分子蒸馏脱除玉米油中3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯和缩水甘油酯效果的研究

研究了分子蒸馏法脱除玉米油中3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(GE)的效果。结果表明:蒸馏温度和进油速度是影响3-MCPDE脱除效果的显著因素;在进油速度160mL/h、刮膜速率240 r/min的条件下,玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量随着蒸馏温度的升高而降低,当蒸馏温度达到230℃时,玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量即可从2. 90 mg/kg降低到0. 82 mg/kg,脱除效率达到71. 7%;在蒸馏温度210℃、刮膜速率240 r/min的条件下,玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量随着进油速度的减缓而降低,3-MCPDE的脱除效率在15. 9%～60. 3%之间;在蒸馏温度210℃、进油速度160 mL/h的条件下,刮膜速率的改变对玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量影响不显著。在所有实验中,分子蒸馏可以使玉米油中的GE含量从4. 73 mg/kg均降至0. 5 mg/kg以下,脱除效率均超过91. 8%。     

食用油加工过程中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯 生成及脱除研究

研究了12种共计74批次市售食用油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(GE)污染情况,及脱臭条件对二者生成的影响,以及吸附剂和分子蒸馏对二者脱除的影响。结果发现,12种食用油中3-MCPDE和GE的检出率为100%,其中3-MCPDE含量范围为0. 234～12. 212mg/kg,GE含量范围为0. 196～10. 891 mg/kg,米糠油中3-MCPDE和GE含量最高,其次为棕榈液油。脱臭温度对3-MCPDE和GE的影响显著,3-MCPDE和GE大量生成的脱臭温度分别为大于220℃和大于200℃,并且随着脱臭时间的延长3-MCPDE和GE含量增加。GE可以通过活性炭、活性白土、硅胶和凹凸棒土等吸附剂吸附脱除,脱除率可达96%以上。3-MCPDE难以通过吸附剂吸附的方式脱除。分子蒸馏可同时脱除3-MCPDE和GE,蒸馏温度230℃时3-MCPDE和GE脱除率分别达到88%和94%。     

脱臭温度下油脂成分对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯形成的影响及其形成机理的推测

摘要：以甘油一酯（MAG）、1,2-甘油二酯（1,2-DAG）、1,3-甘油二酯（1,3-DAG）、甘油三酯（TAG）和四丁基氯化铵（TBAC）纯品作为前体物质,正十六烷为基质模拟化学体系,于氮气保护下240 ℃加热2 h以模拟油脂脱臭过程,考察甘油酯类型和游离脂肪酸对3-氯丙醇酯（3-MCPDE）和缩水甘油酯（GEs）形成的影响。结果表明：3-MCPDE和GEs含量与MAG、DAG含量呈正相关,而与TAG含量关系不大,其中MAG的影响最大;在MAG体系中,3-MCPDE和GEs含量与游离脂肪酸含量呈正相关,在1,2-DAG和1,3-DAG体系中,游离脂肪酸含量对3-MCPDE和GEs含量的影响较小,而在TAG体系中,游离脂肪酸含量对3-MCPDE和GEs含量基本无影响;除TAG体系外,在添加脂肪酸的MAG和DAG体系中,3-MCPDE含量远高于未添加脂肪酸的体系;在游离脂肪酸含量相同时,不同甘油酯类型的体系中3-MCPDE和GEs含量大小分别为MAG>1,2-DAG>1,3-DAG>TAG和MAG>1,3-DAG>1,2-DAG>TAG。     

