竖直静压圆柱导轨系统运动误差理论模型研究

针对双面抛光机床中竖直静压圆柱导轨运动误差影响被加工零件平行度的难题,提出一种基于压力油膜误差均化效应的运动误差理论模型。考虑圆柱导轨轮廓误差并对油膜厚度进行均化处理,建立圆柱导轨轮廓误差分析模型,求解各油垫的油膜承载力,量化竖直静压圆柱导轨系统在运动过程中产生的线性偏差和角度偏差。进一步,从初始设计油膜间隙、设计节流比、供油压力三个方面研究圆柱导轨轮廓误差对运动误差的影响机制。通过实验测得圆柱导轨轮廓误差曲线,并根据最小二乘法进行数据拟合,得到圆柱导轨轮廓误差函数并计算出实际倾角误差。圆柱导轨轮廓误差模型的计算结果与仿真结果相差2.4%,与实验结果相差9.2%,圆柱导轨轮廓误差模型适用于工程实践。结果表明：建立的竖直静压圆柱导轨系统运动误差理论模型精度高,可为竖直静压圆柱导轨精度分析和工程应用提供理论基础。     

液体圆柱静压导轨设计参数对其性能的影响

为研究液体圆柱静压导轨的初始参数对导轨性能的影响,以内反馈节流形式的液体圆柱静压导轨为研究对象,列出力平衡方程、流量连续性方程,经推导和线性化处理得到液体圆柱静压导轨的线性化微分方程组,利用Laplace变换得到传递函数,推导出液体圆柱静压导轨的数学模型。从时域、频域内分别分析初始油膜厚度、油液黏度、供油压力对导轨性能的影响。研究表明在低频段减小初始油膜厚度、增大油液黏度和供油压力,在高频段增大初始油膜厚度,可增大导轨动态刚度,提高支承的稳定性,减小导轨间隙相对稳态位移值。在高频段,油液黏度、供油压力对液体圆柱静压导轨的动态性能影响不大。研究工作对液体圆柱静压导轨的设计提供参考价值。     

油膜厚度对闭式液体静压导轨性能的影响

为了研究油膜厚度对静压支承的影响,以闭式液体静压导轨为研究对象,确定了导轨系统的初始参数;基于力平衡方程及流量方程,建立了功率损失、静态性能、动态性能的数学模型;将总功率损失、承载能力和静刚度、固有频率、调整时间和动刚度等参数作为导轨的性能指标,利用MATLAB软件定量分析了油膜厚度对导轨性能的影响。研究结果表明:增大油膜厚度,则液体静压导轨的总功率损失增大,调整时间变长,承载能力不变,静刚度、固有频率及动刚度减小。因此,减小油膜厚度,可降低导轨总功率损失,提高静态性能和动态性能。研究结果为工程实际中闭式液体静压导轨静压油膜的设计提供了理论依据。     

油膜厚度对闭式液体静压导轨性能的影响

为了研究油膜厚度对静压支承的影响,以闭式液体静压导轨为研究对象,确定了导轨系统的初始参数;基于力平衡方程及流量方程,建立了功率损失、静态性能、动态性能的数学模型;将总功率损失、承载能力和静刚度、固有频率、调整时间和动刚度等参数作为导轨的性能指标,利用MATLAB软件定量分析了油膜厚度对导轨性能的影响。研究结果表明：增大油膜厚度,则液体静压导轨的总功率损失增大,调整时间变长,承载能力不变,静刚度、固有频率及动刚度减小。因此,减小油膜厚度,可降低导轨总功率损失,提高静态性能和动态性能。研究结果为工程实际中闭式液体静压导轨静压油膜的设计提供了理论依据。     

弹流润滑圆柱滚子轴承径向刚度的计算

针对滚动轴承刚度计算方法存在的问题,对圆柱滚子轴承受力和弹性变形进行了分析,得出了静态工况下滚动轴承的刚度计算式.在此基础上,将有关弹性流体动力润滑理论引入轴承刚度计算过程,以Dowson-Higginson油膜厚度公式为依据,研究了油膜厚度对轴承刚度的影响,推导出了用于计算圆柱滚子轴承径向刚度的数学公式,实例计算表明,该计算方法具有更高的计算精度.     

