食品中鲜味物质研究进展

鲜味作为五大基本味觉之一,对食品滋味具有重要贡献。食品中的鲜味物质(包括鲜味肽、有机酸、氨基酸、核苷酸以及复合鲜味剂等)以其营养、安全等特点,近年来逐渐成为食品鲜味科学领域以及鲜味调味品方面的研究热点,为相关食品风味的改善提供了理论参考及研究方向。本研究介绍了鲜味物质的发展过程,并对鲜味及鲜味物质的研究现状进行了综述。同时对鲜味物质的种类进行概述,并对食品中主要的鲜味物质检测方法研究进展进行总结,最后对食品中鲜味物质的发展进行展望,以便于为食品中仪器检测鲜味物质相关研究提供参考和依据。     

pH对多种鲜味剂滋味的影响

为了研究p H对鲜味剂滋味的影响,本文初步探索了六种常用鲜味剂的酸碱特性、不同p H梯度下的滋味变化以及热稳定性。结果表明:1)各种鲜味剂的酸碱性:味精和强鲜味精接近中性,干贝素为弱碱性,酵母粉、大豆肽粉和HVP呈弱酸性;2)味精、强鲜味精、酵母粉、大豆肽粉以及HVP在p H 6.5~7时鲜味最强,而干贝素则在p H 7.5时鲜味达到最强,味精、强鲜味精和干贝素随p H变化较明显,而酵母粉、大豆肽粉和HVP变化相对较小;3)p H对酵母粉、大豆肽粉和HVP的醇厚感、柔和性以及回味都有一定的影响,而对于本身这几种滋味较弱的味精、强鲜味精和干贝素影响不明显;4)p H 5~8时干贝素、酵母粉和大豆肽鲜味热稳定性较好;味精、强鲜味精以及酵母粉在酸性条件下热稳定性较差,应用时应尽量使p H在6.5~7.5范围内。本研究成果可以为鲜味剂在食品中,尤其是复合调味料的提供技术支撑。     

食品中鲜味物质及鲜味肽的研究进展

鲜味是食品五大基本味觉之一,也是深受人们喜爱的美味之一。"天然、营养、安全"的鲜味物质(包括氨基酸类、核苷酸类、有机酸类、鲜味肽等)的开发是近年来食品鲜味科学的研究热点和鲜味调味品研发的重点方向。本文概述了食品中鲜味及鲜味物质的研究现状,并重点介绍了鲜味肽的来源(水产品等)、特点、构效关系、呈鲜机制以及制备和鉴定方法等方面的研究新进展,以期为鲜味调味品的开发,鲜味肽的研究利用及呈鲜机制的研究等提供依据和参考。     

鲜味物质及鲜味调味料的研发进展

以鲜味物质为基础的鲜味调味料作为安全、方便的一类定型调味料产品,已成为餐饮业和食品工业高质量快速发展的重要技术支撑。本文以鲜味物质以及鲜味调味料为综述对象,分别介绍了鲜味物质的组成,包括游离氨基酸及其钠盐、呈味核苷酸及其钠盐、鲜味肽及其配料并概述鲜味物质的味觉互作;鲜味调味料的制取方法,包括物理法、化学法、生物法和组合法。同时,阐述了鲜味调味料在食品中的应用,包括提高食品的可接受度、提高食品的营养价值以及与菜谱式调味料和预制菜肴结合。最后,对鲜味调味料未来的发展方向进行展望,以期为开发安全、美味、健康的鲜味调味料,提升其在食品工业中的应用价值提供参考。     

食品中呈鲜味物质研究进展

鲜味作为五大基本味之一,对于食品整体味道及人们对食品的评价至关重要。本文以鲜味为中心,从宏观角度介绍了富含鲜味的几种食物及影响其鲜味呈现的因素,总结了较新的几种鲜味提取方法,从微观角度综述了富含鲜味的几种氨基酸、核苷酸、肽、有机酸以及有机碱。简述了两种基本的鲜味受体蛋白——味型代谢性谷氨酸受体和味觉受体异源二聚体,并从鲜味感知和鲜味的协同增效作用两方面重点分析了鲜味的呈味机理。总结了当前常用的鲜味测定分析方法:感官评价法、高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法,以及比较新颖的生物和化学传感器法,为今后食品中鲜味物质的挖掘、感知、检测等研究提供参考。     