煎炸方式和煎炸食材对花生煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响

以花生油为煎炸油,采用不同煎炸方式（连续煎炸32 h、间歇煎炸15 h）对不同食材（油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐）进行煎炸实验,并对煎炸过程所取油样中3-氯丙醇酯（3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters,3-MCPDE）、缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GEs）含量和极性组分（polar components,PC）质量分数进行检测,分析煎炸方式和煎炸食材对花生煎炸油中3-MCPDE和GEs含量的影响。结果表明：在32 h连续煎炸过程中,油条、薯条、豆腐、鸡翅及空白煎炸油中3-MCPDE含量由初始的0.84 mg/kg分别于煎炸12、4、12、16、8 h时达到最大值（分别为2.08、2.96、17.45、7.12、8.02 mg/kg）,之后呈现下降趋势;GEs含量从初始的2.43 mg/kg至连续煎炸32 h时分别升高至20.80、7.20、5.00、2.10、66.34 mg/kg;PC质量分数达到27%的限量时,不同食材煎炸油中3-MCPDE和GEs总量排序为：空白煎炸油（66.51 mg/kg）＞油条煎炸油（21.48 mg/kg）＞豆腐煎炸油（12.93 mg/kg）＞薯条煎炸油（8.51 mg/kg）＞鸡翅煎炸油（6.60 mg/kg）。在15 h间歇煎炸过程中,煎炸开始3 h后,油条、薯条、豆腐、鸡翅及空白煎炸油中3-MCPDE含量由最初的0.84 mg/kg分别升高至9.96、2.17、4.60、11.02、5.41 mg/kg,至15 h煎炸结束时,其含量又分别变化为3.51、1.58、12.88、11.81、3.72 mg/kg;GEs含量由最初的2.43 mg/kg分别增加至46.47、9.06、9.00、40.36、47.05 mg/kg;经15 h间歇煎炸,5 种煎炸油PC质量分数均未超标,此时3-MCPDE和GEs总量排序为：鸡翅煎炸油（52.17 mg/kg）＞空白煎炸油（50.87 mg/kg）＞油条煎炸油（49.98 mg/kg）＞豆腐煎炸油（21.88 mg/kg）＞薯条煎炸油（10.64 mg/kg）。同样的煎炸方式、不同食材煎炸油中3-MCPDE、GEs及PC 3 种组分的总相对含量增幅排序为：32 h连续煎炸时,空白煎炸油＞油条煎炸油＞薯条煎炸油＞鸡翅煎炸油＞豆腐煎炸油;15 h间歇煎炸时,鸡翅煎炸油＞油条煎炸油＞空白煎炸油＞豆腐煎炸油＞薯条煎炸油。同样的煎炸食材,煎炸时长相近（间歇煎炸15 h、连续煎炸16 h）时,连续煎炸油中3-MCPDE、GEs及PC 3 种组分总相对含量的增幅普遍低于间歇煎炸。综上,油脂煎炸过程中形成3-MCPDE和GEs的含量及其安全风险应引起高度关注。     

食用油加工过程中3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯生成的影响因素研究

本研究3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPDE)在4种常用食用油脂中的含量,及影响其生成的主要因素。分析了大豆油、菜籽油、玉米油、葵花籽油4个油品中的3-MCPDE含量,所选油脂样品中均检测出3-MCPDE,并且3-MCPDE含量由高到低的顺序为玉米油葵花籽油菜籽油大豆油。以玉米毛油为原料,考察了脱胶、脱酸、脱色、脱臭等精炼工段对3-MCPDE的影响。结果表明,3-MCPDE主要在脱臭阶段生成,并且随着脱臭温度的上升,3-MCPDE生成量上升,随着脱臭时间的延长,3-MCPDE的含量先增加后趋于平稳。考察了在脱色玉米油中添加不同量的氯和甘油二脂(DAG)2种前体物质对脱臭玉米油中3-MCPDE的影响。结果表明随着氯含量及DAG含量的增加,3-MCPDE呈现先迅速增长后趋于平稳的趋势。     