流固耦合对油静压导轨动静特性的影响

油静压导轨被广泛应用于超精密机床,在设计和计算时往往都是将结构件作为刚体,即在工作过程中结构件不影响静压支承油膜厚度以及油压的分布。针对环形缝隙节流闭式油静压导轨,以封油面上动态雷诺方程和导轨的弹性变形方程为基础,再结合导轨工作台动力平衡方程,建立静压导轨的流固耦合模型。分析流固耦合对静压导轨压板变形量、动静刚度以及阶跃响应的影响。研究表明,导轨压板的变形随油腔压力的增加而线性增加;导轨压板的变形会导致动静刚度减小,也会导致阶跃响应的过渡时间变长;动静刚度的实测值与导轨压板有变形时的理论计算值吻合较好。     

基于轴向及径向刚度对直驱转台动静态特性影响的研究

针对铣车复合加工中心直驱转台中轴承刚度和静压支撑刚度对其动静态特性的影响,提出将轴承和静压支撑等效为若干弹簧方法。同时,对轴承刚度和静压支撑刚度进行计算,并运用有限元方法对直驱转台在不同工况下的动静态特性进行分析,得到直驱转台的动静刚度均满足设计要求。此外,讨论了恒流式静压导轨中的油膜压力对直驱转台动态特性的影响规律,得出油膜压力的提高可以提高3~6阶固有频率值,不能提高1,2阶固有频率值。这将为直驱转台进一步的结构优化提供理论基础和指导。     

大重型机床静压导轨的静态性能及油膜流体仿真研究

为解决大型数控转台承受偏载荷的问题提出了在转台轴向布置平面导轨的方案。在以往形式导轨的基础上进行改造,改变静压导轨的结构,采用新型的供油方式,将新式导轨运用在转台上。运用三维建模软件PRO/E及CFD仿真分析软件FLUENT,从导轨以及油膜的三维模型设计和导轨油腔内部油膜三维流动分析计算对静压导轨的静态承载性能进行分析。从理论计算与模拟仿真方面分析了新式导轨的静态性能和流场流动规律,得出导轨内部油膜的理论承载刚度与仿真结果的对比曲线。最后,通过试验验证表明该设计方案的正确性与合理性。     

基于动网格模型的液体动静压轴承刚度阻尼计算方法

针对雷诺方程不能反映高速油流周向惯性效应、轴颈周向动压效应和静压扩散效应之间的非线性耦合关系及其对三维流场特性的影响,进而导致动静压轴承刚度阻尼的计算精度难以满足高转速精密轴承设计需要之现状,提出基于纳维-斯托克斯方程的动网格计算轴承刚度阻尼新方法。该方法采用自定义程序实现轴颈的旋转速度、位移扰动和速度扰动以及扰动过程中油膜力的计算等功能,成功将轴颈的旋转动边界转换为静边界,有效避免因轴颈旋转引起的网格畸变,并利用弹簧光顺模型更新轴颈受速度扰动和位移扰动引起的油膜网格挤压变形。通过对比研究瞬态和稳态条件下油膜力的变化,界定计算刚度阻尼系数时速度扰动和位移扰动的合理取值范围。利用所提出的方法计算典型轴承的刚度阻尼系数,再现动静压轴承油膜厚度和三维流场压力分布的动态发展过程,并采用影响系数法对该轴承的刚度系数进行试验测试。通过对比试验数据和动网格计算结果发现两者基本吻合,表明所提出的计算方法是有效可行的。     

高精度内圆磨床液体静压导轨刚度计算

高精度内圆磨床采用了运行精度高、摩擦因数低、产生热变形小的液体静压导轨;作为磨床可移动部件与固定部件间的重要结合部分,液体静压导轨的刚度特性对磨床结构动态特性有着不可忽视的影响;介绍了液体静压支承的基本原理,计算了高精度内圆磨床进给系统采用液体静压闭式导轨对置油垫的刚度,并借助Matlab软件分析对置油垫刚度随供油压力、主油膜厚度、油腔宽度以及总间隙变化的规律,为液体静压导轨的刚度调整提供了理论依据。     

