下穿隧道爆破地震作用下埋地输气管道的动力响应规律研究

以下穿兰成渝输气管道的西安至成都客运专线仙女岩隧道爆破为背景,根据现场实测振动数据,采用LS-DYNA3D方法和掏槽孔爆破的等效药包原理,建立能反映输气管道与其周围土体相互作用的三维动力有限元模型,分析爆破地震波引起的埋地输气管道的动力响应规律,包括不同隧道埋深、管道直径与管道壁厚对管道振动特征及其响应动应力的影响规律。研究结果表明:爆破地震作用将引起埋地输气管道下部压缩、上部拉伸的动力响应;在隧道埋深20 m、掏槽孔总药量为14.4 kg同时起爆的条件下,直径512 mm、壁厚8 mm输气管道的最大轴向压应力和最大轴向拉应力分别是9.57 MPa和7.76 MPa,仅为管道屈服强度的1.99%和1.61%,相应的管道地表振速为15.28 cm/s;爆破地震作用引起的输气管道动应力随着隧道埋深的增加而显著降低,而管道直径的增加或壁厚减小都会引起管道动应力增大;管道上方地表土体的振动速度随着管径的增大而减小,管壁厚度对管道和土体的质点振动速度基本没有影响。     

地震载荷作用下液化土中输流管道动态响应研究

将地震载荷作用下的液化区埋土管道模拟成受到液化土弹性力作用下的直梁模型,将管道两端约束等效化为两端弹性支承,考虑管-土间的相互作用和管内流体与管道之间的流固耦合作用,采用梁模型一般振型函数实施模态叠加法对液化区埋地管道进行地震响应的动态分析,探讨了管道、流体和液化土参数对管道上浮反应的影响。数值仿真结果表明:埋土管道在地震作用下砂土液化时的上浮位移,随液化区管道长度、管外径、管内流体流速、液化砂土的密度和管截面受到的轴向压应力的增大而增大,随管内输送流体的密度、液化土的相对弹性系数、管材的粘弹性系数和管截面受到的轴向拉应力的增大而减小,地震加速度幅值对管道上浮位移的影响相对较小。     

爆破荷载作用下埋地钢管的动态响应实验研究

爆破荷载作用下埋地管道的动态响应问题是城市爆破施工中亟需解决的课题之一,具有重要的理论和现实意义。在理论分析的基础上,通过改变药量、爆心距、管道内压以及爆源埋深中某一参数对埋地无缝钢管进行现场爆破实验,其中药量为50~200 g,每次实验改变25 g共七次;爆心距分别为2.2 m、2.7 m和3.2 m;管道内压分别为0 MPa、0.2 MPa、0.4 MPa和0.6 MPa;爆源埋深分别为0.5 m、1 m、1.5 m和2 m。结果表明:在正常工作压力下钢管内径和管壁厚度的比值越大,管道容许压缩应变值越小;管道应变与比例距离成反比,随着比例距离增大,应变减小;并得出了在实验条件下的应变峰值与爆心距和药量计算公式。     

基于多重非线性管-土耦合模型的管道应变设计方法

基于应变的管道设计方法是利用位移控制思想实现管道的极限状态设计,是管道设计的发展方向。考虑材料非线性和载荷非线性建立管-土耦合模型进行基于应变的管道设计,以设计应变作为可靠度评价指标,建立埋地管道可靠度评价分析模型,通过对不同断层参数和管道参数的分析,得出定量的管道可靠度结果。结果表明:管道的轴向最大拉伸应变和轴向最大压缩应变随断层错距与土壤内摩擦角增大而增加;壁厚、径厚比、埋深对跨断层埋地管道极限应变状态影响很大,参数敏感性最大的是径厚比;敏感性分析的结果可以作为埋地管道完整性评价模型的状态变量。研究结果可为跨断层埋地管道完整性评价及管道安全测试方法提供思路参考。     

循环振动作用下残积土动力变形特性试验研究

为研究压实残积土在循环荷载作用下的变形特性,对不同含水率压实残积土进行改变围压及轴向动应力幅值条件的动三轴试验,得到了不同物理力学条件下土的动应力-应变关系滞回曲线、累积塑性应变发展规律曲线及骨干曲线,分析了动弹性模量随应变的衰变规律,探究了含水率、围压及动应力幅值等因素对试验结果的影响。结果表明:当累积塑性应变达到一定值时,压实残积土变形随动应力幅值σ_d的增大增幅明显,但最终表现为弹性安定行为,该特性随含水率的增加逐渐减弱;含水率增加不利于土样变形稳定,而提高围压可抑制该趋势。另外,增湿会加快模量的衰减,并降低残余模量,围压对衰变规律的影响随应变的增大逐渐减小。研究可为花岗岩残积土作为路基填料的施工过程及土体改良提供技术参考。     

