口腔加工对于食品风味感知及其释放影响的研究进展

传统食品风味研究以材料学的方法与技术为基础,定量、定性地描述及分析食品风味物质多少以及变化,其忽略了口腔加工过程中食物风味释放及感知中"人"的因素。而食品口腔加工学的产生打破传统研究壁垒,以食品与人体相互作用为基础进行研究,探索食品在口腔加工过程中的结构及物理化学性质变化,揭示口腔的生理响应机制和感官心理结果。该文以食品口腔加工为切入点,详细介绍口腔加工对食品风味感知及释放影响的研究进展。     

食品口腔加工过程中舌头的功能

饮食是一个复杂的食品口腔加工过程,包括食物的口腔处理、传送和感官评判等一系列的口腔和大脑行为,而人舌在这一系列的口腔加工过程中起着关键的作用。由于人舌生理结构的复杂性与口腔环境阻碍等原因,所以人们至今无法详细地探究人舌功能及其在食品口腔加工过程中的操作和控制机理,尤其是感知食品在口腔加工过程中的结构和感官的动态变化。本文从人舌生理结构出发,分析固体、软固体和流体食物在饮食过程中的舌体的功能与运动规律,阐释人舌在饮食吞咽过程中的物理作用(搅拌、移动、收缩挤压等)、化学传感(滋味)、物理传感(冷热、位置、质构、形态等)、吞咽(食团成形、食团推送)等作用,以便为建立新的更科学的食品品质体外评价技术提供理论依据。     

香气对饱腹感和味觉影响的研究进展

风味是口腔中产生的味觉、鼻腔中产生的嗅觉和三叉神经感觉的综合感官印象,主要包括食品的香气和滋味。风味物质大多为非营养性物质,不参与人体代谢。风味是构成食品质量的重要因素之一,在消费者选择食物中起着非常重要的作用。本文综述了香气对饱腹感和味觉影响的研究进展,介绍了香气技术应用中存在的问题并展望了相关研究在食品包括新型保健食品开发中的应用前景。     

口腔摩擦学在食品口腔加工中的应用

口腔加工不仅是一个饮食过程，也是一个享乐过程。人们所感知的食物质地是一种多维的感官特征。目前仅通过流变学已无法表征这一复杂感官感知。摩擦学通过模拟食物在口腔内的加工过程和食物被舌头挤压至口腔表面时的润滑行为来客观表征食物在口腔加工中的感官属性。口腔摩擦学已成为表征食物口腔加工中润滑行为的重要工具。本文综述口腔摩擦学在食品加工和研发中的应用，重点阐述食物在口腔加工中的涩感、润滑感等感官感知及其润滑机制，旨在为未来食品设计提供参考。     

香气增甜的作用机制及评价方法研究进展

食品减糖比较常见的方法是使用非营养性甜味剂,但非营养性甜味剂会带来不受欢迎的苦味或金属味及安全风险。研究表明,在某些食物中加入香气物质可以增强人体对食品的甜味感知,即利用香气增甜作用达到食品减糖效果。从气味物质种类、甜味剂浓度2个方面总结了对香气增甜作用有重要影响的因素;从正鼻途径和后鼻途径的嗅觉感受机制、脑神经及味觉感受机制、心理感受机制3个方面阐述了香气增甜的作用机制,总结了分子模拟在分析甜味剂与味觉受体结合、释放过程的应用;归纳了评价香气增甜作用大小的感官分析方法,并比较描述性感官分析法、时间强度法和感觉时间支配分析法3种感官分析方法的差异性;对香气增甜作用在食品工业中的应用现状进行了汇总;对香气增甜研究方向以及分析气味增强味觉作用机制的方法提出展望,以期为香气减糖的研究提供新思路。     

气味与滋味间相互作用对食品风味感知影响研究进展

食品风味是影响消费者购买欲的重要因素,而风味感知的形成受嗅觉、味觉等多种感官的共同影响,利用气味与滋味间感知交互作用改善食品风味已成为最受关注的食品风味调控新方向之一。基于此,本文首先从神经生物学角度分析嗅觉与味觉间跨模态感知交互作用的主要形成通路及机制,然后从静态感官分析和动态感官分析两个方面总结跨模态感知交互作用的主要研究方法,最后结合相关文献案例分别综述气味物质对味觉感知（甜、咸、苦、鲜和酸）以及滋味物质对嗅觉感知的影响,旨在为食品加工过程风味品质的调控提供新思路。     

