六种处理方式对慈姑淀粉理化性质的影响

为了提高慈姑淀粉的利用率，采用微波、苹果酸、盐酸、三偏磷酸钠、α-淀粉酶、乙酸酐6种不同改性方法对慈姑淀粉进行改性，并对改性后淀粉的理化特性进行了分析。结果表明：与原淀粉相比，6种处理后的慈姑淀粉均属于A型晶体结构；微波处理后的慈姑淀粉颗粒抱团成为较大颗粒，直链淀粉的相对含量增加，透明度、析水率、溶解度和膨胀度均低于原淀粉；苹果酸处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒破碎明显，透明度及膨润度降低，溶解度和直链淀粉相对含量升高；盐酸处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒出现凹坑和空洞，直链淀粉相对含量增加，凝沉性、析水率及糊化峰值温度提高，淀粉中有基团—Cl接入；三偏磷酸钠处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒出现裂纹，透明度、溶解度及膨润度降低，其糊化特性温度和焓值升高，羟基发生缔合明显；α-淀粉酶处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒表面粗糙，出现大量的凹陷，凝沉性和透明度升高，直链淀粉的相对含量降低，1 047/1 022的比值比原淀粉大，其结构更加短程有序；乙酸酐处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒表面部分出现孔洞，晶型结构没有发生改变，直链淀粉相对含量、溶解度和透明度升高，膨润度降低。综上，不同的处理方法对慈姑淀粉的理化性质影响不同，根据应用需求，可选择对应特性的改性慈姑淀...     

微波复合酶解改性对小米淀粉结构表征及其理化特性的影响

本文以小米淀粉为原料，采用微波、酶解、微波复合酶解三种方法改性淀粉。从淀粉颗粒形貌、偏光特性、结晶结构、短程有序性、粒径分布等方面对小米淀粉进行结构表征，测定其直链淀粉含量、溶胀力与透明度等指标以分析小米淀粉的理化特性。结果表明：改性后，小米淀粉的颗粒结构被破坏，偏光十字特性消失，结晶结构发生改变，但三种改性方法均不影响小米淀粉的基本官能团。其中，微波改性小米淀粉为A型晶体，酶解和微波复合酶解改性淀粉结晶型为B型，微波复合酶解改性淀粉的相对结晶度提高了35.32 %。改性淀粉的粒径、直链淀粉含量均有所提高，与原淀粉相比，微波复合酶解改性淀粉的直链淀粉含量增加了49.03 %。综上所述，与单一法相比，微波复合酶解法对淀粉颗粒结构和理化性质的改善效果最佳，这对于小米淀粉基食品的开发应用具有重要意义。     

微波对板栗淀粉结构和理化性质的影响

为探讨微波辐照对板栗淀粉颗粒结构和理化性质的影响,采用微波辐照板栗淀粉,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)等研究微波处理不同时间后板栗淀粉的颗粒结构和理化特性。研究表明:与原淀粉相比,微波处理后板栗淀粉的微观形貌发生明显变化,但淀粉颗粒仍为C型晶体。随着微波处理时间的增加,直链淀粉含量增大,淀粉颗粒表面出现裂纹、孔洞和黏结越显著,淀粉颗粒的相对结晶度降低、红外光谱(1 047/1 022)cm~(-1)峰强度比值降低;淀粉膨胀度和透光率也随微波处理时间的增加而降低。DSC分析表明,微波处理80 s的淀粉相转变温度(T_o和T_p)降低、糊化焓(ΔH)减少。表明微波辐照对板栗淀粉的颗粒结构和理化特征均有显著影响。     

蚕豆淀粉与其抗性淀粉理化性质的比较

本文系统比较分析了压热法制备蚕豆抗性淀粉前后理化性质的变化。结果表明,蚕豆淀粉的溶解度、膨润度、透明度和平均聚合度均大于蚕豆抗性淀粉,但持水性小于抗性淀粉。蚕豆淀粉颗粒呈椭球形,表面较为光滑,分子晶型为A型,整体结晶度为10.3%;而蚕豆抗性淀粉颗粒为不规则形、多角形,表面粗糙褶皱,尺寸较小,分子晶型为C型,整体结晶度为11.7%。与蚕豆淀粉相比,抗性淀粉红外光谱中的-OH伸缩振动峰峰形变宽且发生了红移,蚕豆淀粉的糊化温度为65.84℃,显著低于抗性淀粉的151.19℃。表明压热制备抗性淀粉理化性质被改变,有氢键参与了抗性淀粉的生成,晶体结构的致密度提高。     

