生命周期理论视角下的食品碳足迹分析及其应用研究进展——以国外主要肉类食品为例

随着全球肉类食品需求的增加,在此类食品生产各环节涉及能源和物质投入的同时,也伴随着大量温室气体的排放,基于生命周期理论对肉类食品生产的碳足迹进行分析对于碳标签在中国的应用及食品碳排放具有重要的约束意义。发达国家在此方面已经进行了前沿的理论研究和实践探索,而我国仍处于起步阶段。本文旨在衡量三种主要肉类食品即牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉在世界主要出口大国如澳大利亚、巴西、日本等国的温室气体(GHG)排放数据(也称碳足迹),以生命周期理论为基础,利用这些国家的研究方法,计算肉类食品系统链的GHG排放数据、探索生命周期理论在计算碳排放的优点和限制,发掘此种方法应用在碳标签上的前景,使消费者增强产品生产对环境影响的意识,以期实现碳减排目标方面产生实质性的作用,同时探索碳标签在引导食品消费上的应用前景,这也成为我国探寻碳标签制度进一步发展的驱动力。     

我国食品行业建立食品碳标签标识探析

低碳经济号召下,发展以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的低碳食品已成为越来越多人的共识。食品碳足迹分析有助于了解食品生产温室气体碳排放和寻找碳减排策略。本文对食品碳足迹与碳标签相关概念进行了介绍,分析了国内外实施食品碳标签的现状,对我国建立食品碳标签体系的意义进行了阐述,为促进我国食品碳标签体系的发展提供借鉴与参考。     

纺织品碳标签的发展与展望

如今,全球变暖已经成为国际环境问题中的热点,而温室气体排放是导致全球变暖的主要原因。国际上以碳足迹表示人类在生产和消费活动中所排放温室气体总量,文章以PAS2050:2008《商品和服务在生命周期内的温室气体排放评价规范》为基础,结合碳足迹理论与生命周期评价技术(Life Cycle Assessment),说明纺织品碳标签的必要性并对纺织品碳标签的现状进行了分析。     

啤酒碳足迹及计算案例专题论述

啤酒生产周期长、能耗高,对啤酒开展碳足迹研究十分必要。本文采用生命周期评价（Life Cycle Assessment,LeA）的方法,结合沈阳工厂8°P雪花纯生啤酒碳足迹的计算案例,对国内外啤酒生产从原料、包装物、工厂生产等各个环节的碳足迹、相关碳排放因子及管理进行了综述和比较。旨在为国内啤酒碳足迹计算模型的建立奠定基础,确定节能减“碳”关键控制点,促进国内啤酒厂的可持续发展。     

丝绸产品碳足迹核算的关键问题讨论

为准确核算丝绸产品的碳足迹,本文对核算边界、核算数据、温室气体去除、研究结果计算等关键问题进行了分析讨论。研究结果表明：选择“摇篮到大门”或“大门到大门”作为丝绸产品碳足迹的核算边界具有较好的可操作性;确定核算边界内的关键温室气体排放源,必要时选择适用的数据分配方法并保持核算边界内分配方法的一致性,可提高核算数据的质量;蚕丝生物碳的温室气体去除量可在丝绸产品碳足迹核算结果报告时单独说明;丝绸企业的碳中和行动可纳入丝绸产品的碳足迹核算结果;核算边界一致和排放因子数据一致是不同丝绸产品碳足迹计算结果可比的两个关键前提。     

英国食品标“碳足迹”标签

英国政府计划给超市食品标上“碳足迹”标签，让消费者在选购食品的同时清楚地了解它们的二氧化碳排放量，采取绿色购物行为。 产品的碳足迹是指产品从原料取得、制造、包装、运输、废弃到回收，直接或间接的温室气体排放，碳标签是将产品的碳足迹以标签标示于商品。     

我国啤酒全生命周期的碳足迹研究

减少以碳为代表的温室气体排放量是全球趋势。许多制造业开展了本行业产品生产碳排放量（俗称“碳足迹”1的调查和测算,以引导行业低碳发展,并逐步通过“碳标签”向公众揭示产品的“碳足迹”,展示负责任企业的公众形象。在分析国际相关研究的基础上。中国食品发酵工业研究院等单位开始了啤酒“碳足迹”的研究,2011年12期的《啤酒科技》上刊登了首篇关于介绍“碳足迹”的论文,2012年将该方面的调查和研究纳入了啤酒分会技术委员会的工作内容。在12月召开的技术委员会年会上。对啤酒“碳足迹”的论述和计算进行了交流和探讨。为推动啤酒行业关于“碳足迹”工作的进一步开展,本刊精选了几篇关于啤酒“碳足迹”的论文,从本期开始陆续刊登。由于在啤酒产品生命周期的“碳足迹”计算中,涉及因子及影响因素很多,因此,从不同范围和不同参数计算“碳足迹”的结果会有较大差异,所刊登论文的相关内容仅供业内参考。今后,需要通过业内的不断努力．开展广泛的研究和交流,才能使啤酒“碳足迹”的计算不断完善和规范,以促进啤酒产品碳排放量的不断降低。     