湿热工艺处理对再造烟叶品质的变化研究

在湿热加速条件下,考察再造烟叶化学指标、挥发性成分和感官指标的变化。结果显示:再造烟叶化学指标均无明显差异;水分降至一定值后,维持一个状态;挥发性成分占比较大的20种挥发性成分总量由84.48%下降至79.88%,其香气损失了5.45%;感官质量评价对照样,其烤甜香足,烟气细腻,杂气弱,口腔回甜、干净、舒适等,湿热条件下贮存28天后,样品烟气香气量减弱,口腔微有热刺感,鼻腔刺激感,口舒适性等感指标均有下降。     

唾液组成与味觉感知的生理相关性研究进展

食品口腔加工及味觉感知机理是近年来食品营养与健康领域的研究热门,它主要以食品与口腔的相互作用为基础,以多学科交叉方法来研究食品在口腔加工过程中的结构与理化性质的改变,及其引起的口腔感知和一系列生理学反应。唾液是哺乳动物进食时最先与食物接触的体液,是由口腔的3对大唾液腺（腮腺、下颌下腺和舌下腺）及成百上千个散在小唾液腺分泌的一种澄清、微酸性的黏性口腔分泌物。唾液由水和多种无机物及有机活性蛋白分子等组成,具有多种重要的生理功能。本文综述唾液分泌与基本味觉——酸味、甜味、苦味、咸味、鲜味,以及脂肪味、麻味、辣味等广义味觉感知的相互作用,并以唾液成分为切入点,详细探讨其与多种味觉感知之间的关系,总结唾液参与各种味觉感知的相互影响,为进一步研究唾液组成与味觉感知之间的生理相关性提供理论基础。     

食品的质构及其性质

食品质构是食品材料与结构性质的感官体现,直接影响食品的口腔行为、风味释放和感官愉悦,是影响消费者对食品的喜好和可接受性的重要因素.本文阐述食品质构的定义、质构性质的分类、感知途径和仪器测量方法等,以期让科研人员更好地理解食品质构及其性质,推动该领域研究的发展,为食品工业设计开发营养可口的高质量食品提供理论依据.     

口腔软摩擦理论与测量技术及其在食品感官感知研究中的应用

食品口腔加工是一个复杂的动态过程，包括食物持续破碎、食团尺寸减小、唾液分泌和食团形成等一系列过程。它既是食品的口腔物理处理过程，又是食品的感官感知过程。在此过程中，食品颗粒之间以及食品颗粒与口腔表面之间普遍存在着相对移动。因此，如何准确描述与该过程控制相关的物理原理，已超出了传统的流变学范畴，而且许多感官特性（如光滑感、脂肪感、油腻感、后余味等）亦不可用简单的流变学测量来表征。近年来兴起的口腔软摩擦研究被认为是研究食品口腔加工与口腔感官的可行技术手段。本文阐述了摩擦学基本原理和口腔软摩擦的基本知识，主要包括口腔软摩擦的生物学基础和测量方法，同时介绍了软摩擦技术在食品研发与感官品质评定中应用的最新进展。     

Traditional Japanese confection overseas: Cultural difference and retronasal aroma affect flavor preference and umami perception

Food cultures differ among countries and regions. Yokan, a traditional Japanese confection, is culturally familiar to Japanese people but unfamiliar to Westerners. We investigated the effect of cultural differences and retronasal aroma on flavor preference for and taste perception of yokan among Japanese and German participants. As a control food, we also used the marshmallow, which is culturally familiar to both Japanese and German participants. Participants evaluated their preference for flavor as well as the intensity of the five basic taste qualities and retronasal aroma under the nostril-open and nostril-closed conditions. The retronasal aroma of a culturally familiar food significantly increased preference for flavor, whereas the retronasal aroma of a culturally unfamiliar food did not affect preference for flavor. Moreover, for all taste qualities, retronasal aroma induced a similar magnitude of taste enhancement between culturally familiar and unfamiliar foods, suggesting that cultural familiarity with a food does not affect taste perception. However, the retronasal aroma induced significantly greater umami enhancement in Japanese participants than in German participants, suggesting an effect of cultural familiarity with specific taste qualities on taste perception. These findings indicate that cultural differences and retronasal aroma affect flavor preference for and umami perception of food.     

The role of oral processing in dynamic sensory perception

Food oral processing is not only important for the ingestion and digestion of food, but also plays an important role in the perception of texture and flavor. This overall sensory perception is dynamic and occurs during all stages of oral processing. However, the relationships between oral operations and sensory perception are not yet fully understood. This article reviews recent progress and research findings on oral food processing, with a focus on the dynamic character of sensory perception of solid foods. The reviewed studies are discussed in terms of both physiology and food properties, and cover first bite, mastication, and swallowing. Little is known about the dynamics of texture and flavor perception during mastication and the importance on overall perception. Novel approaches use time intensity and temporal dominance techniques, and these will be valuable tools for future research on the dynamics of texture and flavor perception.     

