萌发处理对藜麦分离蛋白结构和功能特性的影响

为了提高藜麦蛋白的功能特性和利用率,通过不同萌发时间（0,12,24,48 h）处理藜麦,采用传统碱溶酸沉法提取藜麦分离蛋白（QPI）,对其结构特性与功能特性进行分析。结果显示：与未经萌发组相比,经萌发处理的QPI结构更加致密,孔洞结构明显减少,表面均匀平滑。当萌发时间从24 h变为48 h时,可以观察到QPI起泡性和泡沫稳定性明显的下降。萌发处理48 h时,QPI表面疏水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性均达到最大值,分别为6.67、88.8%和74.65%,溶解度最低（0.33%）。此外,萌发促使藜麦蛋白体结构降解,高分子质量蛋白条带逐渐消失,藜麦蛋白质的变性温度均有不同程度的降低,酰胺Ⅱ带等范围的官能团伸缩振动明显增强,影响QPI的功能特性。这些结果表明萌发处理可以显著影响QPI的结构和功能特性,为萌发藜麦的加工处理提供技术参考,为未来植物蛋白的改性与应用提供一定的理论依据。     

不同热处理方式对玉米醇溶蛋白特性的影响

研究了不同热处理方式（水浴、微波、射频）和处理终点温度（70、80、90 ℃）对玉米醇溶蛋白功能性 质与结构的影响。结果表明：多种热处理均会提高玉米醇溶蛋白溶解度、乳化能力和巯基含量,且这3 项指标随着 处理终点温度的升高而升高,射频处理至90 ℃使玉米醇溶蛋白溶解度、乳化能力和巯基含量分别提高了74.65%、 171.7%和53.94%。应用差示扫描量热法测定玉米醇溶蛋白变性温度,发现微波处理后蛋白质变性温度略有升高。 此外,紫外光谱分析提示,玉米醇溶蛋白经微波和射频加热处理后,蛋白质分子结构舒展、基团暴露,这使得蛋 白质的溶解性和乳化能力有所改善。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析发现热处理改变了玉米醇溶蛋白的二级结构,其中 微波和射频处理效果更明显。     

不同加工方式对藜麦淀粉结构与功能特性的影响

为探究藜麦加工方式对其淀粉结构与功能特性的影响,研究采用蒸制和萌发处理藜麦籽粒及挤压膨化处理藜麦全粉,对不同处理后的藜麦进行淀粉提取与特性分析.结果表明:蒸制、萌发和挤压膨化处理藜麦后,其淀粉出现不同程度损伤,损伤程度依次为挤压膨化＞蒸制组＞萌发组;淀粉粒径增大,但其晶型和表面基团未改变;蒸制和萌发组淀粉结晶度提高,挤...     

不同熟化方式对藜麦酱品质的影响

分别采用常压蒸煮、高压蒸煮、挤压膨化三种熟化方式对藜麦粉熟化后制曲并发酵成藜麦酱,研究不同熟化方式对藜麦酱的常规理化指标、挥发性风味物质以及感官品质的影响。结果表明,在相同的发酵时间点挤压膨化组水分、总酸、氨基酸态氮以及还原糖含量高于常压和高压蒸煮组,而pH与盐分较另外两组低。三种藜麦酱中共检测到84种挥发性风味物质,酯类、醛类和酸类是藜麦酱的主要风味物质。其中,常压蒸煮组中检测到73种挥发性物质,相对含量较高的有糠醛、醋酸、苯乙醛、亚油酸乙酯;高压蒸煮组中检测到60种挥发性风味物质,相对含量较高的有糠醛、醋酸、亚油酸乙酯;挤压膨化组中检测到39种挥发性风味物质,主要包括糠醛、醋酸、正十六酸、亚油酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚。对三种藜麦酱进行感官评价,挤压膨化组藜麦酱口感咸甜适中,鲜味十足,风味独特,大众的喜好度更高,因此挤压膨化是更适合制作藜麦酱的熟化方式。本研究为藜麦酱的加工提供一定的参考。     

