基于配煤和表面修饰改善褐煤成浆性的研究

为改善褐煤成浆性,使其满足水煤浆气化需求,利用石油焦配煤,煤油作为表面修饰剂,研究改性方式对褐煤成浆性的影响。结果表明：（1）石油焦具有较强的疏水性,添加石油焦配煤显著提高褐煤的成浆浓度,且成浆浓度与石油焦占干基固体颗粒质量分数α（α>10.0%）正相关;（2）添加占干基固体颗粒质量β的煤油表面修饰配煤混合颗粒可以增强颗粒疏水性,进一步提高煤焦浆浓度,黏度随β先减小后增大,β最佳值与α（α>10.0%）负相关;（3）添加微量石油焦（α<1.0%）煤油悬浮液修饰时,可以提高煤油修饰效果,降低煤焦浆黏度η,α最佳值与β正相关。     

一种基于特斯拉阀结构的微混合器设计、模拟及其试验研究

微混合器是常见的用于流体混合的设备,由于特斯拉阀结构简单稳定,流动方式特殊,具有开发微混合器的潜质。本文通过数值模拟的方法,在特斯拉阀结构以及前期研究的基础上,改进并优化了一种特斯拉型的微混合器,利用流体力学软件（Fluent）研究了不同θ角度以及不同雷诺数下的混合程度,并对该结构的混合效果进行了流场分析以及试验验证。结果表明,该新型微混合器的最佳几何参数为θ=30°。两股流体在Re=52.5、混合长度为50mm时,混合程度η=0.9647,体系压降为330.45Pa。该微混合器的操作压降较低,相对于先前结构,混合性能更好,混合长度更短。     

循环射流混合槽内液液两相混合特性数值模拟

循环射流混合槽作为一种高效的混合装置在化工过程强化处理技术中具有潜在的工业应用前景。由于缺乏对其内多相体系流动和混合行为的研究,制约了循环射流混合反应器的优化设计与工业化应用。本文选取水和二甲基硅油两相体系,采用计算流体力学软件ANSYS Fluent V16.1中Eulerian-Eulerian多相流模型和SST k-?湍流模型,对两种不同加料方式下循环射流混合槽内液液两相射流中心线速度、离析强度、拉伸率等参数进行研究。研究结果表明：分散相浓度（α_d）增大射流卷吸能耗增大,在l/s<0.4内α_d=1.80%和2.86%量纲为1的射流中心线速度衰减趋势与α_d=6.00%相比减弱51%和21%;在低分散相浓度时,量纲为1的射流中心线速度随Re的增大衰减趋势变化小,在l/s<0.24内Re=6346、9519和12692量纲为1的射流中心线速度衰减趋势与Re=3173相比分别减弱2.60%、2.87%和12.69%。离析强度随混合时间的增大而减小,随周向角度增大呈W形变化趋势。在相含率和雷诺数相同时,对称球状较圆柱状加料达到混合时间减少65.5%;不同喷嘴之间的拉伸率随迹线长度的增大而增大,jet1和jet9位置处的拉伸率与其余喷嘴相比较大;相同喷嘴之间拉伸率随Re的增大而增大,Re=6346、9519和12692的拉伸率与Re=3173相比分别提高289%~320%、418%~454%和607%~667%。     

不同晶型纳米二氧化锰制备及对亚甲基蓝吸附性能

以高锰酸钾（KMnO₄）为氧化剂、硫酸亚铁铵[（NH₄）₂Fe（SO₄）₂]为还原剂,用水热氧化还原反应制备了层状δ-二氧化锰和隧道型α-二氧化锰纳米材料。用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和氮气吸-脱附技术对产物的晶型、形貌及孔结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,δ-二氧化锰呈花状微球形貌,具有介孔结构（平均孔径为3.4 nm）,BET比表面积为219 m²/g;α-二氧化锰呈纳米线束形貌,具有部分介孔结构（平均孔径为35.7 nm和154.6 nm）,BET比表面积为26 m²/g。研究了不同晶型纳米二氧化锰对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。实验结果表明,在相同条件下α-二氧化锰的吸附性能优于δ-二氧化锰,且在碱性环境下吸附效果较好。当反应时间达到120 min时,α-二氧化锰和δ-二氧化锰对亚甲基蓝的去除率分别为84.4%和82.9%。     

