变载荷下SiC多孔陶瓷的摩擦磨损性能研究

在改进后的MMS-2A微机控制摩擦磨损试验机上研究变载荷下SiC多孔陶瓷的摩擦磨损性能,通过变载荷和静载荷试验对比分析变载荷对摩擦因数的影响及变载荷下多孔陶瓷的磨损机制。结果表明,变载荷下随着载荷增大SiC多孔陶瓷摩擦因数减小,SiC多孔陶瓷的磨损机制为脆性断裂和磨粒磨损。建立多孔陶瓷和45#钢的环-块摩擦副几何模型,运用有限元分析软件ANASYS Workbench仿真分析变载荷对接触应力的影响。结果表明,SiC多孔陶瓷的接触应力分布不均匀,并且接触应力呈现环-块接触的垂直轴线区域大、两侧小的状态,其中最大接触应力出现在与块接触区域,环和块的最大接触应力位置错开一定的距离。     

双粗糙面滑动过程摩擦因数的变化分析

采用W-M函数建立具有分形特征的三维双粗糙面接触模型,考虑了接触界面间的黏着效应,在滑动速度、法向载荷及界面剪切强度等参数变化下,运用有限元方法探讨了粗糙体在滑动过程中摩擦因数的变化情况。结果显示,滑动速度、法向载荷及界面剪切强度等参数对摩擦因数的变化有一定的影响,边界润滑工况下平均摩擦因数为0.28,无润滑工况下平均摩擦因数为0.713,最大界面剪切强度时的平均摩擦因数为0.73;随着界面剪切强度的减小、法向载荷的增大、滑动速度的增加,滑动摩擦因数有所减小。与相关文献结论或实验结果进行比较,证明了上述结果的正确性。分析结果可为摩擦学设计和摩擦材料的制备提供理论参考。     

UHMWPE基复合材料在干摩擦和油田污水条件下的摩擦磨损性能

采用模压烧结法制备了超高分子量聚乙烯(UnMWPE)/聚苯酯(Ekonol)复合材料;采用45#钢为摩擦对偶件的往复滑动式摩擦磨损试验机,在室温下测试了Ekonol含量对UHMWPE在干摩擦和油田污水条件下的摩擦磨损性能影响,实验条件为:接触压力7.5 kN、滑动速度1.8 m/min、时间3 h;采用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料磨损表面形貌并分析了磨损机制.结果表明:填充加%Ekonol可以显著改善UHMWPE的摩擦磨损性能.与干摩擦条件相比,在油田污水条件下,UHMWPE基复合材料摩擦因数提高不明显,但磨损率明显增大;在干摩擦条件下,纯UHMWPE的磨损机制主要为粘着和犁沟效应,UHMWPE/Ekonol复合材料的磨损机制为粘着和疲劳,而在油田污水条件下UHMWPE/Ekonol复合材料的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和疲劳.     

无机化合物物改性UHMWPE干摩擦行为研究

采用16种无机化合物对UHMWPE进行改性,在载荷98 N、转速60.18 mm/s、运动半径0.5 cm和干摩擦条件下,在UMT-3型微摩擦试验机上,测定纯UHMWPE及改性UHMWPE与不锈钢球(3 mm 100Cr6钢球)对摩60 min时摩擦因数的变化,测定其磨痕宽度和深度,并对磨损表面进行XRD分析。结果发现:10%和5%二硫化钨、15%氧化锆及5%氮化铝改性UHMWPE的平均摩擦因数较小,它们适于干摩擦条件下与钢配副;5%硫化银、10%氧化铝及15%氮化硅改性UHMWPE的磨痕宽度和深度明显较纯UHMWPE的小,其磨损面和未磨损面的XRD分析结果一致,说明在轻微磨损过程中并未发生晶型改变。     

基于正交试验设计的滑动摩擦性能研究

以正交试验方法设计销盘摩擦副滑动摩擦磨损的试验方案,在MMW-1A多功能立式摩擦磨损试验机上研究载荷、速度、时间对摩擦因数的影响。通过极差分析和方差分析得到上述因素对摩擦因数影响的权重次序,结果表明载荷对摩擦因数具有最显著影响。建立销盘摩擦副的几何模型,运用有限元分析软件ANSYS仿真分析载荷变化对接触应力的影响,结果表明,接触界面的压力分布不均匀,呈现中间小、边缘大的态势;接触应力数值大小随载荷变化而改变,但应力分布形态不受其影响。     

高压水介质往复密封接触特性有限元分析

对高压水介质往复滑动密封的密封特性进行分析。基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立U型橡胶往复滑动密封结构的有限元模型,确定Mooney-Rivlin橡胶材料模型和广义拉格朗日乘子接触算法,实现往复密封结构的三维非线性接触动力学仿真,并分析水介质压力、滑动杆运动方向及速度、接触摩擦因数等因素对密封特性的影响。结果表明：往复密封结构的应力集中于密封圈的沟槽、内唇口及底孔周边,滑动杆正向运动时速度和摩擦因数对密封接触特性的影响不大,而反向运动速度对密封接触应力的影响显著,密封失效发生在此阶段。     