藜麦秸秆蛋白的结构和功能性质

以藜麦秸秆为原料,利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）、红外光谱和差示扫描量热法（differential scanning calorimetry,DSC）对从藜麦秸秆中提取到的蛋白质结构特性进行表征,并研究温度和pH值对藜麦秸秆蛋白功能性质的影响。结果表明,藜麦秸秆蛋白以中低分子量的蛋白质为主,分子质量主要分布为29.0ku～44.3ku和小于14.3ku;热学特性研究结果显示：藜麦秸秆蛋白热稳定性较好,其变性温度为132.72℃,变性焓变为7.82 J/g;游离巯基和二硫键含量分别为10.21 μmol/g和23.57 μmol/g,藜麦秸秆蛋白二级结构中β-转角相对含量最高,为36.42%,α-螺旋含量为25.19%,β-折叠含量为25.91%,无规则卷曲含量为12.48%。温度为60℃时,藜麦秸秆蛋白的溶解性、吸水性和起泡性最佳,分别为53.61%、3.11 g/g和40.24%;pH值为9时,溶解性、吸水性和起泡性最好,分别为46.37%、3.34 g/g和40.86%。     

挤压膨化处理对藜麦营养成分及体外酵解特性的影响

本研究采用挤压膨化技术对藜麦进行处理,分析处理后藜麦营养成分变化,并结合体外酵解实验,探究挤压膨化处理对藜麦酵解特性的影响。结果表明,挤压膨化能显著降低藜麦中直链淀粉、脂肪、总膳食纤维和不可溶性膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）,并显著增加可溶性膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）。体外酵解实验中,随着酵解时间的延长,培养基中产气量不断增加,pH值在发酵前期显著降低（P＜0.05）。相较于空白对照,挤压膨化处理后藜麦能显著上调体外酵解过程中普雷沃氏菌、巨单胞菌、巨球形菌、考拉杆菌、双歧杆菌以及拟杆菌等的相对丰度（P＜0.05）,显著下调瘤胃菌科和肠杆菌科的相对丰度（P＜0.05）。同时,各组发酵产物中短链脂肪酸浓度均增加,且发酵48 h结束时挤压膨化处理后藜麦组高于空白对照组。综上,挤压膨化能影响藜麦的营养组成,其制品作为发酵底物能有效改善肠道菌群,有益于肠道健康。该研究可为通过挤压膨化处理获得藜麦制品及其促进肠道健康产品的开发提供数据支持。     

热处理对鸡蛋蛋黄性质的影响

研究了不同强度的热处理(处理温度59、62、65、68℃,处理时间0～9 min)对鸡蛋蛋黄上清和颗粒的蛋白质组成、溶解性、乳化性和游离巯基含量的影响。结果表明:蛋黄上清中的γ-卵黄蛋白和蛋黄颗粒中的部分高密度脂蛋白在加热处理过程中发生变性形成大分子聚集体,加热处理对蛋黄上清蛋白质溶解度的影响大于对蛋黄颗粒的影响,温和的热处理对蛋黄上清与颗粒的乳化性质均没有显著影响,68℃处理较长时间会使蛋黄上清与颗粒的乳化活力下降,乳化稳定性提高。热处理过程中蛋黄上清和颗粒的游离巯基含量变化均未表现出明显的规律性。     

热处理对于鸡蛋全蛋液功能性质的影响

研究了不同强度的热处理条件（处理温度61、64、67℃,处理时间2.5、3.5、4.5min）对于鸡蛋全蛋液蛋白质的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性、表面疏水性和表面巯基含量的影响。结果表明：随着加热温度的升高和处理时间的延长,全蛋液蛋白质溶解度与泡沫稳定性不同程度的下降,而表面疏水性、表面游离巯基含量、乳化稳定性则不同程度的提高。当温度高于61℃时,全蛋液起泡性随温度升高和时间的延长而降低,同时,研究还发现热处理对于全蛋液乳化活力的影响不明显。     