花生油制取工艺主要工段3,4-苯并(a)芘及3-氯丙醇酯的产生及脱除

花生油制取工艺中高温焙炒生香和高温脱臭易产生毒性物质,研究高温工段对花生油中3,4-苯并(a)芘(3,4-benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)含量和3-氯丙醇酯(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters,3-MCPDE)含量的影响、花生油制取工艺主要工段BaP和3-MCPDE含量变化及脱除条件。经研究证明,焙炒温度、焙炒时间、脱臭温度、脱臭时间对花生油BaP和3-MCPDE含量有显著影响。焙炒出料温度超过210℃、时间超过60 min时花生油BaP含量和3-MCPDE含量显著增加;脱臭工段高蒸汽消耗量较低蒸汽消耗量制取花生油中BaP含量显著减少;脱臭温度240℃升至250℃时,一般工厂条件下生产花生油中BaP含量和3-MCPDE含量显著增加(P0.05);脱臭时间对BaP含量有持续影响,但时间超过120 min后对3-MCPDE含量影响有限;花生油脱臭前氯含量对脱臭后油中3-MCPDE含量影响显著;活性炭用量、吸附时间、吸附温度对脱除花生油BaP和3-MCPDE有显著影响,YS-900活性炭0.5%、30 min、110℃时对两者脱除效果最佳,花生油BaP残留量为0.52μg/kg,脱除率为77.5%;对比3种吸附剂吸附3-MCPDE效果,脱除率YS-900型活性炭活性白土普通活性炭,最佳脱除率为23.5%;花生油脱色体系中,吸附剂不仅能显著降低BaP和3-MCPDE含量,对两者的形成还具有一定催化作用。     

酶法催化甘油解制备亚麻籽油甘油二酯及其氧化稳定性分析

甘油二酯（diacylglycerol,DAG）具有防止动脉硬化,抑制脂肪堆积的作用,是一种重要的功能性油脂。为提高亚麻籽油DAG产量,探究亚麻籽油DAG氧化稳定性,以甘油和亚麻籽油为原料,Lipozyme CALB脂肪酶为催化剂,在无溶剂体系中通过酶法催化甘油解反应制备DAG。通过单因素实验探究了底物物质的量比、反应温度、反应时间、初始水分添加量和酶添加量对产物中DAG质量分数的影响。并对分子蒸馏精制亚麻籽油DAG的氧化稳定性进行研究。结果表明,在甘油与亚麻籽油物质的量比为20∶1,反应时间10 h,反应温度80 ℃,初始加水量（质量分数）为0,加酶量2.0%（质量分数,以底物质量计）的条件下,DAG质量分数可达到47.13%,分子蒸馏后质量分数达到57.18%。通过添加TBHQ（0.20 g/L）作为抗氧化剂,亚麻籽油DAG氧化稳定性得到显著提升,理论货架期由37 d延长至109 d。     

天然抗氧化剂对亚麻籽甘油二酯油氧化稳定性的影响

为提高亚麻籽甘油二酯油的氧化稳定性,研究了抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、迷迭香提取物和维生素E及其组合对亚麻籽甘油二酯油的抗氧化作用。以氧化诱导时间为响应值,在单因素实验基础上,通过响应面分析确定最优的抗氧化剂组合。考察了优化的抗氧化剂组合对亚麻籽甘油二酯油高温加热时反式脂肪酸含量的影响。结果表明：相较于单一的维生素E、迷迭香提取物和抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯,三者组合能显著提高亚麻籽甘油二酯油的氧化稳定性;最优抗氧化剂组合为抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯添加量84 mg/kg、迷迭香提取物添加量405 mg/kg、维生素E添加量1 808 mg/kg,在此条件下亚麻籽甘油二酯油的氧化诱导时间为11.13 h,是空白对照的6.79倍;该抗氧化剂组合能抑制油中反式脂肪酸的生成。天然抗氧化剂绿色、安全,可有效提高亚麻籽甘油二酯油的氧化稳定性。     