发芽处理对鹰嘴豆淀粉结构和理化性质的影响

以鹰嘴豆为原料,进行发芽处理,采用碱法提取淀粉,研究不同发芽时间对鹰嘴豆淀粉结构和理化特性的影响。结果表明,发芽的鹰嘴豆淀粉颗粒表面出现裂纹与孔隙,而淀粉的结晶型以及官能团未发生改变。随着发芽时间增加,鹰嘴豆淀粉的直链淀粉含量、碘蓝值和透明度先增后减,膨胀度、析水率先降后升。不同发芽时间淀粉均在24 h内快速凝沉后趋于稳定。发芽处理提高了淀粉的溶解度、持水性、持油性和酶水解率,酸水解率在水解第9天前均大于未发芽淀粉。研究表明,发芽处理能有效改善鹰嘴豆淀粉的结构和理化性质,对开发鹰嘴豆淀粉食品具有促进作用。     

木薯羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的制备及性质研究

以木薯淀粉为原料,研究羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的制备及其理化性质.利用糖化酶和α-淀粉酶复合处理制备微孔淀粉,然后采用乙醇溶剂法对微孔淀粉进行羧甲基化处理,确定了制备羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的最佳工艺条件;通过X射线衍射、红外光谱和黏度检测研究木薯羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的理化性质,结果表明羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的结晶度提高,羧甲基基团被引入微孔淀粉分子中;对比原淀粉,羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的黏度明显提高,吸水率和吸油率均高于原淀粉.     

微波-超声波辅助制备木薯淀粉纳米颗粒及其特性表征

以广西特色资源木薯淀粉为原料,微波超声波辅助制备了木薯淀粉纳米颗粒。采用动态光散射技术考察了淀粉乳浓度、微波超声波处理功率、微波超声波处理时间、料醇比(淀粉溶液与乙醇体积比)、淀粉溶液的滴加速率、滴加淀粉溶液的过程中微波超声波功率对纳米颗粒尺寸及多分散系数(PDI)的影响,获得了制备木薯淀粉纳米颗粒的最优条件:淀粉乳浓度20 mg/mL,微波超声波处理功率为24:500 W:W,微波超声波处理时间是50 min,料醇比1:8,淀粉溶液的滴加速率是20 mL/min,滴加淀粉溶液过程中微波超声波功率为24:300 W:W。通过傅里叶红外光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射仪对木薯原淀粉和最优条件下合成的木薯淀粉纳米颗粒进行了表征。研究了淀粉纳米颗粒的溶解度、溶胀度、吸水率、吸油率等理化性质。结果表明,木薯淀粉纳米颗粒球形形貌较好,尺寸分布较均一。晶型由A型变为V型,相对结晶度明显降低。与木薯原淀粉相比,淀粉纳米颗粒的溶解度由0.9%提高到78.3%、溶胀度由4.166%提高到10.86%、吸油率提高了170%、12 h内的吸水率提高了3.1%,分散性实验表明木薯淀粉纳米颗粒在水溶液中的分散性较好。该淀粉纳米颗粒可用于食品色素、香料、调味料、维生素、油脂等产品中,应用价值较高。     

热处理改性淀粉的理化性质、结构和消化特性的研究进展（网络首发、推荐阅读）

热处理改性淀粉具有操作简单、污染少、产品安全性高的优点,是最常用的淀粉物理改性方法。主要总结了干热处理、湿热处理和韧化处理对淀粉理化性质、结构性质和消化性质的影响,也总结了添加亲水胶体辅助热处理和多种热处理方法联合处理对淀粉理化性质及消化性质的影响。研究发现热处理改性能够提高淀粉热稳定性和抗消化能力。热处理改性对淀粉性质的影响与热处理改性方式、淀粉种类和来源有关,其中湿热处理和韧化处理过程水分含量较高,能使淀粉的溶胀力和溶解度发生显著改变。三种热处理方法均能够改变淀粉相对结晶度,湿热处理还能改变淀粉的结晶晶型。除韧化处理外,干热处理和湿热处理均能改变淀粉颗粒结构。添加亲水胶体辅助热处理或热处理方法联合处理能增强热处理改性对淀粉理化性质和消化性质的影响。这为热处理改性淀粉的进一步研究及应用提供参考。     

马铃薯抗性淀粉理化性质的研究

以马铃薯原淀粉为对照,研究了纤维素酶-压热法制备的马铃薯抗性淀粉的理化性质。结果表明,马铃薯原淀粉颗粒呈椭球形,表面光滑;而抗性淀粉的颗粒状结构消失,形成了连续的致密结构,表面不再光滑。红外光谱分析表明,抗性淀粉分子中未出现新的基团,只较原淀粉形成了更多的氢键。马铃薯原淀粉的分子晶型为A型,整体结晶度为22.82%;抗性淀粉的分子晶型为B型,整体结晶度为29.64%。马铃薯抗性淀粉的溶解度、透明度远远低于原淀粉;膨润度、持水性优于原淀粉。抗性淀粉的沉降速度较快,沉降性比原淀粉强。原淀粉糊化温度为65.8 ℃,峰值黏度可达到10 770 mPa·s;而抗性淀粉其糊化温度高于95 ℃。     

