乳清蛋白-大米淀粉混合体系动态流变学特性研究

乳清蛋白和淀粉因其较好的凝胶形成特性而被广泛用于食品配料。通过动态流变仪研究乳清蛋白-大米淀粉混合体系的动态流变性,并同时考虑了离子及离子强度对流变特性的影响。结果表明,在淀粉比例低于50%时,乳清蛋白-大米淀粉混合体系升温过程的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G")明显低于乳清蛋白,而当淀粉比例升至50%时,最终的G'和G"已经远远超过乳清蛋白;此外,降温过程中混合体系的最终G'和G"也远高于乳清蛋白,表明蛋白质淀粉分子间的相互作用的增强对混合凝胶的特性有一定的协效性,强化了形成的凝胶网络。随着盐离子浓度的提高,混合体系的G'和G"均持续降低,表明盐离子和蛋白质分子间的相互作用一定程度上阻碍了淀粉与蛋白质分子间的相互作用,弱化了形成的凝胶网络。     

果胶-乳清蛋白混合比例和pH值对体系流变学特性的影响

该文以果胶-乳清蛋白混合体系为研究对象,采用Haake RS6000流变仪对钙离子诱导条件下,果胶-乳清蛋白混合体系凝胶形成及流变学特性的影响因素进行研究。结果表明,随着果胶和乳清蛋白添加量的增加,混合体系黏度增强。在一定的乳清蛋白浓度下,随着pH值的增加溶液黏度逐渐减小,当pH=7、乳清蛋白体系质量浓度为40 g/L时,黏度最大(2.304 Pa·s)。果胶-40 g/L乳清蛋白体系能被Ca²⁺诱导形成凝胶,随着Ca²⁺浓度增加,黏度值逐渐增大,最高值出现在100 mmol/L处。果胶-40 g/L乳清蛋白混合体系呈现剪切稀化现象。     

牛乳清蛋白与甘薯淀粉加热混合凝胶物化及微观结构特性的研究

研究了不同pH和NaCl、CaCl2浓度对WPI凝胶及WPI与甘薯淀粉混合凝胶物化特性和微观结构的影响。结果表明:随着pH的增加,凝胶的硬度和溶解度减小,添加淀粉进一步降低了混合凝胶的溶解度;盐浓度的增加使混合凝胶硬度增加,而蛋白溶解度、持水力和巯基含量则呈下降趋势;添加NaCl和CaCl2的混合凝胶分别呈现出多孔网状和颗粒状结构。      

牛乳清蛋白与甘薯淀粉加热混合凝胶物化及微观结构特性的研究

研究了不同pH和NaCl、CaCl2浓度对WPI凝胶及WPI与甘薯淀粉混合凝胶物化特性和微观结构的影响。结果表明:随着pH的增加,凝胶的硬度和溶解度减小,添加淀粉进一步降低了混合凝胶的溶解度;盐浓度的增加使混合凝胶硬度增加,而蛋白溶解度、持水力和巯基含量则呈下降趋势;添加NaCl和CaCl2的混合凝胶分别呈现出多孔网状和颗粒状结构。     

乳清蛋白凝胶条件的研究

以乳清蛋白为研究对象，研究了乳清蛋白浓度、温度、加热时间、pH值、金属离子等因素对乳清蛋白凝胶形成的作用。结果显示，乳清蛋白形成凝胶的基本条件是乳清水溶液浓度大于0．133g／mL，温度高于85℃±2℃，当温度在85℃±2℃～90℃±2℃之间，凝胶形成时间随乳清蛋白浓度变大而减少，在沸水中乳清蛋白浓度对凝胶形成时间影响不大，在19min左右；酸性条件下乳清蛋白形成凝胶的最适pH为5．3，pH小于1．2在沸水中加热30min，乳清蛋白形成碎块状凝胶，碱性条件下形成凝胶的最适pH为8．3，pH大于12．8在沸水中加热30min，乳清蛋白变为红色；钙离子的添加可使乳清蛋白形成凝胶所需时间减少到6min。     