五元环氟化物的合成及应用

综述了以双环戊二烯（DCPD）、六氯环戊二烯（HCCPD）或八氯环戊烯（OCP）为起始原料合成1,2-二氯六氟环戊烯（F6-12）、1,3-二氯六氟环戊烯（F6-13）、1-氯七氟环戊烯（F7-1）、1,1,2,2,3,3,4-七氟环戊烷（F7A）、1,1,2,2,3,3-六氟环戊烷（F6A）、顺式-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,5-八氟环戊烷（cis-F8A）、八氟环戊烯（F8E）、3,3,4,4,5,5-六氟环戊烯（F6E）、1,3,3,4,4,5,5-七氟环戊烯（F7E）等系列五元环氟化物的合成路线,以及五元环氟化物在电子清洗、电子刻蚀、合成电子氟化液的应用。提出了五元环氟化物的合成研究重点是新型合成路线的开发、高催化活性且对人体健康无害的过程催化剂的开发,以及无污染化工艺过程的开发,而应用研究重点是开发五元环氟化物的电子级产品以及开发五元环氟化物的下游产品。     

β-FeOOH改性蒙脱土复合过氧化氢对罗丹明B的降解

用不同物质的量的β-FeOOH对蒙脱土（MMT）进行改性制备出一系列β-FeOOH-MMT（x）,并将其与过氧化氢（H₂O₂）联用降解罗丹明B（RhB）。考察了RhB模拟废水脱色的影响因素,并研究了不同处理方法的协同效应。结果表明：在pH为5.2、β-FeOOH-MMT（3.5）用量为2 g/L、n（H₂O₂）∶n（Fe）=50∶1条件下搅拌10 min,对20 mg/L的RhB去除率可高达89.3%;对β-FeOOH-MMT（x）进行了拉曼光谱和扫描电镜表征。β-FeOOH-MMT（3.5）表现出丰富的孔结构;β-FeOOH-MMT（3.5）和H₂O₂对降解RhB模拟废水产生了协同效应,降解反应较为接近表观一级动力学,速率增强因子可达到29.32。     

排气管直径与深度对水力喷射空气旋流器传质性能的影响

对水力喷射空气旋流器(WSA)的中心排气管直径D_e和排气管插入深度S进行了设计优化研究,实验考察了不同D_e和S对WSA脱氨传质系数K_La和气相压降的影响,提出了综合评价传质过程效率的概念——单位压降传质效率η_p,讨论了D_e和S的设计取值。研究表明,当D_e增大时,K_La和气相压降均随之降低,较小D_e的WSA具有较高的气液传质性能,但气相压降比较大,而K_La和气相压降均随S增大而增大。综合能效关系表明,随着D_e的增大η_p增大,随着S的增大η_p出现先增大后降低的趋势,WSA设计中D_e与WSA直径D之比D_e/D宜为0.42～0.53,S与WSA筒体长度H之比S/H适宜取值约为0.70。     

WER-SBR复合改性活性乳化沥青性能研究

丁苯橡胶(SBR)活性乳化沥青可以活化旧路面的老化沥青,但是存在高温稳定性差以及黏附性不足等问题。为解决SBR活性乳化沥青性能上的不足,使用水性环氧树脂(WER)对其进行复合改性,通过修正低温蒸发法获取蒸发残留物,分析不同掺量WER对SBR活性乳化沥青基本物理性能、黏附性、流变性能、低温蠕变性能以及还原性的影响。结果表明:掺入WER之后,SBR活性乳化沥青的针入度大幅下降,软化点显著提高,延度下降;WER能够显著提高SBR活性乳化沥青的高温稳定性,但对其低温延展性有负面影响;SBR活性乳化沥青的黏附性显著增强;复合剪切模量(G^*)、车辙因子(G^*/sin δ)随WER掺量的增加不断提高,相位角(δ)随WER掺量的增加不断下降,表明高温抗车辙性能得到改善;劲度模量(S)和蠕变速率(M)则随着WER掺量增加分别呈增大和降低趋势;WER的掺入不影响SBR活性乳化沥青的还原性。根据试验数据,WER掺量应控制在10%~15%(质量分数)。     

H2O2/乙腈体系下MgO催化环己酮Baeyer-Villiger绿色氧化合成ε-己内酯的研究

在H₂O₂/乙腈体系下以沉淀法制备的MgO为催化剂催化Baeyer-Villiger（B-V）氧化环己酮合成ε-己内酯,考察了制备条件和反应条件对环己酮转化率和己内酯收率的影响。根据实验结果,Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O为前体,在煅烧温度为600℃、煅烧时间为2 h时制备MgO氧化性能最佳,由X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）进行了分析,可知随温度升高MgO粒径逐渐增大,500~800℃范围内,MgO晶粒尺寸由9.53 nm增大到29.49 nm。在n（催化剂）∶n（环己酮）=0.45∶1、n（乙腈）∶n（环己酮）=12∶1、n（双氧水）∶n（环己酮）=10∶1、70℃、6 h时获得环己酮转化率95.2%及ε-己内酯收率83.1%。对双氧水B-V氧化环己酮机理进行了深入的研究,采用在线原位红外光谱对反应进行实时监测与分析,验证了其过氧缩酰胺反应路径。     