流体静压多孔质球面轴承静态性能分析

对流体静压多孔质球面轴承进行理论分析,给出了其有限元计算方法,同时利用实验验证理论计算的正确性。结果表明,气体静压实验数值和有限元计算结果吻合良好,实验数值和有限元计算结果之间的误差小于10%,产生误差的原因是有限元数值计算没有考虑到流体的惯性效应、速度滑移、多孔质球窝的变形以及轴承表面粗糙度的影响;气体静压球面轴承的承载能力和静态刚度明显小于液体静压球面轴承,气体静压球面轴承刚度低的主要原因是所用的多孔材料孔隙度较大,即多孔材料的渗透率较大。     

Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Hydrostatic Guides Based on Progressive Mengen Flow Controller

The oil film thickness of oil hydrostatic guide with constant pressure supply based on capillary restrictor is greatly affected by load,and this kind of hydrostatic guide is usually applied to the machine tools with moderate load.The static and dynamic characteristics of the guide have been studied by using some theoretical,numerical and experimental approaches,and some methods and measures have been proposed to improve its performances.The hydrostatic guide based on progressive mengen(PM) flow controller is especially suitable for the heavy numerical control(NC) machine tools.However,few literatures about the research on the static and dynamic characteristics of the hydrostatic guides based on PM flow controller are reported.In this paper,the formulae are derived for analyzing the static and dynamic characteristics of hydrostatic guides with rectangle pockets and PM flow controller according to the theory of hydrostatic bearing.On the basis of the analysis of hydrostatic bearing with circular pocket,some equations are derived for solving the static pressure,volume pressure and squeezing pressure which influence the dynamic characteristics of hydrostatic guides with rectangle pocket.The function and the influencing factors of three pressures are clarified.The formulae of amplitude-frequency characteristics and dynamic stiffness of the hydrostatic guide system are derived.With the help of software MATLAB,programs are coded with C++ language to simulate numerically the static and dynamic characteristics of the hydrostatic guide based on PM flow controller.The simulation results indicate that the sensitive oil volume between the outlet of the PM flow controller and the guide pocket has the greatest influence on the characteristics of the guide,and it should be reduced as small as possible when the field working condition is met.Choosing the oil with a greater viscosity is also helpful in improving the dynamic performance of hydrostatic guides.The research work has instructing significance for analyzing and designing the guide with PM flow controller.     

大型螺旋桨静压支承静平衡仪设计研究

介绍了一种采用球面静压支承的船用螺旋桨静平衡仪,分析了平衡仪的工作原理及静压支承压力分布、承载能力和油膜刚度等性能特点,给出了采用电子称重和角位移确定螺旋桨不平衡质量及方位的检测方法,提高了检测精度。     

Dynamic characteristics of spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings for ultra-precision machine tools

A key component of ultra-precision machine tools is the spindle. The motivation for this study was to improve machining accuracies in precision cutting and grinding by pursuing improvements in the spindle characteristics by designing a sophisticated spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings. The static bearing stiffness of the developed spindle was investigated in previous studies. In addition to the static bearing stiffness, the dynamic characteristics regarding bearing stiffness also affect significantly on the machining results. In this study, dynamic characteristics of the developed spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings were investigated via simulations and experiments. Not only bearing dynamics but also rotor dynamics were considered in this study.In the simulation studies, the spindle dynamic characteristics were analysed based on the transfer matrix method. A spindle rotor supported with hydrostatic bearings was represented by discrete sections of the rotor. The mathematical model of transverse linear vibrations of the spindle rotor was derived with distributed parameters for these discretized rotor sections. As a result of the analysis on the amplitude-frequency characteristic, radial displacements of the rotor due to bearing displacement and bending deformation were defined. Then, the frequency characteristics were represented with Nyquist plots. Resonant frequencies and amplitudes formation in the transverse vibration of the rotor were determined. The influence of rotor bending deformations on spindle compliance was assessed. Furthermore, the study examined the influences of the supply pressure of the lubricating fluid, radial clearance and journal diameter of the hydrostatic bearings on the amplitude of the rotor vibration, and the resonance frequency of the system.Furthermore, the dynamic characteristics of the spindle were examined experimentally. The simulation results were in good agreement with the actual spindle dynamics obtained experimentally. The influence of the structural parameters of the rotor and the operating parameters of the bearings on the spindle dynamic characteristics was also determined. It was verified that the amplitude of the vibration of the rotor overhang part was dominantly affected not by bearing stiffness but by bending stiffness of the bearing journal of the front bearing and the length of the rotor overhang.Then it was verified that the resultant displacement of the rotor in the radial direction due to the influence of the bearing characteristics and the structural effect of the rotor is significantly small. Practical recommendations to improve the spindle design in terms of the dynamic characteristics of the spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings were also derived.     