仿生织构表面对人工髋关节副动压润滑性能及减摩性分析

为提高钛合金TC4人工髋关节假体的耐磨性,从仿生学角度在钛合金关节表面设计出菱形织构.基于雷诺方程建立织构化关节表面流体动压润滑数学模型,采用有限差分法对其进行离散,通过Matlab编程进行迭代求解,获取织构表面的润滑油膜压力分布以及织构化关节表面的摩擦因数,分析织构几何参数(菱形织构对角线长度b和织构深度hp)对摩擦性能的影响规律.加工钛合金销-盘摩擦副,用激光在盘试样上加工出菱形织构,并在牛血清润滑状态下以及相同载荷和转速的条件下进行摩擦磨损试验.结果 表明:随着菱形织构参数b和织构深度hp的增加,摩擦因数呈先增加后减小的趋势.并且试验结果与数值仿真结果具有较高的一致性,在菱形织构参数b为447 μm,织构深度hp为10 μm,存在最小摩擦因数为0.14.微织构的存在可以实现流体动压润滑,提高关节副的承载力,降低摩擦因数,从而改善关节副的摩擦性能.该研究为提高人工髋关节的寿命提供理论依据.     

关节轴承摩擦温度场计算方法

以推力型关节轴承为研究对象,分析了轴向载荷下的接触应力,并根据试验所得摩擦力矩反推出了动态摩擦因数。结合接触应力及摩擦因数求出了摩擦热流率,并将其作为第二类边界条件进行了轴承非定常温度场有限元分析,最后利用红外热像仪拍摄了摩擦过程中轴承侧表面温度分布,检验仿真结果的可靠性。仿真与试验结果表明：该计算方法解决了球面摩擦副摩擦因数的精确计算和热流率的空间分配问题,建模时忽略球面间隙会直接影响接触应力分布并造成温度场分布出现较大误差,考虑球面间隙可以更精确地计算轴承摩擦温度场。     

双粗糙面滑动过程考虑黏着时的摩擦学性能分析

建立了二维双粗糙体分形表面的接触模型,在固定滑动速度工况下考虑材料的磨损失效,针对是否考虑接触过程中的黏着因素,动态探讨了粗糙体在滑动过程中的摩擦磨损变化情况。运用有限元方法对滑动过程的摩擦磨损进行模拟仿真,得出考虑黏着因素的界面剪切强度τ=σy/3(σy为材料的屈服应力)时的摩擦因数平均值为0.48;对滑动过程是否考虑黏着因素的磨损率及振动情况进行分析比较,引入快速傅里叶函数对摩擦振动进行变换得到功率谱,结果发现,考虑黏着因素的情况下,相应的磨损率较大,功率谱低频成分较多,振动相对比较平缓,所需要的能量也相应比较大。将模拟仿真结果与实验进行比较,验证了模拟仿真的合理性,也加深了对摩擦磨损过程物理图像的理解。     

人工髋关节球形凹坑微织构表面摩擦学性能研究*

为改善人工髋关节表面的摩擦学性能,在人工髋关节表面设计球形凹坑微织构;建立人工髋关节微织构表面的流体动压润滑模型,利用CFD软件ANSYS Fluent对微织构表面流体动压进行数值分析,得到摩擦副表面相对滑动时产生的油膜平均承载力以及摩擦因数,并分析表面微织构参数对摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:在给定的织构参数范围内,平均承载力随深径比的增加呈现出先降低后升高再降低的趋势,随面积密度的增加呈先升高再降低的趋势;摩擦因数随深径比和面积密度增加的变化趋势与平均承载力相反;织构的最优参数分别为深径比0.06,面积密度25%。因此,在人工髋关节表面设置合适参数的球形凹坑微织构可以提高油膜平均承载力和降低摩擦因数,从而起到减小关节的摩擦磨损提高人工关节使用寿命的作用。     

Effect of motion inputs on the wear prediction of artificial hip joints

Hip joint simulators have been largely used to assess the wear performance of joint implants. Due to the complexity of joint movement, the motion mechanism adopted in simulators varies. The motion condition is particularly important for ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) since polyethylene wear can be substantially increased by the bearing cross-shear motion. Computational wear modelling has been improved recently for the conventional UHMWPE used in total hip joint replacements. A new polyethylene wear law is an explicit function of the contact area of the bearing and the sliding distance, and the effect of multidirectional motion on wear has been quantified by a factor, cross-shear ratio. In this study, the full simulated walking cycle condition based on a walking measurement and two simplified motions, including the ISO standard motion and a simplified ProSim hip simulator motion, were considered as the inputs for wear modelling based on the improved wear model. Both the full simulation and simplified motions generated the comparable multidirectional motion required to reproduce the physiological wear of the bearing in vivo. The predicted volumetric wear of the ProSim simulator motion and the ISO motion conditions for the walking cycle were 13% and 4% lower, respectively, than that of the measured walking condition. The maximum linear wear depths were almost the same, and the areas of the wear depth distribution were 13% and 7% lower for the ProSim simulator and the ISO condition, respectively, compared with that of the measured walking cycle motion condition.     

