核黄素对厚皮甜瓜果实粉霉病和黑斑病的影响

研究不同浓度核黄素处理时厚皮甜瓜果实损伤接种粉红单端孢（Trichothecium roseum）和互隔交链孢（Alternaria alternata）的病斑直径,以及离体培养条件下核黄素处理对两种病原物孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。同时研究核黄素处理对厚皮甜瓜果实苯丙烷代谢的影响。结果表明：核黄素浓度为1.0 mmol/L时对甜瓜粉霉病和黑斑病病斑直径的抑制效果最佳。离体培养情况下核黄素处理对T. roseum和A. alternata的孢子萌发率和菌丝生长有抑制效果,其中以浓度为1.0 mmol/L效果最佳。核黄素处理显著提高了厚皮甜瓜果实过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性,还显著提高了总酚、类黄酮、木质素的含量。由此表明,采后核黄素处理可活化苯丙烷代谢,增加相关酶活性及抗性物质的积累,从而强化果实细胞壁结构,抑制果实采后病害的发生。     

采前水杨酸处理对杏果实抗病性及苯丙烷代谢的诱导

以新疆赛买提杏为试材,在果实坐果期、膨大期、转色期及采收前48 h的4 个时期,采用1.0 mmol/L水杨酸对杏果实进行喷施处理,以喷清水处理作为对照。采收后的杏果实置于4 ℃、90%～95%相对湿度条件下贮藏,定期统计杏果实接种链格孢（Alternaria alternata）的病斑直径和接种发病率,测定苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、肉桂酸羟化酶（C4H）、4-香豆酰-辅酶A连接酶（4-CL）的活性及木质素、总酚和类黄酮的含量,研究采前水杨酸处理对杏果实抗病性和苯丙烷代谢关键酶活性及代谢产物积累的影响。结果显示：采前水杨酸处理能有效降低杏果实损伤接种的病斑直径和接种发病率,显著提高杏果实PAL、C4H、4-CL的活性和木质素、总酚、类黄酮的含量。     

臭氧对杏果实黑斑病的抑制及贮藏保鲜作用

为了研究臭氧对杏果实采后黑斑病的抑制效果,以新疆‘赛买提’杏为试材,损伤并接种链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata）,接种后的杏果实用200 mg/m3臭氧气体进行熏蒸处理,每次熏蒸30 min,每7 d处理一次,处理后的接种链格孢菌杏果实置于1～2 ℃、90%～95%相对湿度条件下贮藏49 d,定期统计其病斑直径和接种发病率,并测定苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶（cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase,C4H）、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶（4-coumaric acid CoA ligase,4CL）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（β-1,3-glucanase,GLU）和几丁质酶（chitinase,CHT）活力及总酚和类黄酮含量。结果表明：与对照相比,200 mg/m3臭氧可有效提高杏果实PAL、C4H、4CL、GLU和CHT活力,增加杏果实总酚和类黄酮含量,显著抑制杏果实病斑直径和接种发病率的增加（P＜0.05）,增强杏果实对黑斑病的抗病性。说明臭氧处理增强杏果实的抗病性与调控苯丙烷代谢密切相关。     

采后硅酸钠处理对杏果黑斑病的控制及品质的影响

研究了采后硅酸钠处理对杏果黑斑病的控制及品质的影响。结果表明:体外条件下不同浓度硅酸钠对黑斑病病原物Alternaria alternata的生长具有显著的抑制作用,其中以25mmol/L处理效果最好,抑菌率可达72.73%。50mmol/L硅酸钠浸泡可明显降低杏果损伤接种A.alternata的病斑直径,处理组病斑直径低于对照22%,且抑制效果可持续96h。50mmol/L硅酸钠处理还有效延缓了常温贮藏初期果实硬度的下降,维持了较高的可滴定酸和VC的含量,但对可溶性固形物含量无明显影响。由此表明,采后硅酸钠处理可通过直接抑菌和诱导果实抗性来控制杏果黑斑病,并在一定程度上维持果实的品质。     

24-表油菜素内酯调控苯丙烷代谢增强杏果实抗病性的研究

为了探究24-表油菜素内酯(24-epibrassinolide,24-EBR)对杏果实抗病性及苯丙烷代谢的影响。以新疆"赛买提"杏为试材,于0.05 MPa的压力下,用0.9 mg/L的24-表油菜素内酯对绿熟期的杏果实进行减压渗透处理,以蒸馏水处理为对照,处理后的杏果实放置24 h后损伤接种链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata),置于温度为4℃,相对湿度为90%~95%条件下贮藏,定期测定苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)、4-香豆酰-辅酶A连接酶(4-CL)的活性及木质素、总酚和类黄酮含量,并统计果实的发病率及病斑直径。结果表明:24-表油菜素内酯处理能显著提高杏果实PAL、C4H、4-CL的活性和木质素、总酚的含量,在贮藏后期增加类黄酮含量,降低杏果实损伤接种的病害发生率及病斑直径。说明24-表油菜素内酯有可能通过诱导杏果实苯丙烷代谢增强来提高果实的抗病性。     