柠檬酸处理对乳清分离蛋白凝胶特性的影响

探究柠檬酸处理对提高乳清分离蛋白凝胶特性的作用,并通过响应面法对其工艺进行优化。通过单因素试验,研究乳清分离蛋白浓度及柠檬酸浓度对其凝胶特性的影响。在单因素试验基础上,以乳清分离蛋白浓度、柠檬酸浓度两个因素为响应因素,以凝胶硬度和保水性为响应值进行中心复合试验设计(central composite design,CCD),进一步对其凝胶条件进行研究与优化。结果表明,当乳清分离蛋白浓度为12%,柠檬酸浓度为0.3%时,乳清分离蛋白的凝胶特性得到显著改善,其凝胶硬度和保水性分别达到1813.82g和88.56%,与模型预测值1847.14g和89.0219%无显著差异。     

EGCG修饰对乳清蛋白乳液冷凝胶特性的影响

研究不同浓度表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG;2.7,13.3,26.6μmol多酚/g蛋白质)对乳清蛋白乳液冷凝胶微观结构及凝胶特性的影响.采用动态光散射和凯氏定氮法测定乳液的粒径、带电性质和界面蛋白吸附量,激光共聚焦显微镜观察乳液微观结构,分析EGCG对蛋白乳液微观结构和特性的影响.采用质构仪单轴压缩法测定凝胶强...     

离子强度和温度对乳清蛋白凝胶的影响

本实验主要研究凝胶温度和CaCl2 浓度对乳清蛋白冷凝胶的影响。结果表明：较低的凝胶温度和增加CaCl2浓度能够致使乳清蛋白形成清亮的凝胶;在0、10、20℃凝胶温度条件下,增加CaCl2 浓度使得凝胶硬度有所增加;乳清蛋白凝胶的持水性在凝胶温度为0、10℃,CaCl2 浓度为20、40mmol/L 时受到影响;除了0℃ 和20mmol/LCaCl2 条件下,低温能够使乳清蛋白形成较高的凝胶硬度和持水性。凝胶温度和CaCl2 浓度是影响乳清蛋白冷凝胶的关键因素。     

超声处理对大豆分离蛋白-乳清分离蛋白混合蛋白功能特性的影响

为了研究超声处理对大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）-乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate,WPI）混合体系乳化性、凝胶性以及结构状态的影响,采用不同超声功率处理混合蛋白体系,分析混合蛋白乳化活性、乳化稳定性、凝胶强度、持水性等功能特性变化,并采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、紫外光谱、扫描电子显微镜研究其结构特征变化。结果表明：SPI-WPI混合体系在超声功率为300 W时乳化活性与乳化稳定性分别达到最大值（76.46 m2/g和22.83 min）;紫外光谱发生轻微红移,说明内部基团暴露,蛋白结构发生改变;SPI-WPI混合体系凝胶强度与持水性在超声功率300 W时均达到最大值,分别为1 000.93 g和87.11%,与扫描电子显微镜观察结果一致,混合蛋白凝胶具有致密、规则的三维网状结构。说明超声处理能有效提高SPI-WPI混合蛋白的功能特性。     

乳清蛋白及其水解物对马铃薯淀粉体外消化性和理化性质的影响

本文通过构建乳清蛋白及乳清蛋白水解物与马铃薯淀粉的共糊化体系来探究乳清蛋白及其水解物对马铃薯淀粉体外消化性和理化性质的影响。结果表明,经过胃蛋白酶和胰酶水解处理的乳清蛋白水解物对淀粉的消化率抑制效果最为明显。其中,天然马铃薯淀粉中快消化淀粉（RDS）含量最高（94.54%）,抗性淀粉（RS）含量最低（3.10%）。而经过胃蛋白酶处理后经胰酶处理120 min的样品中的RDS含量最低（67.51%）,RS含量最高（12.69%）。乳清蛋白水解物对马铃薯淀粉的溶胀和糊化的抑制作用均强于乳清蛋白。这说明乳清蛋白水解物的分子量对马铃薯淀粉的理化特性和消化性均有较大影响。此外,乳清蛋白及其水解物增强了体系中的氢键作用并提高了淀粉结构的有序程度,表明乳清蛋白及其水解物与马铃薯淀粉之间的相互作用会降低淀粉的消化性。     