滚动摩擦:一种新的人工关节设计

针对人工关节磨损颗粒导致的骨吸收、骨溶解现象以及由此引起的假体远期松动问题,基于滚动摩擦原理,提出了一种新的无聚乙烯滚动式人工关节设计思想,并以滚动式人工髋关节和滚动式人工膝关节设计为例探讨其基本设计原理。滚动式人工髋关节通过滚动轴承将原有人工半髋关节与天然髋臼之间的滑动摩擦在屈伸运动方向变为滚动摩擦,滚动式人工膝关节则通过滚动轴承将膝关节在屈伸运动方向上的滑动摩擦变为滚动摩擦,从而能有效降低人工关节运动时的摩擦阻力和假体—骨界面间的应力,降低了金属假体的磨损。滚动式人工关节假体设计由于没有采用聚乙烯作为主要的摩擦件,从而完全避免了聚乙烯磨粒及其引起的生物毒性作用,为有效降低假体的远期松动提供了新思路。     

A new formulation for the prediction of polyethylene wear in artificial hip joints

Artificial joints employing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are widely used to treat joint diseases and trauma. Wear of the polymer bearing surface largely limits the use of these joints in younger and more active patients. Previous studies have shown the wear factor used in Archard's law for the conventional polyethylene to be highly dependent on contact pressure and this has produced variability in experimental data and has constrained the reliability and applicability of previous computational predictions. A new wear law is proposed, based on wear volume being dependent on, and proportional to, the product of the sliding distance and contact area. The dimensionless proportional constant, wear coefficient, which was independent of contact pressure, was determined from a multi-directional pin on plate study. This was used in computational predictions of the wear of the conventional UHMWPE hip joints. The wear of the polyethylene cup was independently experimentally determined in physiological full hip joint simulator studies. The predicted wear rate from the new computational model was generally increased, with an improved agreement with the experimental measurement compared with the previous computational model. It was shown that wear in the UHMWPE hip joints increased as head size and contact area increased. This resulted in a much larger increase in the wear rate as the head size increased, compared with the previous computational model, and is consistent with clinical observations. This new understanding of the wear mechanism in artificial joints using the UHMWPE bearing surfaces, and the improved ability to predict wear independently and to address previously described discrepancies offer new opportunities to optimize design parameters.     

Measurement and theoretical determination of frictional temperature rise between sliding surfaces of artificial hip joints

Frictional heating of articulating surfaces may influence the rate of wear, fatigue, creep and oxidative degradation of bearing materials. Also temperature rise can damage the surrounding tissue and lubricant around the artificial joint and contributes insert loosening. The objective of this study is to determine temperature rise between sliding surface of vitamin E blended UHMWPE and conventional UHMWPE acetabular component paired with a cobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) femoral component, as a function of sliding time and applied load. Besides the experimental studies, the frictional temperature rise of conventional UHMWPE was theoretically calculated. Frictional measurements of the joints were carried out on a custom made hip joint friction simulator. The diameter of the prostheses was 28 mm. Applied static loads were changed from 200 N to 1500 N. In flexion–extension plane, a simple harmonic oscillatory motion between ±24° was applied to the UHMWPE acetabular component. The period of motion was 1 Hz and the tests were run up to 11,000 cycles. Temperature rise in acetabular and femoral component was recorded with embedded thermocouples. Both the experimental temperature rise values and theoretical calculations results were compared and evaluated.     

Adhesive wear and frictional characteristics of UHMWPE and HDPE sliding against different counterfaces under dry contact condition

Abstract

The current work evaluates the wear and frictional performance of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) sliding against different metal counterfaces, stainless steel(SS), mild steel (MS) and aluminium (Al), under dry contact condition. The experiments were conducted using pin on disc machine at different sliding distances (0–40·32 km), 15 N applied load and 2·8 m s^–1 sliding velocity. Interface temperatures and frictional forces were measured simultaneously during the sliding, while specific wear rates were determined for every 1·68 km sliding distance. Based on the optical microscopy of the worn surface and wear track, frictional and wear results were analysed and discussed. The experimental results showed that the type of counterface material significantly influences both frictional and wear performances of the selected polymers. This was mainly due to the film transfer characteristics. Higher temperature and friction coefficient for UHMWPE and HDPE were evident when sliding took place against Al counterface. Sliding the polymers against stainless steel showed low friction coefficients compared to other counterfaces.     