瓦罐鸡汤主要滋味物质研究

为研究鸡汤的主要滋味物质,找出瓦罐鸡汤感官滋味优于其他鸡汤的原因,分析3 种不同加热方式所制备的鸡汤的基本滋味,并比较其主要滋味物质的含量。结果表明：鸡汤的基本滋味以鲜味和甜味为主;瓦罐鸡汤中的总核苷酸和总游离氨基酸含量均高于高压熬制的鸡汤和电磁炉熬制的鸡汤,而高压熬制鸡汤的低聚肽含量最高;鸡汤中的鲜味核苷酸主要为5′- 肌苷酸,鲜味氨基酸为谷氨酸,且瓦罐鸡汤的谷氨酸含量明显高于其他两种鸡汤的谷氨酸含量。瓦罐鸡汤较其他鸡汤有较丰富的鲜味物质和较好的感官滋味。     

鲜味物质间的相互作用研究进展

肉类、贝类和鱼类等食物以及味精和酱油等调味品都具有特殊的鲜美滋味,其中的鲜味物质如呈味核苷酸、游离氨基酸、有机酸、无机离子等之间的相互作用能显著改善食品的整体鲜味。鲜味感觉并不是一种简单的味觉,目前国内外对于鲜味物质的研究主要集中在其定量检测方面,关于鲜味物质之间相互作用的机理还不是十分清晰。本文阐述了食品中鲜味物质的呈味特性,并综述了其相互作用及研究方法的研究进展,以期为食品风味的研究及调味品的开发提供参考依据。     

食品鲜味研究热点：争议与功能

鲜味作为5 种基本滋味之一，是蛋白质或/和L-氨基酸等含氮营养素摄入的信号，具有调味和生理功能调控双重角色，带给人愉悦的味觉体验和心理享受。鲜味科学的发展已逾百年，民众对鲜味的科学认知如鲜味（肽）味感以及鲜味成分的安全性等方面仍存争议。本文归纳了鲜味与鲜味肽的味感描述、鲜味代表物质谷氨酸钠（味精）的安全性以及鲜味的功能等研究热点，概述了鲜味的广义和狭义定义、鲜味肽的呈味多元性及其影响因素，梳理了鲜味安全性评价与调节食欲等方面的作用，为食品鲜味科学研究提供参考。     

不同发酵豆酱鲜味及鲜味物质对比分析

此研究对比了12种发酵豆酱的鲜味、丰度和鲜味物质组成(包括氨基酸态氮、全氮、氨基酸和多肽氮含量)。结果表明鲜味与氨基酸态氮、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸相关,而丰度与1～3 kDa的肽段含量相关。根据样品的鲜味物质进行主成分和聚类分析,可将样品分为3大类,其中:黑豆酱醪、豆粕酱醪、黄豆酱醪、面酱醪、韩式大酱和东北大酱的氨基酸态氮、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸含量最为突出,其鲜味表现也较强;阳江豆豉和永川豆豉的全氮和1～3 kDa肽氮含量较高,其丰度感官最突出;味噌和腐乳较为相似。该研究为调控发酵豆酱的鲜味感官提供了数据支撑和理论依据,对于提高传统发酵豆酱的风味品质具有重要意义。     

鲜味物质对鸡汤鲜味及风味的影响

通过向肉鸡鸡汤中添加不同鲜味物质,来考察对鸡汤鲜味的影响,研究发现:不同氨基酸对鸡汤的增鲜效果不同,MSG、L-Asp、L-Ser、Gly、L-Ala、L-Met等少数几种氨基酸具有增鲜效果,其中MSG对鸡汤香气提升明显;呈味核苷酸对鸡汤鲜味提升效果最好,IMP在增强鸡肉香味方面优于GMP;酶解提取物可以明显提高鸡汤的鲜味、醇厚感、回味、肉感和汤体滋味,其中香菇酶解提取物效果最好。优选MSG、IMP和香菇水解提取物3种鲜味物质,按照1∶1∶1进行复配使用,可以弥补单一鲜味物质的不足,使整体呈味效果更加均衡。项目研究对鲜味物质的复配和鸡汤产品的风味改善提供了一定的理论基础。     