乳清分离蛋白-可溶性淀粉接枝物的制备及其理化性质

研究了干热法处理条件下乳清分离蛋白-可溶性淀粉接枝物的制备及其二级结构分析,为蛋白质-淀粉接枝物的研究提供参考。A294、褐变、游离氨基含量变化、电泳图谱等证实乳清分离蛋白与可溶性淀粉在干热处理下确实发生了以美拉德反应为基础的接枝反应,且反应天数的延长能够显著促进乳清分离蛋白-可溶性淀粉接枝物的生成。由于大分子淀粉的共价接入,乳清分离蛋白的二级结构遭到破坏;蛋白质表面疏水性指数降低。     

Insolubilized Whey Protein Concentrate and/or Chicken Salt-Soluble Protein Gel Properties

Properties of gels prepared from five whey protein concentrates (WPC) with protein solubilities ranging from 27.5% to 98.1% in 0.1M NaCl, pH 7.0, chicken breast salt-soluble protein (SSP), or a combination of SSP and WPC at pH 6.0, 7.0 or 8.0 were compared. WPC did not form gels when heated to 65°C. SSP gels heated to 65°C were harder than those heated to 90°C at all pHs and hardness decreased as pH was increased. Hardness of combination gels heated to 65°C increased as WPC solubility decreased at all pHs; however, the opposite trend was observed at 90°C. Combination gels of the same WPC solubility at 65°C were more deformable than those heated to 90°C.     

Properties of Acidic Whey Protein Gels Containing Emulsified Butterfat

Changes in physical properties of whey protein gels following addition of emulsified fat were investigated. Gels were made by heating mixtures of dialyzed whey protein isolate at pH 4.60 with and without emulsified fat droplets. Addition of emulsified fat improved the gel-like qualities of these systems. Gel strength progressively increased upon addition of emulsified fat up to 30.00% by weight. Mean droplet size 1.85 km produced the greatest reinforcement of gel strength. Gels made with intermediate concentrations of protein were most sensitive to the effect. The elastic moduli and viscosities of whey protein gels at pH 4.60 increased with fat content, whereas syneresis decreased upon addition of fat.     

Structure-Mechanical Properties of Heat-Induced Whey Protein/Cassava Starch Gels

Structure-mechanical properties of heat-induced whey protein isolate/cassava starch (WPI/CS) gels were studied by hot-stage video microscopy (HSVM) and axial compression testing (ACT). Elastic moduli (or compression stress) of pure WPI and CS gels followed a power dependence with concentration. ACT confirmed that reinforcement occurred when CS was added at 10–25% of total solids. HSVM revealed that CS granules swelled first, removed water from the system and concentrated the WPI solution that gelled later. Reinforced gels had a continuous WPI phase filled with swollen CS granules. A modified Takayanagi model accounting for water redistribution during gelatinization accurately fitted the mechanical properties of these gels.     

Rheological, Thermal and Microstructural Properties of Whey Protein-Cassava Starch Gels

Mixed gels of cassava starch (CS) and a whey protein isolate (WPI), obtained by heating solutions of 10% total solids, pH 5.75 to 85°C, were characterized as a function of the starch fraction, θ_s, by axial compression, small-amplitude oscillatory rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Gelation did not occur for θ_s > 0.7. In the range 0<θ_s < 0.4 mixed gels showed higher mechanical (E, elastic modulus) and rheological (G′, storage modulus) properties than pure gels, with maximum values for θ_s= 0.2–0.3. Viscoelastic measurements as a function of time showed that gels containing higher levels of WPI developed a larger G. Blends of both biopolymers showed independent thermal transitions in DSC measurements, related to gelatinization and denaturation. Microstructure of a mixed gel formed at θ_s= 0.2 showed a continuous matrix formed by strands of WPI particle aggregates and an independent CS phase.     