复合节流的静压导轨设计及其稳定性分析

就表面复合节流方式的静压导轨建立一维流动数学模型,从理论上推导出其承载能力与刚度的计算方法。根据气体质量变化连续性特点,建立了表面复合节流方式的静压导轨动态方程,由此对表面复合节流方式的静压导轨进行了稳定性分析,为表面复合节流方式的静压导轨的设计提供了一种理论计算方法。     

滚动直线导轨副的滚道中心距误差与承载性能的关系

静刚度和摩擦力作为导轨副关键承载性能指标,直接影响导轨副的运动精度及工作状态。基于赫兹接触理论,建立了滚道中心距误差与导轨副摩擦力和静刚度的模型,并结合理论计算模型与控制变量试验研究了导轨、滑块滚道中心距误差及滚珠过盈量对承载性能的影响规律,对比分析了滚道中心距不同误差情况下的摩擦力和静刚度。研究结果表明,静刚度相对误差为2.46%～8.20%,摩擦力相对误差为0.42%～11.33%。理论仿真值和试验实测值的一致性较好。     

Dynamic modeling of hydrostatic guideway considering compressibility and inertia effect

Hydrostatic guideways are used as an alternative to contact bearings due to high stiffness and high damping in heavy machine tools. To improve the dynamic characteristic of bearing structure, the dynamic modeling of the hydrostatic guidway should be accurately known. This paper presents a “mass-spring-Maxwell” model considering the effects of inertia, squeeze, compressibility and static bearing. To determine the dynamic model coefficients, numerical simulation of different cases between displacement and dynamic force of oil film are performed with fluent code. Simulation results show that hydrostatic guidway can be taken as a linear system when it is subjected to a small oscillation amplitude. Based on a dynamic model and numerical simulation, every dynamic model’s parameters are calculated by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Identification results show that “mass-spring-damper” model is the most appropriate dynamic model of the hydrostatic guidway. This paper provides a reference and preparation for the analysis of the dynamic model of the similar hydrostatic bearings.     

速度滑移影响下液体静压止推轴承静态性能分析

为了研究微尺度下速度滑移对液体静压止推轴承性能的影响,将速度滑移模型引入传统雷诺方程中,得到修正的雷诺方程;通过求解修正后的雷诺方程,得到速度滑移影响下八油腔液体静压止推轴承的静态性能特性。研究结果表明:速度滑移的存在并没有改变轴承性能的变化趋势,但使得相同油膜厚度下油膜压力、轴承承载力和刚度增大;随着滑移长度的增大,轴承油腔压力、承载力及刚度增大,最优油膜厚度变小;轴承的承载力和刚度随着供油压力的增大而增大,供油压力相同时,速度滑移使得轴承承载力和刚度有一定程度的增大。     

可控节流参数对液体静压轴承特性的影响研究

节流器是液体静压主轴的核心元件,其节流特性对液体静压主轴的刚度和回转精度具有直接影响。针对现有节流器在主轴工作时节流特性不可控的不足,提出一款预压预调型可控节流器。在分析可控节流器工作原理和节流特性基础上,根据流体润滑理论,建立基于可控节流器的液体静压轴承承载性能的理论模型,研究可控节流器供油压力、弹簧刚度和控制油腔压力等参数对液体静压轴承承载性能的影响规律,并与固定节流液体静压轴承的承载性能进行对比。研究发现,在其他结构参数及工作参数一定的条件下,可控节流器能够显著地提高液体静压轴承的油膜刚度;在不同偏心率条件下,可控节流液体静压轴承的最佳油膜刚度对应的节流参数不同。在开发的液体静压电主轴试验台上进行了试验研究,通过对油腔压力和油膜刚度的理论计算值与试验测量值的对比,证实了可控节流方案的有效性。