Research progress in the screening and evaluation of umami peptides

Umami is an important element affecting food taste, and the development of umami peptides is a topic of interest in food-flavoring research. The existing technology used for traditional screening of umami peptides is time-consuming and labor-intensive, making it difficult to meet the requirements of high-throughput screening, which limits the rapid development of umami peptides. The difficulty in performing a standard measurement of umami intensity is another problem that restricts the development of umami peptides. The existing methods are not sensitive and specific, making it difficult to achieve a standard evaluation of umami taste. This review summarizes the umami receptors and umami peptides, focusing on the problems restricting the development of umami peptides, high-throughput screening, and establishment of evaluation standards. The rapid screening of umami peptides was realized based on molecular docking technology and a machine learning method, and the standard evaluation of umami could be realized with a bionic taste sensor. The progress of rapid screening and evaluation methods significantly promotes the study of umami peptides and increases its application in the seasoning industry.     

食品中鲜味肽的研究进展

鲜味肽作为新型的鲜味剂,除了本身具有的风味外,还可与其他的鲜味物质发挥协同增鲜作用。目前对鲜味肽的研究主要集中在提取及分离鉴定等方面,而鲜味肽的形成机理及呈味机制仍不明确。本文对鲜味肽的制备与分离鉴定方法、呈味影响因素、鲜味评价方法、具体应用、呈味机制等方面进行综述,以期为鲜味肽的进一步深入研究提供科学理论依据。     

食品鲜味感知研究进展

食品感知是未来食品个性化需求和智能制造的重要基础.食品鲜味感知是以心理学、物理学、化学、生理学、神经科学和食品科学等多学科交叉的方法,揭示人类如何通过视觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉和听觉等途径感觉、加工、认识和理解食品鲜味刺激,并产生动机与情绪的过程.本文探讨了食品感知的定义,概述了食品感知的重要性和影响因素,再以食品鲜味感知...     

Novel Umami Ingredients: Umami Peptides and Their Taste

Umami substances are very important for food seasoning and healthy eating. In addition to monosodium glutamate and some nucleotides, recent investigations have revealed that several peptides also exhibit umami taste. In recent years, 52 peptides have been reported to show umami taste, including 24 dipeptides, 16 tripeptides, 5 octapeptides, 2 pentapeptides, 2 hexapeptides, 1 tetrapeptide, 1 heptapeptide, and 1 undecapeptide. Twenty of these peptides have been examined for the present of umami taste. In this review, we have listed these umami peptides based on their category, source, taste, and threshold concentration. The evidence for peptides showing umami taste, the umami taste receptors on the human tongue, and the peptides whose umami taste is controversial are also discussed.     

Umami Taste Components and Their Sources in Asian Foods

Umami, the fifth basic taste, is the inimitable taste of Asian foods. Several traditional and locally prepared foods and condiments of Asia are rich in umami. In this part of world, umami is found in fermented animal-based products such as fermented and dried seafood, and plant-based products from beans and grains, dry and fresh mushrooms, and tea. In Southeast Asia, the most preferred seasonings containing umami are fish and seafood sauces, and also soybean sauces. In the East Asian region, soybean sauces are the main source of umami substance in the routine cooking. In Japan, the material used to obtain umami in dashi, the stock added to almost every Japanese soups and boiled dishes, is konbu or dried bonito. This review introduces foods and seasonings containing naturally high amount of umami substances of both animal and plant sources from different countries in Asia.     

Suppression of Umami Aftertaste by Polysaccharides in Soy Sauce

Umami is one of 5 basic tastes that make foods savory and palatable. The umami aftertaste is a long‐lasting taste sensation that is important for Japanese broth (dashi) utilized for various Japanese foods. Soy sauce is usually added when making dashi‐based dishes; however, different soy sauces produce distinct effects on the umami aftertaste. In this study, we attempted to identify the substances that cause the suppression of the umami aftertaste in soy sauce by combining sensory analysis, size fractionation, chemical analysis, and enzymatic treatment. The suppressive substance was revealed to be polysaccharides with molecular weights between 44900 and 49700. The results of acid hydrolysis and enzymatic treatment suggested that the polysaccharides were cellulose. These results indicate that a type of water‐soluble cellulose derived from soybean, wheat, or microorganisms has a suppressive effect on the umami aftertaste of soy sauce. Future studies should focus on developing a strategy that regulates the amount of these polysaccharides generated during soy sauce production, to maintain or enhance the umami aftertaste.