical Application: The increasingly use of grape varieties of low pH in winemaking and the higher alcohol content of wines, as a consequence of the climatic change, make interesting the study of the behavior during MLF of O. oeni strains in order to determine their ability to grow, when growth conditions are not optimal, and to produce secondary metabolites. A comparative study was conducted using an autochthonous O. oeni strain (C22L9) and a commercial O. oeni strain and 4 wine varieties.     

Inducing malolactic fermentation in Chardonnay musts and wines using different strains of Oenococcus oeni

Malolactic fermentations (MLF) were induced in a commercially prepared Washington State Chardonnay must to evaluate the influence of timing of inoculation and pre-culture conditions of Oenococcus oeni strains MCW, EQ-54, and WS-8. The must (pH 3.62, 21.5°Brix) was divided into lots and inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CY3079. Strains of O. oeni were pre-cultured by growing in diluted juice or by re-hydration of freeze-dried strains. Bacteria were inoculated into the musts before (Day 0) or after completion of the alcoholic fermentation (Day 22). Yeast populations exceeded 10⁷cfu/mL in all fermentations that proceeded to dryness. However, the viability of most strains of O. oeni quickly declined after inoculation regardless of the timing of inoculation or the strain used. MLF was induced in the wines inoculated with strains EQ-54 and WS-8 but not with MCW, and the rate depended on the time of inoculation. The method used to prepare bacterial starter cultures had no apparent influence on the completion of MLF. Values for volatile acidity were slightly higher (P< 0.05) in wines inoculated with O. oeni before alcoholic fermentation compared with those inoculated after alcoholic fermentation.     

Effects of Inhibitory Environmental Factors on Growth of Oenococcus oeni CCSYU2068 for Malolactic Fermentation of Cider Production

The effects of several inhibitory factors (sulfur dioxide, pH and ethanol) on the growth of lactic acid bacteria and the subsequent malolactic fermentation (MLF) were studied by inoculation of different culture strains of Oenococcus oeni, the major lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in cider production. After comparing their organoleptic properties, three strains of Oenococcus oeni were selected from indigenous and commercial sources and their inhibitory effects on cell growth and MLF examined. The malolactic bacteria expressed variations in tolerance to the environmental conditions of pH, sulfur and ethanol concentration. Isolated from an indigenous cider production facility, O. oeni L4 had a better capacity with constant growth even when the concentration of SO₂ was 50 ppm, ethanol 10% (v/v) and pH 3.0. O. oeni L4 showed better properties for metabolizing the major acids: malic, lactic and acetic acid. The decomposition mean rate of malic acid was as high as 228.52 mg/L per day with a low acetic acid concentration of 101.78 mg/L under the stress conditions of cider production.     

酒酒球菌（Oenococcus oeni）相关生物组学研究进展

酒酒球菌（Oenococcus oeni）是触发葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵的主要微生物,而苹果酸-乳酸发酵有利于提高葡萄酒品质,为了进一步提高酒酒球菌在葡萄酒酿造工业中的应用,通过各种生物组学方法来探究酒酒球菌的生物调节和代谢体系是必要的。本文对不同生物组学的研究手段进行汇总,并对其在酒酒球菌相关研究中的应用进行归纳和展望。