蛋白含量对牦牛乳清蛋白浓缩物功能特性的影响

通过不同截留分子质量的再生纤维素膜过滤纯化牦牛原乳清液和牦牛甜乳清液,分别制取牦牛原乳清蛋白浓缩物（native whey protein concentrate,NWPC）和牦牛甜乳清蛋白浓缩物（sweet whey protein concentrate,SWPC）,研究蛋白含量不同的乳清蛋白浓缩物（whey protein concentrate,WPC）主要成分（乳糖含量、pH值和总蛋白质含量）和功能特性（溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性及热稳定性）的特征。结果表明：10 000 Da再生纤维素膜透析得到的牦牛WPC中总蛋白含量达到80%以上,不含乳糖,功能特性（溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性及热稳定性）均显著高于经3 500 Da卷式膜、5 000 Da再生纤维素膜透析得牦牛WPC,WPC蛋白含量越高,其功能特性越好;不同蛋白含量的牦牛SWPC起泡能力、泡沫稳定性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性均显著（P＜0.05）高于牦牛NWPC。牦牛乳WPC最不稳定温度为85 ℃,高于荷斯坦牛乳WPC的80 ℃,热处理会适当改善牦牛WPC的起泡性能、乳化性能和热稳定性。通过膜牦牛处理获取的高蛋白含量的WPC,功能特性较好,应用广泛,对解决牦牛乳清资源的利用问题、保护环境、提高企业的经济效益起到关键性作用。     

乳清蛋白冷凝胶对双歧杆菌的保护

以CaCl_2和葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯(glucono-δ-lactone,GDL)作为凝胶剂,采用酸耐受性实验为评价指标,确定乳清蛋白冷凝胶工艺参数,并借助扫描电子显微镜观察凝胶结构,探讨采用盐和酸诱导乳清分离蛋白(whey protein isolate,WPI)所形成的包含双歧杆菌冷凝胶对双歧杆菌的保护作用。结果显示,0.30%的GDL诱导5%WPI和6%WPI形成的颗粒状冷凝胶,在pH1.5的酸环境下对双歧杆菌的保护性最好,作用120 min后菌落数下降2个数量级,菌体存活率分别达到1.7%和2.1%。制各出的乳清蛋白冷凝胶对双歧杆菌有良好的保护性,为益生菌产品的开发和扩展应用提供了参考。     

Stability of Emulsions Containing Highly Hydrolyzed Whey Protein and Starch During Retort Treatments

ABSTRACT: The influence of added unmodified amylopectin starch and modified amylopectin starch on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions (4 wt% corn oil), formed with a highly hydrolyzed commercial whey protein (WPH) product, during retort treatment (121°C for 16 min), was examined. The creaming, coalescence, and flocculation of the emulsions were studied by determining changes in the droplet size and the micro structure of the emulsions after retorting. At a low starch concentration (≤ 1.5%), the extent of coalescence was higher in the emulsions containing modified amylopectin starch than in those containing unmodified amylopectin starch. All emulsions containing moderate levels of unmodified or modified amylopectin starch showed flocculation of oil droplets by a depletion mechanism. The degree of flocculation, which was dependent on the molecular weight and the radius of gyration of the amylopectin molecules, was considered to correlate with the extent of coalescence of the oil droplets in these emulsions. At high levels of added starch (>1.5%), the degree of coalescence decreased gradually, apparently because of the high viscosity of the aqueous phase.     

Compressive Properties of Whey Protein Composite Gels Containing Fractionated Milkfat

Compressive properties of composite gels consisting of 13% whey protein isolate (WPI) and 10% to 30% selected milkfat fractions were investigated at different temperatures. Compressive properties of gels were significantly affected by melting properties of the filler. Maximum compressive strength of composite gels was proportional to filler load and proportion of solid lipids. Compressive strength of composite gels was higher than that of WPI-only gels, and the relative increase in hardness ranged from about 5% to 91%. Results indicated that compressive properties of gels were affected by a combined effect of filler load and temperaturedependent influence on compressive properties of matrix, interface, and filler particles.