隧道爆破荷载作用下埋地管道动力响应试验

埋地管道爆破动力响应特性是城市管道抗震优化设计的依据。设计并开展城市地铁隧道爆破荷载作用下埋地管道动力响应的相似模型试验,监测埋地管道应变、加速度及地表振动速度值,解析地铁隧道爆破地震波的传播衰减机制及其对邻近埋地管道动力响应影响规律。结果表明,基于量纲分析理论的振动速度预测模型用于隧道爆破时地表PPV预测切实可行;相同爆破荷载作用下,埋地钢管加速度峰值是PVC管的1.5～1.8倍;隧道"空洞效应"导致埋地管道在成洞区一侧的加速度响应更为剧烈;埋地PVC管在各测点处环向应变大于轴向应变,且大于钢管应变值,试验得到可有效监测埋地钢管和PVC管应变响应的最大临界比例距离分别为117 m/kg和263 m/kg。     

隧道爆破荷载作用下埋地管道动力响应试验

埋地管道爆破动力响应特性是城市管道抗震优化设计的依据。设计并开展城市地铁隧道爆破荷载作用下埋地管道动力响应的相似模型试验,监测埋地管道应变、加速度及地表振动速度值,解析地铁隧道爆破地震波的传播衰减机制及其对邻近埋地管道动力响应影响规律。结果表明,基于量纲分析理论的振动速度预测模型用于隧道爆破时地表PPV预测切实可行;相同爆破荷载作用下,埋地钢管加速度峰值是PVC管的1.5～1.8倍;隧道"空洞效应"导致埋地管道在成洞区一侧的加速度响应更为剧烈;埋地PVC管在各测点处环向应变大于轴向应变,且大于钢管应变值,试验得到可有效监测埋地钢管和PVC管应变响应的最大临界比例距离分别为117 m/kg和263 m/kg。     

逆冲断层作用下埋地管道屈曲分析

地震断层引起的地面永久变形会导致穿越该断层的大口径埋地管道局部屈曲或整体失稳,使管道失效并退出服务。在该文中,对穿越逆断层的埋地管道屈曲稳定性进行了分析。将埋地管道及周围土体共同建立整体力学模型,分别以空间薄壳单元和实体单元模拟管道与土体介质,考虑管道与土体间的非线性接触行为,采用线性特征值屈曲分析方法及考虑非线性影响...     

由爆炸引起的隧道衬砌与土体相互作用机制的数值模拟分析

为探究爆炸引起的隧道衬砌与土体相互作用机制,基于埋深15 m、含有全饱和颗粒土的单个圆形混凝土线弹性管片组成的隧道模型,对隧道内的管片衬砌与土体在中等幅值的爆破压力脉冲引起的动态变形进行了数值模拟分析.利用有限元程序Abaqus/Standard并结合二维平面应变理论进行建模,同时考虑绝对孔隙压力为零时孔隙水空化,通过...     

地震作用下地下商业街结构动力反应的影响因素分析

为研究在不同类型的地震波作用下软土场地中地下商业街结构的地震反应及其影响因素,该文以上海软土场地中某单层地下商业街结构为背景,采用ANSYS软件建立场地土与地下商业街结构相互作用体系的三维有限元分析模型,通过引入三维等效粘弹性人工边界单元,以不同类型的地震波作为输入,对地下商业街结构地震反应的影响因素进行了分析,探讨了地下商业街结构埋深、土体刚度和输入地震波选取对结构地震反应的影响。该文的算例结果表明:地下商业街结构地震反应存在最不利埋深;土体刚度对地下商业街结构地震反应值的影响明显;长周期地震波作用下地下商业街结构的地震反应值明显大于普通地震波作用的结果。     

考虑近断层脉冲型地震动影响的埋地管道地震易损性分析

近断层脉冲型地震动具有短时高能量的脉冲特性,会对埋地管道等长周期结构造成较为严重的破坏。为研究近断层脉冲型地震动影响的埋地管道抗震性能,该文基于简化速度脉冲模型,结合脉冲周期、脉冲峰值的经验统计公式,模拟了不同地震动的方向性脉冲分量和滑冲脉冲分量,通过与ATC-63报告推荐的远场地震动中的高频成份进行叠加,合成了具有多种频率成分的近断层脉冲型地震动;在此基础上,进一步考虑空间变异性,生成了的空间相关多点非平稳地震动。利用ANSYS软件进行有限元建模,输入人工合成的地震动进行增量动力时程分析,建立了PGV与埋地管道最大应变之间关系的概率地震需求模型,结合管道极限破坏状态的划分,进而建立了考虑不确定性的不同管材、管径、壁厚及填覆土的埋地管道地震易损性模型。该模型为跨断层埋地管道地震风险评估中的地震易损性分析提供了理论基础。     