Effect of contact stress on friction and wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in total hip replacement

This paper studies the effect of contact stress on friction and wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cups by means of friction and wear joint simulator testing under serum lubrication. For a given applied load, increasing the contact stress by increasing the ball/socket radial clearance decreased both the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. Friction and wear were highly correlated. The dependence of friction on contact stress for the UHMWPE socket under serum lubrication was similar to that of semi-crystalline polymers under dry sliding. This finding indicates the occurrence of partial dry contact at asperity levels for the metal-polyethylene ball-in-socket joint under serum lubrication.     

The effect of kinematic conditions on the wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in orthopaedic bearing applications

It is known that wear mechanisms differ between the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components of total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR). The difference in relative contact position or 'kinematic conditions of contact' between the metal and polymer components is thought to contribute to the contrast in observed wear mechanisms. A reciprocating wear tester was used to evaluate three basic kinematic contact conditions: sliding, in which the relative contact position on the polymer remains stationary; gliding, where the contact position on the polymer reciprocates; and rolling, where the contact position on the polymer varies and the relative velocities of both components are equal. All static load tests used cast Co-Cr alloy and irradiated Chirulen UHMWPE in a 37 degrees C environment lubricated with bovine serum albumin. UHMWPE test sample wear was measured gravimetrically at intervals of 600,000 cycles. The results indicated a difference in wear factor (volume lost due to wear per unit load per unit sliding distance) between the three groups with varying relative motion. The study indicates that screening tests which evaluate wear properties of new materials for total joint replacement should reflect the different kinematic contact conditions.     

Improved mathematical model of the wear of the cup articular surface in hip joint prostheses and comparison with retrieved components

This paper presents an analytical model of the cobalt-based alloy-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear coupling. Based on a previous model in which the cup wear volume over a gait cycle (WG) was calculated under the simplifying assumption of an ideal rigid coupling, the current version proposes a more realistic wear simulation. All three components of the hip loading force were considered for the contact pressure calculation and all three components of the hip motion were taken into account for the sliding distance calculation. The contact pressure distribution was calculated on the basis of the Hertzian theory for the elastic contact of two bodies with non-conforming geometrical shapes. The wear factor was taken from hip simulator wear tests. The calculated WG is 67 x 10(-6) mm3 for a standard reference patient. The parametric model simulations show that WG increases linearly with the patient weight, femoral head diameter and surface roughness. It increases non-linearly to a maximum and decreases to an asymptotic value with increasing cup/head clearance and with cup isotropic elastic modulus. The cup orientation in the pelvis affects only slightly the total amount of WG whereas it is the dominant factor affecting the shape of the wear distribution. The iso-wear maps show paracentral patterns at low cup inclination angles and marginal patterns at higher inclination angles. The maximum wear depth is supero-posterior when the cup is in neutral alignment and supero-anterior at increasing anteversion angles. Complex patterns with a combination of paracentral and marginal wear were obtained at specific clearance values and cup orientations. The results of the simulations are discussed in relation to the wear distribution measured on the articular surface of 12 UHMWPE components retrieved from failed hip joint prostheses, after a period of in situ functioning.     

Temperature prediction in a finite element model for sliding contact analysis of total hip prosthesis

A finite-element model for sliding contact in total hip joint prosthesis is presented in this paper. The hip prosthesis studied consists of an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup articulating against cobalt-chrome and alumina-ceramic femoral heads. Various aspects of prosthesis operation were analysed using the finite-element model. For example, bulk material and surface stresses were analysed under varying conditions of elastic modulus, friction coefficient, sliding speed, and radial clearance. The resulting variations of temperature were also recorded. The results obtained from the model are useful in understanding the operating conditions and the causes of wear in the hip prosthesis.     

人工髋关节织构化表面摩擦学性能研究

为研究微织构形状对人工髋关节表面摩擦特性的影响,在人工髋关节表面分别设计仿生菱形织构、圆柱形织构和圆环形织构,以雷诺方程为理论研究基础建立流体动压润滑模型,用ANSYS Fluent进行数值模拟,得到微织构表面润滑油膜的平均承载力和摩擦因数,并比较不同织构形状的摩擦学性能。结果表明：在所选织构参数、工况参数范围内,平均承载力随着面积率增大以及滑动速度的提高均呈现上升趋势,在面积率为25%、滑动速度为0.3 m/s时达到最大;摩擦因数随着织构面积率的增大而呈下降趋势,在面积率25%达到最小值,摩擦因数与滑动速度的关系则因织构形状的不同存在一定的差异;研究的3种形状微织构中,仿生菱形织构的摩擦学性能最佳。因此合理选择织构形状可以减少人工髋关节摩擦副表面间的磨损。