温控相分离纳米Ir催化α，β-不饱和醛、酮选择加氢

将温控相分离Ir纳米催化剂用于α,β-不饱和醛、酮的选择性加氢反应中,系统考察了其催化加氢性能。在优化的反应条件下,Ir纳米催化剂对α,β-不饱和醛的C═O键加氢选择性大于99%,对α,β-不饱和酮的C═C键加氢选择性大于99%。 Ir纳米催化剂经简单分离可直接循环使用5次,选择性均大于99%。TEM表征结果显示反应四次后的Ir纳米催化剂的平均粒径变为(1.9 ± 0.2) nm,比新制备的Ir纳米催化剂的平均粒径（1.3 ± 0.1）nm有所增大。ICP-AES测试结果表明Ir流失低于仪器检测下限（检测下限为5 μg/L）。     

Comparative analysis of different static mixers performance by CFD technique: An innovative mixer

The flow and mixing behavior of two miscible liquids has been studied in an innovative static mixer by using CFD,with Reynolds numbers ranging from 20 to 160. The performance of the new mixer is compared with those of Kenics, SMX, and Komax static mixers. The pressure drop ratio(Z-factor), coefficient of variation(CoV), and extensional efficiency(α) features have been used to evaluate power consumption, distributive mixing, and dispersive mixing performances, respectively, in all mixers. The model is firstly validated based on experimental data measured for the pressure drop ratio and the coefficient of variation. CFD results are consistent with measured data and those obtained by available correlations in the literature. The new mixer shows a superior mixing performance compared to the other mixers.     

共混纺丝组件用圆盘型静态混合器及模拟实验

从共混纺丝组件内部结构设计出发,根据静态混合器的混合原理,将组件内分配板设计成圆盘型静态混合器,每个分配圆盘中都设计出若干大小相等、径向均匀分布的菱形栅。通过复合纺丝模拟器的冷态模拟实验,分析模拟熔体在分配板流道内的流动混合状态。熔体经过菱形栅之间径向沟槽多次分割和汇集后,获得位置交换,完成多次的混合操作。结果表明,用于纺丝组件的圆盘型静态混合器能满足共混纺丝要求;将静态混合分配圆盘组配置在已有的纺丝组件内,其结构设计可行,混合效果显著。     

稀释水掺混用薄板式静态混合器结构设计与优化

稀释水掺混是油田或炼油厂原油电脱盐系统的关键环节,直接影响电脱盐的效率和运行能耗。为进一步简化设备结构、助力系统降本增效,提出将薄板式静态混合器应用于稀释水掺混环节。在对薄板式静态混合器进行初步结构设计的基础上,对油水混合情况进行计算流体动力学(CFD)三维数值模拟,以离析强度的平方根(IOS0.5)、管路压降(Δp)等作为评价指标,考察了注水管长度、注水管?弯曲薄板间距、弯曲薄板导向位置、弯曲薄板厚度四个结构参数对油水两相混合程度及运行能耗的影响。以混合管路内径D为基准参照,借助响应曲面法(RSM)对关键结构参数进行优化,并对最优结构参数组合下的混合性能进行预测。优化所得最优结构参数组合为注水管长度为1/3D、注水管-弯曲薄板间距为4/25D、弯曲薄板导向位置为1/8π、弯曲薄板厚度为1/25D,结构优化后的IOS0.5相比优化前降低了43.06%。定性分析薄板式混合器内的水相速度云图和流线图可知,当注水比为2%时,油水两相在注水管下游3D处即可达到均匀混合状态,可见薄板式静态混合器能够在小注水比下快速实现油水均匀混合。     