基于产品生命周期评价方法的燃气热水器碳足迹研究

随着全球变暖问题的日益突出，碳足迹概念被引入到产品的全生命周期评价中。碳足迹是指产品在生产、使用和废弃的整个生命周期中，对环境造成影响的温室气体排放总量。以燃气热水器为例，以产品的碳足迹为研究对象，将产品分为原材料阶段、生产阶段和使用阶段3个阶段，并对其进行详细的分析。结合IPCC排放因子，通过计算，得出产品生命周期各阶段的碳足迹。通过与其他热水器的碳足迹进行比较，分析了燃气热水器生命周期各阶段的碳足迹情况。结果表明：燃气热水器在使用阶段产生的碳排放较多。     

基于PAS 2395的纺织产品碳足迹核算与评价

为准确量化与评价纺织产品生命周期内的碳足迹,详细解析了PAS 2395:2014纺织产品全生命周期温室气体排放评价规范。结果表明:清晰设定核算边界是纺织产品生命周期内碳足迹核算的先决条件;核算数据的质量直接影响纺织产品碳足迹核算结果的不确定度;共生产品碳排放量的分配根据产品特性是否相似而分别选择产量或经济价值作为拆分依据;碳足迹核算结果的评价可以进行全生命周期阶段的评价,也可以针对生命周期中某一阶段进行重点评价,以减少产品的碳足迹。     

国内外啤酒足迹研究现状及探讨研究

1前言 2011年初雪花啤酒研发团队对啤酒碳足迹计算进行了资料收集、整理,依据PAS2050：2008,商品和服务在生命周期内的温室气体排放评价规范及PCC 2006,国家温室气体清单指南等标准,采用生命周期评价（LCA）理论,完成了产品碳足迹通用方法及啤酒碳足迹计算方法的总结报告。     

食物系统的温室气体排放及其减排策略研究进展

食物系统是一个由食物生产、加工、分配、制备和消费相关的所有要素和活动组成的复杂巨系统,其贡献了全球34%的温室气体排放,成为全球气候变化最大的驱动力之一。本文采用文献分析法,从评价方法、系统评价、减排策略和不确定性分析4 个层面综述食物系统温室气体排放研究进展,提出在未来研究中亟需从准确评价各国居民膳食消费量、完善碳足迹核算系统边界、使用区域本地化碳足迹参数3 个方面提高评价结果的准确性,以期为实现食物系统低碳可持续转型提供理论依据。     

Research Developments in Methods to Reduce the Carbon Footprint of the Food System: A Review

Global warming is a worldwide issue with its evident impact across a wide range of systems and sectors. It is caused by a number of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, in which food system has made up of a large part. Recently, reduction of GHG emissions has become an urgent issue to be resolved in the food system. Many governments and organizations are making great endeavors to alleviate the adverse effect of this phenomenon. In this review, methods to reduce the carbon footprint within the life cycle of a food system are presented from the technical, consumption behavior and environmental policies perspectives. The whole food system including raw material acquisition, processing, packaging, preservation, transportation, consumption, and disposal are covered. Improving management techniques, and adopting advanced technology and equipment are critical for every stage of a food system. Rational site selection is important to alleviate the influence of land use change. In addition, environmental choices of packaging stage, reduction in refrigeration dependence, and correct waste treatment are essential to reduce the total carbon footprint of the production. However, only technical methods cannot radically reverse the trend of climate change, as consumption behaviors present a great deal of influence over climate change. Appropriate purchase patterns and substitution within food product categories by low carbon products can reduce GHG emissions. Development of methods to calculate the carbon footprint of every kind of food and its processing technology enable people to make environmental choice. Policy can shape and cultivate the new code of consumption and influence the direction of emerging technology and science. From political perspectives, government intervention and carbon offset are common tools, especially for carbon tax and a real or implicit price of carbon. Finally, by mitigating the methodologies described above, the rate and magnitude of climate changes can be also reduced to some extent.     