过热蒸汽改性典型晶型淀粉的理化性质研究

以玉米淀粉(A型)、马铃薯淀粉(B型)和豌豆淀粉(C型)等3种典型晶型淀粉为对象,分析比较过热蒸汽短时间处理改性淀粉的颗粒形貌、粒径、热焓特性、糊化特性及结晶特性。结果表明,通过改性处理,3种晶型淀粉相对结晶度均极显著降低(P0.01),玉米淀粉晶型由A型转变为A+V型,马铃薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉的晶型分别由B型、C型转变为A型;改性的玉米、马铃薯、豌豆淀粉颗粒发生膨胀,粒径极显著增大(P0.01),糊化温度升高,糊化焓极显著减小(P0.01),淀粉糊化的稳定性和抗剪切性能明显增强。3种改性淀粉的理化性质存在较大差异。相对结晶度和晶型是导致改性淀粉性质差异的主要原因。     

冻融对糯米淀粉性质的影响

考察了水分含量30%（w∶w）和40%（w∶w）左右的糯米淀粉以及糯米淀粉-水1∶1.5（w∶v）悬浮液多次冷冻和解冻后的淀粉颗粒形貌、晶体和糊化特性、破损淀粉含量等一系列性质。结果表明,与原淀粉相比,反复冻融后,淀粉颗粒棱角出现损伤,且随着冻融次数的增加,表面更为粗糙和出现更多的凹洞;糯米淀粉颗粒晶型没有改变,仍为A型,经淀粉与水1∶1.5（w∶v）比例冻融处理的糯米淀粉相对结晶度由25.19%降低至21.34%,而水分含量30%和40%经冻融处理的糯米淀粉相对结晶度由25.19%分别提高至32.47%和31.65%,且多次冻融之间的相对结晶度呈下降趋势;经淀粉与水1∶1.5（w∶v）比例冻融处理的糯米淀粉在冻融前后起始糊化温度降低0.3～0.67℃,黏度（热糊黏度,保持热糊黏度,冷糊黏度等）降低30～60BU,水分含量30%和40%经冻融处理的糯米淀粉在冻融前后黏度（热糊黏度,保持热糊黏度,冷糊黏度等）降低150～300cp,但多次冻融之间的黏度无显著性差异;经反复冻融后破损淀粉含量降低。      

球磨处理对3种淀粉特性的影响

以木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉、籼米淀粉为材料,调节水分含量为6%左右,采用行星式球磨机对淀粉进行球磨处理,研究球磨处理对淀粉理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着球磨时间的增加,淀粉颗粒逐渐破碎,淀粉粒度逐渐减小;3种淀粉的还原力、冷水溶解度、透明度均逐渐增加,淀粉的表观黏度、结晶度逐渐减小。在同样的球磨时间下,3种淀粉的冷水溶解度、透明度、表观黏度存在显著性差异(P<0.05);在75h以前,玉米淀粉和籼米淀粉的还原力无显著性差异,100h时,玉米淀粉和籼米淀粉的还原力存在显著性差异(P<0.05);其中,球磨处理对籼米淀粉的各项理化指标影响最大。     

非晶颗粒态玉米淀粉理化性质及消化性能的研究

非晶颗粒态淀粉是一种特殊的淀粉物态形式,具有颗粒性,但不具有结晶性。为了实现对原淀粉颗粒的改性,本文以玉米淀粉为原料,采用乙醇溶液处理法制备非晶颗粒态淀粉。在此基础上,研究了这种非晶化处理方法对玉米淀粉的颗粒形貌、结晶性质、溶解度与膨胀力及体外消化性能的影响。结果表明,原淀粉经非晶化处理后颗粒性仍保持完整,但颗粒表面有较大爆裂孔生成,并出现明显褶皱;非晶颗粒态玉米淀粉呈现V-型衍射结构,其结晶性基本消失,颗粒由多晶颗粒态结构转变为非晶颗粒态结构;与玉米原淀粉相比,其溶解度和膨胀度在相同的测定温度下均明显增加。原淀粉经乙醇溶液处理后,其快消化淀粉含量由92.83%下降到81.64%。而慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉总含量由7.17%上升到18.36%。因此,采用乙醇溶液处理法对淀粉颗粒进行改性将有助于开发低热量和慢血糖应答的产品。     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on physicochemical, thermal and morphological properties of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) starch