方竹笋全粉酥性饼干制作工艺优化及品质分析

为研制一款具有高膳食纤维含量的饼干制品,提高竹笋综合利用率,本文将金佛山方竹笋全粉添加至饼干中,以色度值、质构特性、感官评价为指标对饼干进行品质分析,探究竹笋粉添加量、黄油添加量、白砂糖添加量、烘焙温度、烘焙时间对饼干品质的影响,通过单因素实验优化方竹笋全粉酥性饼干的工艺配方。结果表明,随着CQSP添加量的增加,饼干a^*值和b^*值均增大,添加量为0%～3%时,L^*值变化不显著(P>0.05),添加量为4%～5%时,饼干亮度明显降低,饼干硬度、脆度、咀嚼性均逐渐增大。随黄油添加量的增加,饼干的硬度、脆度、咀嚼性减小,黄油添加量为24%时饼干品质较佳。饼干的硬度随白砂糖添加量的增加而增大,当白砂糖添加量为13%～15%时,饼干硬度最为适宜。饼干的L^*值随着烘焙温度的升高而逐渐减小,当烘焙温度为160～180℃时,饼干明显变暗。随着烘焙时间的延长,饼干a^*值和b^*值增大,L^*值逐渐减小,硬度、脆度、咀嚼性均逐渐增大。经单因素优化后得到...     

气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定食品中的氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯

建立了一种气相色谱-串联质谱仪（GC-MS/MS）同时测定多种油脂类食品中 3-氯丙醇酯（3-MCPDE）,2-氯丙醇酯（2-MCPDE）和缩水甘油酯（GE）的检测方法。通过试验对样品提取、酯交换、衍生化,以及 GC-MS/MS 检测条件进行了优化,采用建立的 GC-MS/MS 方法对植物油、焙烤类食品、油炸膨化类食品以及奶粉四类食品中 3-MCPDE,2-MCPDE 和 GE 进行检测,方法的定量限在四类食品中分别为 10、20、50 和 100 μg/kg。方法的总体平均回收率范围为 68.9%~116.5%,相对标准偏差（RSDn=6）为 2.11%~13.90%,结果表明样品在较宽的线性范围内,呈良好线性相关,相关系数（R）大于 0.99。本方法提取效率高,净化效果好,检测灵敏度和准确度高,能够满足日常工作中植物油类、奶粉类、油炸膨化食品类和焙烤食品类等基质中 3-MCPDE、GE 和2-MCPDE 的定性定量检测。     

Washing bleached palm oil to reduce monochloropropanediols and glycidyl esters

The formation of toxic compounds, potentially carcinogenic, during food processing has been considered an important food safety issue. Among them, particular attention has been given to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE), which can be formed during vegetable oil refining, especially palm oil. These substances may pose a health risk to humans due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of washing bleached palm oil (BPO) with different solvents, and evaluate the reduction of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE as well as assess the quality parameters of the final product. For this purpose, we used two types of washing with different solvents. A single washing was carried out in one step and a double washing in two steps using a solvent gradient. Single washing had a limited reduction in the levels of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in an increased level of GE, whereas double washing slightly reduced 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in a significant reduction of GE levels. The reduction achieved in this study was up to 17.1% for 3-MCPDE, 56.4% for 2-MCPDE and 76.9% for GE levels. The reduction of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE might be due to the removal of part of the ethanol-soluble chlorinated precursors from the oil which suggests that highly lipophilic forms of these substances are present in BPO. The substantial reduction on GE levels might be associated with the removal of the precursors present in the oil such as diacylglycerols. Thus, the washing treatment could be used as a supplementary strategy to reduce processing contaminants from palm oil, especially GEs.     

The comparison of several lipid extraction methods on infant formula for 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters analysis

This study aimed to determine the best lipid extraction method for infant formula; therefore, it can be used as a routine analysis. The samples were some commercial infant formulas in Indonesia. The research was conducted with three steps: (i) Lipid extraction of infant formula using five lipid extraction methods; (ii) 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) analysis of lipid extract from three lipid extraction methods in the first step; and (iii) 3-MCPDE and GE analysis of six commercial infant formulas using the best lipid extraction method. The results showed that lipid extraction using the Dubois method gave the best results than other lipid extraction methods. The level of 3-MCPDE and GE also had no significant difference with the addition of NaCl in the Folch method, compared with the addition of Na₂SO₄. The level of 3-MCPDE and GE using the Dubois method was significantly different and higher compared with the other lipid extraction methods. 3-MCPDE and GE levels of commercial infant formula were 6.62–52.84 µg kg⁻¹ and <1.43–17.06 µg kg⁻¹, respectively. The values obtained were still within the standard according to Commission Regulation EU 2018/290 by the European Food Safety Authority (125 µg kg⁻¹ for 3-MCPDE (on progress) and 50 µg kg⁻¹ for GE).     