论产品碳足迹导向的服装低碳消费方式

为降低温室气体排放,在商品上标示碳足迹已成为国际流行趋势。碳足迹标识可告诉消费者该商品的碳排放足迹。近几年,国内外相关规范与标准的发布,标志着国内企业及消费者对于碳排放的关注已进入全民实践阶段。服装作为衣、食、住、行之首,可以通过碳足迹标识的推广,引导消费,改变原有的高碳消费习惯。     

Quantifying carbon footprint reduction opportunities for U.S. households and communities

Carbon management is of increasing interest to individuals, households, and communities. In order to effectively assess and manage their climate impacts, individuals need information on the financial and greenhouse gas benefits of effective mitigation opportunities. We use consumption-based life cycle accounting techniques to quantify the carbon footprints of typical U.S. households in 28 cities for 6 household sizes and 12 income brackets. The model includes emissions embodied in transportation, energy, water, waste, food, goods, and services. We further quantify greenhouse gas and financial savings from 13 potential mitigation actions across all household types. The model suggests that the size and composition of carbon footprints vary dramatically between geographic regions and within regions based on basic demographic characteristics. Despite these differences, large cash-positive carbon footprint reductions are evident across all household types and locations; however, realizing this potential may require tailoring policies and programs to different population segments with very different carbon footprint profiles. The results of this model have been incorporated into an open access online carbon footprint management tool designed to enable behavior change at the household level through personalized feedback.     

基于碳足迹的再制干酪混合机绿色设计

以再制干酪为研究对象开展全生命周期碳足迹分析,选取碳足迹污染较为严重环节中的典型生产设备完成设备的绿色优化设计。研究为补充该行业碳足迹数据库,为该行业环境污染提供理论支持;并为再制干酪生产设备的绿色优化研究提供参考性意见。     

Sustainability of meat production beyond carbon footprint: a synthesis of case studies from grazing systems in Uruguay

Livestock production has been challenged as a large contributor to climate change, and carbon footprint has become a widely used measure of cattle environmental impact. This analysis of fifteen beef grazing systems in Uruguay quantifies the range of variation of carbon footprint, and the trade-offs with other relevant environmental variables, using a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Using carbon footprint as the primary environmental indicator has several limitations: different metrics (GWP vs. GTP) may lead to different conclusions, carbon sequestration from soils may drastically affect the results, and systems with lower carbon footprint may have higher energy use, soil erosion, nutrient imbalance, pesticide ecotoxicity, and impact on biodiversity. A multidimensional assessment of sustainability of meat production is therefore needed to inform decision makers. There is great potential to improve grazing livestock systems productivity while reducing carbon footprint and other environmental impacts, and conserving biodiversity.     

食品生命周期碳排放评价技术规范研究

基于生命周期评价(LCA)理论,初步提出了食品生命周期碳排放评价原则,对评价程序、评价对象、评价范围、系统边界确定、数据收集、碳排放计算等进行了探讨,为食品生命周期碳排放评估提供参考。     

Life cycle carbon footprint of shale gas: review of evidence and implications

The recent increase in the production of natural gas from shale deposits has significantly changed energy outlooks in both the US and world. Shale gas may have important climate benefits if it displaces more carbon-intensive oil or coal, but recent attention has discussed the potential for upstream methane emissions to counteract this reduced combustion greenhouse gas emissions. We examine six recent studies to produce a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis of the carbon footprint of both shale and conventional natural gas production. The results show that the most likely upstream carbon footprints of these types of natural gas production are largely similar, with overlapping 95% uncertainty ranges of 11.0-21.0 g CO(2)e/MJ(LHV) for shale gas and 12.4-19.5 g CO(2)e/MJ(LHV) for conventional gas. However, because this upstream footprint represents less than 25% of the total carbon footprint of gas, the efficiency of producing heat, electricity, transportation services, or other function is of equal or greater importance when identifying emission reduction opportunities. Better data are needed to reduce the uncertainty in natural gas's carbon footprint, but understanding system-level climate impacts of shale gas, through shifts in national and global energy markets, may be more important and requires more detailed energy and economic systems assessments.     

气候变暖背景下的低碳可持续发展及碳足迹计算

发达国家自工业革命后的100余年中释放了大量温室气体使地球气候变暖,造成海平面上升,极端天气频现,危害人类生命安全.联合国为此多次召开气候大会,其中具有里程碑意义的有2次:(1)1997年气候会议签署《京都议定书》,确定6种温室气体,开启低碳可持续发展道路并建立碳足迹制度;(2)2015年气候会议中大部分国家签署《巴黎...     

食品生命周期碳排放评价研究

基于生命周期评价（LCA）理论,探讨界定食品生命周期碳排放的核算范围,对食品生命周期从原料生产、加工、消费到废物处理各阶段的碳排放进行清单分析,并提出了食品生命周期碳排量的评价框架和方法。