不同萌发条件及加工方法对藜麦品质的影响

研究了萌发条件及加工方法对藜麦主要营养成分含量的影响。结果表明：在浸泡温度25 ℃，浸泡时间3 h，萌发时间48～60 h，萌发温度25～28 ℃，淋水间隔8～10 h的萌发条件下藜麦中蛋白质、还原糖、多酚、黄酮和γ-氨基丁酸含量达到最高值，脂肪、淀粉和多糖含量达到最低值。通过蒸煮、炒制、烘烤处理后，除藜麦中粗纤维含量随蒸煮时间延长变化不显著（P>0.05），藜麦中蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维、多酚、γ-氨基丁酸、多糖和黄酮含量随加工时间和温度不断提升均呈显著下降趋势（P<0.05）。对各加工条件制得的藜麦进行感官评定，得出藜麦最佳蒸煮时间为25 min，最佳蒸煮温度为95 ℃，最佳炒制时间为10 min，最佳炒制温度为180 ℃，最佳烘烤时间为25 min，最佳烘烤温度为120 ℃。     

亚硫酸钠处理对小麦面筋蛋白特性的影响

小麦面筋蛋白用食品级亚硫酸钠处理后,其游离巯基、二硫键以及总巯基的数量发生了变化,进而导致蛋白质的表面疏水性、热特性、水解度、溶解度和乳化性的改变。结果表明,随着亚硫酸钠浓度的增加,面筋蛋白中二硫键含量降低,巯基含量升高,而总巯基含量保持平稳;处理后的面筋蛋白疏水性得到改善,当亚硫酸钠含量为1.0 mg/g时疏水性达到最大值33.68;原始样品的热特性参数值均高于处理后的样品,处理组变性温度先下降到59.8℃后升高到63.37℃,当亚硫酸钠含量为1.0 mg/g时的热焓值最小;初始时水解速率最大,而各样品的水解度值无明显差异,随着酶解时间的延长,水解度均不断增大并逐渐趋于平衡,原始样品与处理组的差距也加大,样品6的水解度高达16.99%;溶解度不断提高,乳化活力指数由8.7 m2/g提高到34 m2/g,乳化稳定性则由最初的4.8 min提高到14.8 min,提高趋势逐步趋于平缓。     

Seed treatments affect functional and antinutritional properties of amaranth flours

The effects of seed treatments, including cooking, popping germination and flour air classification, on the functional properties and antinutritional factors of Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus cruentus seeds were studied. Thermal treatments increased the water absorption with a maximum value of 5.1 and 6.3 g g⁻¹ in flour of popped seeds of both species. Generally, fat absorption increased after the treatments. Air classification and germination followed by drying at low temperature increased the foam stability of the flours, while thermal treatment and germination followed by drying at higher temperatures reduced the foam stability. All treatments except air classification decreased the emulsion stability. Also, all treatments except germination followed by drying at 30 °C increased the flour dispersibility, whereas the soluble nitrogen index was increased in the germinated seed flours and decreased in thermal treated seeds and air‐classified flours. Air classification increased the contents of phenolic compounds and phytate and decreased the contents of enzyme inhibitors, whereas the thermal treatments reduced the contents of phenolic compounds, phytate and enzyme inhibitors to a greater extent for cooking than for popping. Germination followed by drying reduced the level of phenolic compounds, phytate and enzyme inhibitors. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of grain germination on functional properties of sorghum flour

A Sudanese sorghum cultivar (Fetarita) was germinated for five days and protease and amylase activities were measured every 24 h. Results showed that flour obtained from the 3rd germinated sorghum grain had high protease and amylase activities. The functional properties of flours derived from the germinated sorghum seeds were studied and ungerminated seeds were used as a control. Germinated samples had a higher protein solubility compared with the control, and the highest solubility occurred at pH 6. Germination also increased the protein solubility index of sorghum flour. Germinated sorghum flour had a least gelation concentration of 8% compared with 18% for the control. The bulk densities of germinated flours were lower compared to the ungerminated one. Water and oil capacities were increased by germination from 131.34% and 90.56% to 141.64% and 108%, respectively after three days of germination. The emulsifying activities and stabilities of the germinated samples increased significantly. In addition, germination improved the foamability of sorghum flour from unfoam flour to a flour with foam after three days of germination; and the foaming capacity and stability increased significantly with increasing germination time. Thus, the study indicated that germination improved the functional properties of sorghum and it would be possible to design new foods using germinated sorghum.     