Spatial incoherence effects on seismic ground strains

The analysis and design of buried pipelines to resist seismic ground motions relies on estimates of the seismic ground strains. Current design considerations are based on the travelling wave assumption, which estimates the maximum ground strain along the pipeline from the ratio of the maximum velocity recorded at the site over the velocity of the apparent propagation of the motions; this assumption, however, ignores the contribution of spatial incoherence to the seismic strains. It is shown through strain and velocity simulations from a spatial variability model that the travelling wave assumption produces strain estimates that considerably underestimate the actual strains of the earthquake in near-source regions. It is also shown, that there exists a critical apparent propagation velocity of the seismic motions. For apparent propagation velocities higher than the critical value, seismic strains are essentially constant and controlled by the incoherence of the motions. For apparent propagation velocities lower than the critical value, the seismic strains gradually increase and, eventually, become proportional to the inverse propagation velocity.     

An application of experimental design‐an improvement of a golden mill

Abstract

The seismic behavior of lifeline systems is predominately controlled by the ground displacement/strain characteristics. This study investigates the wave propagation effect and the ground displacements and ground strains from the latest strong‐motion array data recorded at the Public Work Research Institute (PWRI) of Japan by using finite element method. Usually, the buried pipeline almost moves with the surrounding soil during seismic shaking. In this respect, the investigation of ground displacement characteristics can be used for further application to seismic design of buried pipelines.     

Mechanical behaviour analysis of buried pressure pipeline crossing ground settlement zone

Numerical simulation model of buried pipeline crossing ground settlement zone was established considering pipeline–soil interaction. Mechanical behaviour of the buried pipeline was investigated, and effects of ground settlement, pipeline parameters and surrounding soil parameters on mechanical behaviour of the buried pipeline were discussed. These results show that there are two high stress areas on both sides of the dividing plane. High stress areas are oval on the top and bottom of the pipeline. Z-shape bending deformation appears under the action of ground settlement. In ground settlement zone, axial strain on the top of the pipeline is compression strain, and axial strain on the bottom of the pipeline is tension strain. On the contrary, they are tension strain and compression strain respectively in no settlement zone. Bending deformation, axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increase in ground settlement. Von Mises stress, high stress area, axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increasing diameter-thick ratio and internal pressure, but they decrease with the increase in buried depth. Diameter-thick ratio and internal pressure have a small effect on the bending deformation of the buried pipeline. Bending deformation decreases with the increase in buried depth in ground settlement zone. Von Mises stress and high stress area increase with the increasing surrounding soil’s elasticity modulus and cohesion, but they increase first and then decrease with the increase in Poisson’s ratio. Bending deformation of the pipeline in no settlement zone increases with the increase in elasticity modulus and Poisson’s ratio, but it is affected little by the cohesion. Axial strain and plastic strain have a bigger relationship with the elasticity modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increase in cohesion, and the change rates increase with the increase in ground settlement.     

Mechanical behaviour analysis of a buried steel pipeline under ground overload

Ground overload is one of the most important factors that threaten the safe operations of oil and gas pipelines. The mechanical behaviour of a buried pipeline under ground overload was investigated using the finite element method in this paper. The effects of the overload parameters, pipeline parameters and surrounding soil parameters on the stress–strain response of the buried pipeline were discussed. The results show that the maximum von Mises stress appears on the top of the buried pipeline under the loading area when the ground load is small, and the stress distribution is oval. As the ground load increases, the maximum stress increases, and the high stress area extends. The von Mises stress, plastic strain, plastic area size, settlement and ovality of the buried pipeline increase as the ground load and loading area increase. The buckling phenomenon of the no-pressure buried pipeline is more serious than the pressure pipeline. As the internal pressure increases, the high stress area and the maximum plastic strain of the buried pipeline first decrease and then increase, the settlement of the buried pipeline increases, and the ovality decreases. The von Mises stress, maximum plastic strain, settlement and ovality of the buried pipeline decrease with increasing buried depth, the surrounding soil's elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio and cohesion. The maximum von Mises stress, high stress area, the maximum plastic strain, plastic area and ovality increase as the diameter–thickness ratio increases. The critical diameter–thickness ratio is 60, and the settlement of the buried pipeline first increases and then decreases as the diameter–thickness ratio increases. Finally, a protective device of the buried pipeline is designed for preventing ground overload. It can be repaired in a timely manner without stopping the transmission of oil and gas and widely used in different locations because of its simple structure and convenient installation.     