Numerical investigation of blade shape in static mixing

The mixing performance of the KMX and SMX static mixers have been compared using 3D high-resolution computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Although these mixers have a similar design composed of layers of blades, their blade shape is different: curved for the KMX and flat for the SMX. The flow of a Newtonian fluid in steady laminar regime has been considered as the benchmark of the study. The simulation was first validated by assessing the pressure drop vs. the number of mixer elements and the results were found to be in good agreement with experimental data. To evaluate the mixing quality, cross-section stream function, extensional efficiency, mean shear rate, residence time, intensity of segregation, stretching, and Lyapunov exponent have been selected. Analysis of the flow pattern and mixing parameters shows differences between the mixers and it appears that the curved blade is more efficient than the flat blade design at the expense of a slightly higher pressure drop. In practice, the KMX mixer should provide a higher mixing rate at high viscosity ratio than the SMX mixer. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 44–58, 2005     

Chaotic mixing in a barrier‐embedded partitioned pipe mixer

Inspired by the partitioned pipe mixer (PPM), a barrier‐embedded partitioned pipe mixer (BPPM) is designed and analyzed using a numerical simulation scheme. The BPPM is a static mixer, composed of orthogonally connected rectangular plates with a pair of barriers, which divide, stretch, and fold fluid elements, leading to chaotic mixing via the baker's transformation. The aspect ratio of the plate (α) and the dimensionless height of the barrier (β) are chosen as design parameters to conduct a parameter study on the mixing performance. The flow characteristics and mixing performance are analyzed using the cross‐sectional velocity vectors, Poincaré section, interface tracking, and the intensity of segregation. The results indicate that several designs of the BPPM significantly enhance the PPM's mixing performance. The best BPPMs are identified with regard to compactness and energy consumption. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 717–729, 2018     

数值模拟静态混合器结构对PS/CO_2熔体温度的影响

利用专用CFD软件Polyflow对SMX型和Kenics型静态混合器中PS/CO_2发泡溶液进行数值模拟计算,分析比较不同板厚在不同元件个数条件下两种静态混合器消耗的压力损失,以及不同CO_2浓度对静态混合器压力损失的影响;并引入"离散系数"分析比较两种静态混合器出口温度均匀性的变化.数值模拟的结果表明:SMX型静态混合器冷却效果优于Kenics型静态混合器,并且SMX型静态混合器出口温度均匀性高于Kenics型静态混合器.     

Improving mixing performance by curved-blade static mixer

This article addresses design modification to a flat-blade static mixer to enhance mixing performance. The static mixer elements used in this work consist of four blades with curvature made to intensify turbulent-like flow, while reducing the pressure drop. The blades were mounted on a cylindrical housing with 45° rotation relative to the axial direction. The mixer assembly was used in three different arrangements of 8, 10, and 14 elements for a range of Reynolds number between 600 and 7,000. The coefficient of variance (COV) of samples was used to measure the mixing quality. The curved-blade mixer provides considerable improvement in mixing quality compared with the flat-blade mixer and comparable to the SMX mixer. Compared with the flat-blade static mixer, the new design reduces the COV by up to about 50%. This effect is more pronounced when the number of mixing elements increases. Furthermore, the friction factors for the modified mixer, obtained at a wide range of Reynolds number, were apparently smaller than those for the flat-blade, SMX, and SMV mixers. The correlation presented for the friction factor, when all mixer arrangements and aspect ratios were considered, supports the experimental data with ±15% deviation.     

Experimental characterization and multi-scale modeling of mixing in static mixers

Mixing in static mixers is studied using a set of competitive-parallel chemical reactions and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in a wide range of operating conditions. Two kinds of mixers, a wide angle Y-mixer and a two jet vortex mixer, referred to as Roughton mixer, are compared in terms of reaction yields and mixing times. It is found that the Roughton mixer achieves a better mixing performance compared to the Y-mixer. The effect of flow rate ratio on mixing in the Roughton mixer has been studied as well and it is shown that the mixing efficiency is not affected by the flow rate ratio. Moreover, experimental results and model predictions are in good agreement for all mixer geometries and operating conditions. CFD is used to calculate absolute mixing times based on the residence time in the segregated zone and it is shown that mixing times of less than 1 ms can be achieved in the Roughton mixer. In addition, CFD provides insight in local concentrations and reaction rates and serves as a valuable tool to improve or to scale-up mixers.     

Kenics混合器混合性能的模拟研究

利用Fluent有限元分析软件计算了流体流过Kenics混合器过程中的应变速率,进而分析混合元件转速与旋转式Kenics混合器混合效率的关系,以及混合元件与机筒间隙对静态和旋转式Kenics混合器对混合效率的影响。模拟分析结果表明:旋转式Kenics混合器混合效率随转速增加而提高;减小混合元件与机筒间间隙有利于增加静态Kenics混合器混合效率,但间隙的减小对旋转式Kenics混合器混合效率的影响却很小。