Glycidyl esters in refined palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil and related fractions. Part I: Formation mechanism

Glycidyl esters (GE) are process contaminants generated during the deodorisation step of edible oil refining. In particular, GE are found in high abundance in refined palm oil. Palm oil is unique in that it contains a high amount of diacylglycerols (DAG, 4-12%). In the present study, a series of model reactions mimicking palm oil deodorisation has been conducted with pure tri-, di- and mono-acylglycerols (MAG). Results showed that GE are formed from DAG and MAG, but not from TAG, at temperatures (T) above 200 °C. Our observations suggest that GE are formed predominantly by intramolecular elimination of a fatty acid from DAG. In addition, isomers of GE, formed from DAG heated at T > 140 °C, were identified as oxopropyl esters. These new isomers were found to represent approximately 10% of GE levels in refined palm oil. Based on these considerations, the final GE content of palm oil could be limited by reducing DAG levels before oil processing and minimising deodorisation temperatures.     

承德市食用植物油中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯污染水平与暴露风险评估

目的对承德市售食用植物油中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯进行污染水平分析。方法样品加入适量内标液后,经碱水解脂肪,固相萃取柱脱水净化后,用七氟丁酰基咪唑进行衍生化处理,供气相色谱-质谱仪进样分析。结果在检测的市售的30份植物油样品中,3-氯丙醇酯、2-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的检出率为100%、93%(28/30)及83%(25/30)。3-氯丙醇酯及2-氯丙醇酯含量范围分别在0.15～1.06 mg/kg和0.03-0.66 mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量范围在0.03～1.85 mg/kg。结论氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯污染在承德市食用植物油中广泛存在,检出率在80%以上,这意味着虽然通过食用植物油摄入氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的健康风险不高,但仍然不能忽视这种风险。检测部门应加大对这两种物质的检测力度,以保障人民的健康安全。     

花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量变化的研究

对花生油进行油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐以及空白煎炸试验,对不同煎炸时间所取油样中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量进行检测分析,研究花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的变化。结果表明:在间歇煎炸开始后的3 h,油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐煎炸油及空白煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量明显升高,由最初的0.84 mg/kg分别增加至9.96、2.17、6.86、4.60、5.41mg/kg;至间歇煎炸15 h,上述对应煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量分别为3.51、1.58、9.88、12.88、3.72mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量由最初的2.43 mg/kg分别增加至46.47、9.06、40.36、9.00、47.15 mg/kg。随煎炸时间的延长,3-氯丙醇酯增幅最大的是豆腐煎炸油和鸡翅煎炸油,缩水甘油酯增幅最大的是鸡翅煎炸油、油条煎炸油和空白煎炸油。至煎炸15 h,5种煎炸油样的极性组分和酸值均未超出国标限量,但3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的升高对煎炸食品安全的影响应引起高度关注。     

Glycidyl esters in refined palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil and related fractions. Part II: Practical recommendations for effective mitigation

In a previous work, it was shown that at high temperatures (up to 280 °C) glycidyl esters (GE) are formed from diacylglycerols (DAG) via elimination of free fatty acid (FFA). In the present study, the impact of DAG content and temperature on the formation of GE using a model vacuum system mimicking industrial edible oil deodorization is investigated. These deodorization experiments confirmed that the formation of GE from DAG is extensive at temperatures above 230-240 °C, and therefore, this value should be considered as an upper limit for refining operations. Furthermore, experimental data suggest that the formation of GE accelerates in particular when the DAG levels in refined oils exceed 3-4% of total lipids. Analysis of the lipid composition of crude palm oil (CPO) samples allowed the estimation that this critical DAG content corresponds to about 1.9-2.5% of FFA, which is the conventional quality marker of CPO. Moreover, high levels (>100 ppm) of GE were also found in palm fatty acid distillate samples, which may indicate that the level of GE in fully refined palm oils also depends on the elimination rate of GE into the fatty acid distillate.     