Mung bean starch-water suspension was subjected to high pressure treatment at 120, 240, 360, 480 and 600 MPa for 30 min, and changes in the structure, morphology and some physicochemical properties were investigated. Light transmittance, swelling power and solubility decreased after the high hydrostatic pressure treatment. A significant increase in the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, pasting temperature and setback, and decrease in breakdown viscosity with increase in pressure treatment was observed. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis showed a decrease in gelatinization temperatures and gelatinization enthalpy upon high pressure treatments. The X-ray analysis showed that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment converted starch that displayed the C-type X-ray pattern to the B-type-like pattern. The HHP treatments altered the shape of starch granules and changed their surface appearance according to SEM analysis. HHP treatment (600 MPa, 30 min) caused a completely gelatinize of mung bean starch.     

Stabilization of Paste Viscosity of Cassava Starch by Heat Moisture Treatment

Cassava starch has poor paste stability during prolonged cooking. The starch was modified by heat moisture treatment. A premoistured starch (18–24% moisture) was subjected to heat treatment for 3–16h to bring about paste stability. Different types of heat treatments like moist pressure heating, dry heating and microwave heating was tried. The optimum heat treatment to bring about the paste stability was found to be 18–21% premoistured starch, which was heated at 110°C per 16h. The modified starch granules were intact and had comparatively increased sedimentation volume, oil binding capacity, amylase susceptibility, and decreaced crystallinity, water binding capacity, solubility and paste translucency. The freeze - thaw stability was excellent with modified cassava starch. “Pie filling and Halwa” (an Indian sweetmeat) made from modified cassava starch had good organoleptic properites.     

超声波处理对马铃薯全粉理化性质和消化特性的影响

以马铃薯全粉为原料,研究超声处理对马铃薯全粉理化性质和消化特性的影响。结果表明:超声处理使得马铃薯全粉的结晶度增大,晶体结构明显改变,溶解度、膨胀度、吸油性、崩解值、糊化温度和消化特性显著降低。随着超声波处理时间的延长,马铃薯全粉的结晶度、峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度先升高后降低。随着超声波处理时间的延长,快消化淀粉(RDS)含量降低,慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量升高。研究表明,超声处理显著影响马铃薯全粉的理化性质和消化特性(P0.05)。     

Physicochemical properties of thermal alkaline treated pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) flour

Thermal alkaline treatment, normally used for corn, was applied to pigeonpea grains. Starch granules were isolated using wet milling and alkaline treatments. Effects of the calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] concentration in the range of 0–1% (w/v) on granule structure, crystalline structure, chemical composition, and physicochemical, thermal, and pasting properties of isolated starch granules were determined. Compared to native samples, thermal alkaline treated samples had higher protein, lipid, calcium, and phosphorus contents, but lower starch and amylose contents. Thermal alkaline treatment increased starch granular size and gelatinization temperatures, but decreased relative crystallinity, gelatinization enthalpy, swelling power, solubility, amylose leaching, and the pasting viscosity. Amylose-lipid complexes were not found in thermal alkaline treated flours. As the Ca(OH)₂ concentration increased, the amylose content, relative crystallinity, gelatinization temperature, and enthalpy also increased, but the swelling power, solubility, amylose leaching, and paste viscosity decreased. A higher Ca(OH)₂ concentration produced more stable starch granules that resisted re-gelatinization.     

Effect of high‐pressure microfluidization on the structure of cassava starch granule

Microfluidization has been applied to modify starch granules. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of microfluidization on the structure and thermal properties of cassava starch–water suspension (20% w/w). The means of optical microscopy, SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and DSC were applied to analyze the changes in microstructure, crystallinity, and thermal property. Microscopy observations revealed that native starch granules were oval, round, and truncated in shape. After the microfluidization treatment, a bigger starch granule was partially gelatinized, and a gel‐like structure was formed on a granular surface. No significant difference in XRD patterns of the samples were observed and all samples exhibited A‐type allomorph. Crystallinity decreased with the pressure. Sample treated at 150 MPa contains 17.1% crystalline glucan polymer, lower than that of native granules which have crystallinity of about 25.8%. A lower crystallinity means poor order of crystalline glucan polymer structure in starch granules. The disruption of crystalline order within the granule was also observed by FTIR measurement. Thermal analysis using DSC indicated that the microfluidization treatment brought about a significant decrease of melting enthalpy. The gelatinization enthalpy was 12.0 and 3.0 J/g for the native sample and samples treated under the 150 MPa, respectively. The results indicate that high‐pressure microfluidization process induced the gelatinization of cassava starch, which is evaluated by a percentage of the degree of gelatinization, due to a pronounced decrease with increasing microfluidizing pressure.