模糊数学模型结合响应面法优化萌发藜麦乳工艺设计

模糊数学综合评价法是基于模糊数学建立的一种理想化评价模型。该研究以山西静乐黑藜麦为原材料，探讨其在不同萌发阶段的关键营养物质含量的变化，并运用单因素、响应面试验与模糊数学综合评价法相结合，经过萌发、调配等配方及工艺优化制得一款萌发藜麦乳。试验结果表明，相较于未萌发藜麦，萌发36 h后藜麦蛋白质含量增加了11.65%，达到16.2 g/100 g，灰分含量降低了24.78%，脂肪、淀粉含量均持续下降，分别下降了26.16%和27.9%。黄酮含量持续增加，在36 h达到3.83 mg/g，是未萌发藜麦黄酮含量的2.5倍。综合分析可知，藜麦最佳萌发时长为36 h，且萌发藜麦乳的最佳配方添加量为：50.50%萌发藜麦汁，0.10%甜菊糖苷，0.20%复配乳化稳定剂（结冷胶:蔗糖酯=2:1），此时感官评分为87.26分，所制得的萌发藜麦乳整体色泽均匀、甜度适中、赋有藜麦自然清香。     

杏鲍菇谷蛋白理化性质及功能特性研究

以杏鲍菇为原料,采用Osborne法提取出杏鲍菇谷蛋白,并对其功能特性及理化性质进行研究。结果表明:杏鲍菇谷蛋白的等电点为4.3,谷蛋白的亚基分子量分布在30.28、25.39 kDa附近,总巯基、游离巯基、二硫键含量分别为67.06、28.90、14.35μmol/g,二级结构占比为α-螺旋31.41%、β-折叠55.15%、β-转角13.45%,变性温度为73.59℃,必需氨基酸占比为40.77%。杏鲍菇谷蛋白随着离子强度的增加,溶解度(solubility,S)及乳化稳定性(emulsification stability,ES)呈先增大后减小的趋势,持水性(water holding capacity,WA)、持油性(oil holding capacity,FA)、起泡性(foam capability,FC)及起泡稳定性(foam stability,FS)、乳化性(emulsion capability,EC)则呈相反趋势;随着温度的升高,S、WA、FC及FS、EC及ES都呈先增加后减小的趋势,FA则呈相反趋势;随着pH值增大,FS和ES呈先增大后减小的趋势,S、WA、FA、FC、EC则呈相反趋势;随着蔗糖浓度的增大,S、WA、FA、FC及EC都呈先增加后降低的趋势,FS及ES则呈相反趋势。     

藜麦发芽过程中蛋白质与皂苷及淀粉消化特性的变化规律

发芽是改善谷物质构及其营养价值的一种高效的加工方式。本文研究了藜麦发芽过程中蛋白质与皂苷及淀粉消化特性的变化规律。结果显示,发芽显著地提高了藜麦中粗蛋白和可溶性蛋白含量,分别增加了5.38%和17.55%。随着发芽时间不断增加,藜麦总淀粉、直链淀粉及支链淀粉含量分别减少25.95%、4.86%和29.53%,而还原糖含量增加了26.60%。发芽处理显著改善了藜麦种子的淀粉消化性能。发芽前藜麦种子中快消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉及抗性淀粉的百分含量分别为38.45%、43.64%和17.90%。发芽48h后,快消化淀粉的百分含量显著地增加至53.46%,而慢消化淀粉及抗性淀粉的百分含量分别下降至40.42%和6.11%。此外,发芽后藜麦种子中总皂苷含量显著增加了16.46%。研究表明,发芽的藜麦种子含有更好的营养价值和消化性能,可以用于加工功能性食品,促进人体健康。     

Physical,chemical and nutritional characteristics of puffed quinoa

Puffed quinoa can be used as ready-to-eat breakfast food or as an ingredient in snack formulations. In this study, puffed quinoa products with and without starch–chitosan coating were developed by gun, extrusion and microwave puffing at different process conditions (pressure, power, moisture content and energy consumption). Size, bulk density, colour, expansion index, water absorption and solubility, microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of organic matter and proteins of popped quinoa were assessed. Optimal process conditions for gun puffing were maximum 1.31 MPa after 780 s, 500 r.p.m. and 180 s for extrusion puffing and 1200 W for 60 s applying microwave puffing at 18–20% moisture contents. Gun and extrusion puffing yielded high-quality popped quinoa with a biological availability of organic matter between 84–88% and 79–90% for proteins. Extrusion and gun puffing are the most promising processes to prepare quinoa snacks.     