Investigating the oronasal contributions to metallic perception

Metallic taints elicited when consuming food can be unpleasant for the consumer and are therefore problematic to food manufacturers. Although metallic has been proposed as a taste in the past, evidence remains inconclusive. This study investigates the oral and nasal contributions to metallic perception using sensory evaluation and headspace analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). When sniffing the headspace over divalent salt solutions, some were discriminated from water. GC‐MS did not detect volatiles in the sample headspace, one hypothesis being that sample volatiles react with phospholipids in the nasal cavity and it is lipid oxidation products which are perceived. Copper sulphate was reported as metallic when tasted with the nose occluded to eliminate retronasal perception, suggesting a gustatory or trigeminal mechanism may be involved. This work indicates orthonasal stimulation is involved in metallic perception, and contributes to the ongoing debate over metallic being a taste, trigeminal or flavour response.     

Influence of defined milk products on the flavour of white coffee beverages using static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry and sensory analysis

The influence of milk processing and ingredients on the sensory properties of white coffee beverages has, as yet, not been thoroughly investigated, so in this study analysed milk products processed in a defined manner were added to a standardized, fresh coffee beverage; the resulting odour, taste and retronasal odour perception were measured by intensity tests, and selected volatiles were analysed by static headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. After adding pasteurized consumers’ milk, the effects of a different fat content (3.5 and 1.5%) and fat dispersion were studied. The milk with the lower fat content and with smaller fat globules, resulting from double homogenization (each 250/50 bar), induced a more intense coffee-related retronasal odour perception, whereas the milk-related impression was nearly the same. The addition of casein increased the creamy and milky retronasal odour perception and reduced the coffee-related taste and retronasal odour. These correlations may result in a custom-made development of milky coffee beverages controlled in their nasal and retronasal odour and taste by the defined processing of the milk component. With instrumental analysis it was observable that the effect of the addition of twice-homogenized, twice-pasteurized low-fat milk and of the addition of whole milk was similar. In both cases more volatiles were released from the beverage than with the addition of low-fat milk that was homogenized once. This is an unexpected result, because the whole milk has a higher fat content than the low-fat milk and therefore a greater retention of the flavour compounds was expected. Is it possible that the flavour compounds are not dissolved in fat and that interactions happen only with fat globule membrane constituents?     

Differences in salivary flow and composition between age groups are correlated to dynamic retronasal aroma perception during wine consumption

Salivary flow and composition have been related to the dynamics of retronasal aroma release during wine consumption. However, whether differences in saliva composition among age groups are related to wine aroma perception remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this work has been to determine the relationship between salivary parameters and the dynamics of wine retronasal aroma perception in two groups of individuals of different age (young and senior adults). To do so, 22 individuals, 11 from the young group (18–35 years old) and another 11 from the senior group (>55 y.o.) were recruited for this study. The retronasal aroma intensity of two specific aroma attributes (smoked and black pepper) of a red wine was rated by using Time-Intensity (TI) methodology. Saliva was previously collected from each individual. Salivary flow and composition (pH, total protein content, protease and α-amylase activities) were determined in order to characterise the two groups of panellists. Results showed significant differences among age groups (young and seniors) in the TI parameters extracted from the dynamics curves of retronasal aroma perception of both attributes. Thus, smoky and black pepper notes were more intensely rated and for longer times by the senior group than by the younger group. Salivary parameters were also significantly different in both age groups. A significant positive correlation between the salivary total protein content and the maximum intensity (Imax) perceived, and a significant negative correlation between the salivary flow and most TI parameters (Imax, area under the curve and duration time of the perceived stimuli) were found for both aroma attributes.     

Optimisation of the partial napping approach for the successful capturing of mouthfeel differentiation between brandy products

Partial napping has been validated as a suitable sensory profiling method for brandy evaluation. However, it was found that, compared to conventional profiling, very little useful information could be extracted on brandy mouthfeel when it was evaluated as part of overall in-mouth perceptions. This study aimed to optimise the partial napping method to improve information output on the mouthfeel of brandies. Panellists’ proficiency in visual, aroma and in-mouth evaluation of brandies were scrutinised after which three partial napping protocols were tested to identify the most effective solution for the successful capturing of mouthfeel differences between brandies. The results showed that panellists were equally efficient in aroma and in-mouth evaluations, but that in-mouth perception (defined as retronasal flavour, basic taste and mouthfeel) was not a useful construct as it did not contribute to the product configuration that could be obtained with visual and colour assessments alone. Instructing panellists to ignore retronasal flavour delivered more useful results. Using dark glasses and nose-clips to eliminate visual, aroma and retronasal flavour perceptions were not necessary to obtain a reliable and interpretable representation of the mouthfeel differences between brandies. Clear glasses and written instructions were sufficient to generate useful mouthfeel information under conditions more representative of the consumer product experience.