地下管线在空间随机分布的地震作用下的反应

强震作用下地下管线地震反应计算以往多采用波动法求解。这种方法假定地震波为一行进波,沿管线的轴向或成某一角度传播,它只能求得地面运动的相位差引起的管线的变形和内力。有些文献将地震地面运动假定为空间变化的平稳随机过程,用随机振动理论求得管线的地震反应,但不能反映地面运动的非平稳性对管线地震反应的影响。而地面运动的非平稳性,特别是时域非平稳性很可能是产生地下管线变形和内力的最重要原因。根据地面运动的统计模型生成管线轴线上各点的地面运动时程,用级数解法求管道的地震反应。由于这种方法能较好地反映地面运动的时域非平稳性,所以得到的计算结果更真实。     

穿越平移断层海底埋地管道屈曲失效分析EI北大核心CSCD

长输海底管道常不可避免地穿过地震断层,地震断层活动可能导致管道发生扭曲、皱折甚至断裂,极大威胁管道安全。采用创新性的向量式有限元方法 (VFIFE)分析穿越地震断层海底管道屈曲失效行为,首先推导考虑材料非线性的VFIFE空间壳单元计算公式,提出适用壳单元的非线性管土耦合模型,然后重点解决了海底管道屈曲及屈曲传播过程中存在的内壁自碰撞接触问题,编制了Fortran计算程序和相应后处理程序。通过文献对比证明了模型的正确性。开展了平移断层作用下空载状态海底管道屈曲失效过程模拟,分析了穿越角度、土体性质和水压大小对海底管道屈曲失效行为的影响,结果表明:海底管道径厚比小,用钢等级高,周围土体强度低,具有更高的抵抗断层位移载荷能力;较低外压和平移断层联合作用下,管道变形呈S形,屈曲失效由断层位移引起的过度弯曲主导,失效模式是第二个弯曲处或者两个弯曲处的受压侧出现明显内陷,截面变形呈椭圆形;穿越角度越小,屈曲失效的临界断层位移越小;周围土体强度越高(砂土>黏土>淤泥夹砂),管道弯曲变形越严重,屈曲失效的临界断层位移越小;较高外压和平移断层联合作用下,屈曲失效由外压主导,主要模式是第一个弯曲处或者第二个弯曲处首先出现压溃,然后发生屈曲传播现象;不同水压和平移断层位移组合下海底管道破坏程度不一,压溃位置、屈曲传播方向和范围、截面变形呈现不同模式。结果可用于指导穿越地震断层海底管道抗震设计和止屈防护研究。     

Buckling failure mode analysis of buried X80 steel gas pipeline under reverse fault displacement

High strength steel pipeline is widely used in long distance transportation of natural gas. These pipelines are vulnerable under active faults in strong seismic areas. The buckling failure modes of high strength X80 gas pipeline crossing reverse fault were analyzed systematically in this paper. Based on the nonlinear finite element method, a pipe-elbow hybrid model was developed for buckling failure analysis of X80 steel pipeline under reverse fault displacement. The pipe soil interaction relationship was simulated by a series of elastic-plastic soil springs. The nonlinearity of pipe material and large deformation were also considered. The non-linear stabilization algorithm was selected due to the convergence of the numerical model. Engineering parameters used in the Second West to East Gas Pipeline in China were selected in this study. Typical features for beam buckling and local buckling failure in the proposed numerical model were derived. Based on a series of parametric studies, the influences of the fault displacement, fault dip angle, pipe wall thickness, buried depth of pipe and soil conditions on the buckling failure modes were discussed in detail. The proposed methodology can be referenced for failure analysis and strength evaluation of pipelines subjected to reverse fault displacement.     

An optimal design of solar water heating systems

Abstract

Based on the seismicity and tectonics of Taiwan area, a set of potential earthquake sources is identified. Using available attenuation laws and fault‐rupture model, the individual influences of potential sources are integrated into the probability distribution of maximum annual intensity and peak acceleration. The results are presented in the form of seismic risk maps for a 475‐year return period. Based on the result of this study, it concludes that the seismic hazard potential for the central region is moderate, but it is high for east‐coast region.

This paper also presents a reliability analysis method for safety evaluation of buried pipelines in Taiwan region. The results of the reliability analysis of the buried pipelines subjected to earthquake ground accelerations are presented and a fragility result for peak ground acceleration (PGA) studies is also constructed.