Gluten-free quinoa noodles: effects of intermediate moisture extrusion and soy protein isolates supplement on cooking quality and in vitro digestibility

Quinoa is considered as a superior gluten-free material due to its balanced composition of amino acids in protein and abundant nutrients. However, the processing behaviour of quinoa flour is limited by protein functional properties. In this study, twin-screw extrusion was used for the production of gluten-free quinoa noodles (GFQNs). Moisture was found to be closely related to the cooking quality and texture characteristics of extruded noodles by regulating the formation of starch gel. With this in concern, the moisture dose was optimised as 30%. Then, soy protein isolate (SPI) was supplemented into quinoa flour to improve the texture and cooking quality of GFQNs while decrease its in vitro starch digestibility. It was found that SPI could significantly reduce the cooking loss of GFQNs from 16.65% to 11.82% while increase the hardness of the noodles from 6.35 N to 7.99 N, and form a more porous structure as observed by SEM. Furthermore, the addition of SPI also delayed the in vitro hydrolysis rate of quinoa-based noodles, as shown by the significant decrease in rapid digestible starch around 8%. Therefore, quinoa–SPI mixture flour with the intermediate moisture extrusion showed prospective to develop low glycaemic index GFQNs.     

超声波辅助热碱法提取藜麦蛋白的工艺优化

以藜麦为原料,NaOH溶液为溶剂,通过超声波辅助热碱法提取藜麦可溶性蛋白,利用单因素实验和响应面试验对影响藜麦蛋白提取率的温度、超声时间、料液比和超声功率进行优化,并测定提取物的溶解度、乳化性和起泡性。结果表明藜麦蛋白的最佳提取条件为温度40 ℃,超声时间2 h,料液比为1∶35 g/mL,超声功率400 W,在该工艺条件下,藜麦蛋白的提取率可达78.20%,与响应面优化试验回归模型的值基本一致。藜麦蛋白的乳化性和起泡性研究表明,3.5%的藜麦蛋白溶液具有较好的溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性,溶解度为61.18%,乳化性为5.39 m2/g,乳化稳定性为255.59 min;3%的藜麦蛋白溶液具有较好的起泡性和泡沫稳定性,起泡性为101.0%,泡沫稳定性为66.0%。     

Effect of Processing on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Quinoa Flour (Chenopodium quinoa,Willd)

The nature and extent of the modification of starch in quinoa, caused by various processes like cooking and autoclaving of the seeds, drum drying of the flour and extrusion of the grits was investigated by measuring the physico-chemical properties - the water absorption, water solubility, swelling power, viscosity and degree of gelatinisation - of the processed samples. Autoclaved samples showed the lowest degree of gelatinisation (32.5% by DSC) of the starch, while the degree of gelatinisation of the precooked/drum dried samples was found to be 97.4% by DSC method. Higher polymer degradation was observed in cooked samples than in autoclaved samples as seen in the gel chromatographic separation. The water solubility in cooked samples (5.44 to 15.58) and in autoclaved samples (7.02 to 9.64) increased with the process time. In the extrusion process, the moisture content as well as the compression ratio was found to affect the degree of starch modification significantly (p <0.01).     

Effect of different treatments on the microstructure and functional and pasting properties of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.) and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) flours from the north‐east Argentina

The effect of germination (G; 5 days), soaking‐cooking (SC; 6 h–20 min, 6 h–40 min, 6 h–60 min) and microwave (M; 50%, 70%, 100%) treatments on pigeon pea (PP), dolichos bean (DB) and jack bean (JB) seeds was studied. Microstructure of seeds and functional (protein solubility, water‐holding capacity, oil‐holding capacity, emulsion stability) and pasting properties of flours were determined. Germination and microwave treatments modified the protein matrix of cotyledon cells preserving the shape of the starch granule, whereas the SC treatment (6 h–60 min) affected both. The soaking‐cooking is the most influential treatment on the functional properties of PP, DB and JB flours, as increased water absorption capacity (73–96%), decreased protein solubility (>80%) and the tendency to retrogradation of amylose (69–85%) also improved emulsion stability.