婴幼儿配方奶粉及其配料油脂成分中有害酯类的污染差异分析

建立油脂和奶粉中3-氯丙醇酯、2-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的气相色谱-质谱检测方法,测定植物油脂及婴幼儿配方奶粉中的酯类污染物含量,并开展3 种有害酯类在不同种类油脂中的污染差异分析,以及与奶粉脂肪含量的相关性研究。婴幼儿配方奶粉常用植物油配料种类中,棕榈油是污染水平最高的油脂品种;其次是菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油和食用植物调和油;葵花籽油、椰子油、核桃油、亚麻籽油污染水平较低;1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯（1,3-dioleic acid-2-triglyceride palmitate,OPO）结构油脂、食用植物调合油（含OPO）污染水平最低。95 份婴幼儿配方奶粉中88.4%检出3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯（3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester,3-MCPDE）,含量范围为ND～0.231 mg/kg,平均值0.070 4 mg/kg,中位值0.064 5 mg/kg;42.1%检出2-MCPDE,含量在ND～0.034 mg/kg之间;缩水甘油酯的检出率为2.1%,含量为ND～0.019 mg/kg。10.5%的奶粉样本中3-MCPDE含量超过欧盟0.125 mg/kg的限量值。奶粉中3 种酯类污染物总量与奶粉脂肪含量之间存在显著正相关,Pearson相关系数为0.453。为保护婴幼儿的安全,生产厂家应谨慎选择原料油脂,在确保营养健康的基础上尽可能降低婴幼儿配方奶粉中有害酯类的污染。     

植物油精炼过程中缩水甘油酯和3-氯丙醇酯的形成及脱除研究进展

缩水甘油酯(GEs)和3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)是植物油精炼过程中产生的主要污染物之一。GEs和3-MCPDE伴随食用油摄入人体后,经脂肪酶水解产生的缩水甘油和3-氯丙醇具有肾脏毒性和遗传毒性。植物油中GEs和3-MCPDE主要产生于油脂精炼脱臭工段,脱臭温度、脱臭时间对GEs和3-MCPDE的生成影响巨大。从油脂精炼加工过程中GEs和3-MCPDE的形成及脱除等方面进行了综述,指出脱色和脱臭工段可促进GEs和3-MCPDE的生成,当前可通过抑制及脱除其前体物质、优化植物油脱臭条件、脱除精炼油中的GEs及3-MCPDE等方式降低植物油中GEs和3-MCPDE含量。酶制剂具有安全、无污染等优点,通过酶法酯交换降低待脱臭油脂中的甘油二酯和甘油单酯,进而减少脱臭过程中GEs及3-MCPDE的生成是降低GEs和3-MCPDE的发展趋势。     

Verification and evaluation of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in palm oil products of different regions in Malaysia

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to investigate on the effect of different sampling regions of palm-refined oils and fats on the 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters (MCPDE) and glycidol fatty acid esters (GE) levels. The American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) Official Method Cd 29a-13 on the determination of MCPDE and GE in edible oils and fats by acid transesterification was successfully verified and optimised, with slight modification using 7890A Agilent GC system equipped with 5975C quadrupole detector. The determined limits of detection (LOD) for MCPDE were 0.02 mg kg^-1 and 0.05 mg kg^-1 for GE. The method performance has showed good recovery between 80% and 120% for all pertinent compounds with seven replicates assayed in three separate days. Round robin test with two European laboratories, i.e. Eurofins and SGS, has shown compliance results with those of the present study. Among the sampling regions, only one refinery located in the central region of Malaysia showed a significant increment of the MCPDE and GE levels after refining process. The GE level averaging at 2.5 mg kg^-1 was slightly higher than that of 3-MCPDE averaging at 1.3 mg kg^-1. Both esters were preferentially partitioned into the liquid phase rather than the solid phase after fractionation. However, the overall results exhibited no direct correlation between the esters content and the different sampling locations of the palm oil products in Malaysia. Analysis of total chlorine content also displayed significant variations between sampling locations which clearly show its effect on the chlorine content in the CPO samples.