采后亚硒酸钠处理对杏果黑斑病的控制及贮藏品质的影响

通过离体和体内实验研究亚硒酸钠对杏果黑斑病菌互隔交链孢（Alternaria alternata）的抑制作用及黑斑病的控制效果和贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,亚硒酸钠处理能显著抑制A. alternata菌落的生长和孢子萌发,且存在质量浓度效应,40 mg/L的亚硒酸钠能显著抑制A. alternata菌落的生长,其菌落直径较对照降低了30.8%,同时亚硒酸钠还能使A. alternata菌丝发生凹陷、扭曲等形态结构的改变;体内实验表明,采后亚硒酸钠处理能有效抑制损伤接种A. alternata的杏果黑斑病的扩展,其中20 mg/L亚硒酸钠的控制效果最佳,其病斑直径较对照减小了11%;采后亚硒酸钠处理还能够明显减少杏果乙烯的释放和呼吸强度的升高,延缓质量损失率和硬度的降低。可见硒在果蔬采后防腐保鲜中具有潜在的应用前景。     

采后β-氨基丁酸处理对梨果实黑斑病的抑制

本文研究了采后β-氨基丁酸(BABA)处理对苹果梨损伤接种互隔交链孢(Alternaria alternata)果实病斑扩展以及苯丙烷代谢的影响。结果表明,50μg/m L的BABA可有效抑制损伤接种果实病斑直径的扩展;用BABA浸泡果实10min,以及处理和损伤接种间隔12h的处理效果最佳。果实经BABA处理后,体内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性明显提高,总酚和类黄酮含量也显著增加。由此表明,BABA可通过诱导果实体内的苯丙烷代谢来增强对黑斑病的抗性。     

吡啶-2,6-二羧酸处理对梨果采后黑斑病控制作用及其抑菌机理

由互隔交链孢（Alternaria alternata）引起的黑斑病是梨果主要采后病害之一,会导致严重的经济损失。本实验以梨果黑斑病菌A. alternata为研究对象,通过体内外实验研究了枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）代谢产物吡啶-2,6-二羧酸（pyridine-2,6-dipicolinic acid,DPA）对A. alternata生长的抑制和对梨果黑斑病的控制作用,并进一步探讨了其抑菌作用的机理。结果表明：DPA能显著抑制A. alternata的菌落生长、孢子萌发以及芽管伸长,其中2.0 mmol/L DPA处理后培养9 d时A. alternata菌落直径仅为对照组的51.76%,4.0 mmol/L处理可完全抑制A. alternata的生长。DPA处理对梨果黑斑病的扩展有明显的控制作用,贮存至第11天时,20.0 mmol/L DPA处理组早酥梨病斑直径仅为对照组的55.17%。进一步研究表明,DPA处理提高了A. alternata细胞膜的通透性,菌丝电导率、蛋白质和核酸渗漏量显著增加,同时DPA处理降低了细胞膜组分麦角甾醇质量浓度,提高了A. alternata丙二醛浓度。结论：DPA可通过延缓A. alternata生长、提高膜通透性、破坏细胞膜的完整性和促使膜脂氧化而发挥抑菌作用。     

外源褪黑素对杏果实采后黑斑病的调控作用

为探究外源褪黑素对杏果实采后黑斑病的影响,以“赛买提”杏为试验材料,采用不同浓度的褪黑素（50,100,200μmol/L）在0.05 MPa条件下减压处理2 min,常压状态下浸泡8 min。以蒸馏水处理为对照组,自然晾干表面水分,在温度（0±1）℃,相对湿度90%～95%条件下放置48 h后,损伤接种交链格孢菌于相同条件下贮藏。定期测定杏果实接种发病率和病斑直径,苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶（C4H）、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶（4CL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、肉桂醇脱氢酶（CAD）活力及总酚、类黄酮、木质素含量。结果表明：外源褪黑素处理显著降低了杏果实接种发病率和病斑直径的上升。在贮藏42 d时,不同浓度的褪黑素处理组（50,100,200μmol/L）的病斑直径分别为8.41,7.20,8.01 mm,比对照组病斑直径低5.68%,19.32%,9.45%(P<0.05),接种发病率分别比对照组低10.00%,21.11%,12.22%(P<0.05),100μmol/L褪黑素处理组抑制杏果实交链格孢菌生长效果最佳。褪黑素处理可提高杏果实PAL、C4H、...     

24-表油菜素内酯调控活性氧代谢增强杏果实采后抗病性

为研究24-表油菜素内酯(24-epibrassinolide,EBR)处理对杏果实采后黑斑病发生及活性氧代谢的影响,以'赛买提'杏果实为实验材料,用0.9 mg/L EBR对杏果实进行减压渗透处理,自然晾干后置于温度(1.0±0.5)℃、相对湿度90%～95%的条件下贮藏48 h,接种链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)后于相同条件贮藏,定期取样测定EBR处理对杏果实采后黑斑病与活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:EBR处理可显著提高杏果实接种前期H2O2含量(P0.05),显著提高杏果实接种贮藏期间超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和接种后期过氧化氢酶的活力(P0.05),明显抑制超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)产生速率,有效降低丙二醛的含量、细胞膜渗透率和发病率的上升,显著抑制杏果实病斑直径的扩大。同时,透射电子显微镜结果显示,EBR处理能较好地维持杏果实线粒体、叶绿体等细胞器在贮藏过程中结构的完整性。说明EBR处理抑制杏果实采后黑斑病的发生与调控其活性氧代谢和维持其细胞器结构完整性密切相关。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press