谈啤酒高浓酿造工艺过程的控制

所谓高浓酿造就是指在麦汁制备时提高麦汁浓度,并且进行高浓麦汁的酵母发酵,待发酵液成熟以后,再根据成品啤酒对原麦汁浓度的要求,通过稀释设备实现成品啤酒的浓度控制。该方法不需增加大的生产设备投入就能实现产量的提高,可谓投资小见效快。高浓酿造技术能否成功应用,工艺的调整、过程的控制是关键。我认为在工艺过程中应注意以下几环节的调控。     

啤酒高浓度发酵后稀释工艺的应用

本文对啤酒高度浓度发酵后稀释酿造工艺进行探讨，主要讨论了高浓糖化、发酵和稀释过程及控制措施，结果表明，采取适合的啤酒高浓度发酵后稀释酿造技术，能有效地提高旺季产量、设备的利用率和降低成本。     

影响高浓啤酒发酵因素控制研究

70年代（TheBrewer1997,No．2）美国推出了“高浓发酵、后稀释工艺”,采用高浓度麦汁进行发酵,在过滤前用充CQZ的无菌水稀释成12“BX或以下浓度的啤酒[1]。高浓发酵具有提高生产率、节约能源、啤酒风味和稳定性好、提高设备利用率的优点[2]。R．McCaig等对啤酒高浓酿造已进行了较全面和深入的研究。在我国,华光啤酒厂于80年代首先推出了高浓发酵后稀释工艺,现在已有许多厂家采用,目前国外关于高浓发酵的麦汁浓度已达到30“BX左右。但是,高浓发酵随着麦汁浓度的提高,酵母对浓度的适应性发生变化,如对影响发酵的各因素控制不当…     

啤酒高浓度发酵后稀释工艺的应用

本文对啤酒高浓度发酵后稀释酿造工艺进行探讨，主要讨论了高浓糖化、发酵和稀释过程及控制措施。结果表明，采取适合的啤酒高浓度发酵后稀释酿造技术，能有效地提高旺季产量、设备的利用率和降低成本。     

高浓酿造啤酒酵母菌株的筛选

高浓酿造发酵周期长，发酵不完全，酵母的活力低。普通的啤酒酵母多应用于低浓麦汁酿造。将轻度诱变的工业酵母茵株接种到25°P麦汁中进行厌氧发酵，培养至大部分酵母细胞死亡，培养过程中麦芽糖的浓度维持在50mM／L，发酵结束时，发酵液中酒精的含量上升到140g／L。将以此为底物筛选得到的诱变株（突变率为5．0×10^-6）重新于25°P麦汁中发酵。不仅缩短了发酵周期，而且提高了发酵度，同时又保证了啤酒的风味。     

啤酒高浓酿造技术的研究进展

概述了啤酒高浓酿造技术的特点及存在的问题,对啤酒高浓酿造中涉及到的菌种选育、麦汁制备过程、啤酒发酵过程及啤酒风味、泡沫稳定性等方面的研究进展进行了详细阐述.     

谈啤酒的高浓稀释技术

高浓稀释我国啤酒行业中普遍采用的一种提高啤酒产量、设备利用率的酿酒工艺。传统的德国酿造法,把经过煮沸并冷却的麦汁浓度称之为“定型麦汁浓度”,“定型麦汁浓度”暨为“原麦汁浓度”,欧洲的相关法律法规规定“定型麦汁浓度”在以后啤酒生产的工序中不能加以改变。高浓稀释酿酒的啤酒生产工艺是对上述欧洲传统法的重大改变,因为高浓稀释酿酒工艺是利用高浓麦汁,经酿造后加以稀释,使其达到要求标准的低浓啤酒。     

高浓和低度麦汁发酵中酵母蛋白质水解活性及其对啤酒泡持性的影响

本论文主要是阐述在发酵过程中高浓酿造对酵母蛋白酶活力的影响,对来自麦汁的疏水多肽损失的影响以及对贮藏啤酒泡沫稳定性的影响。在整个发酵期间低度麦汁(10°P)中疏水多肽的含量显示出平稳下降,但对于20°P 麦汁在发酵的前8天显示出快速的下降,剩下的时间变化不明显。高浓酿造疏水多肽下降程度较大,发酵过程中蛋白酶 A 增长,发酵结束时达到最高水平。从发酵的第3天到第11天高浓发酵酵母蛋白酶水平至少是低度发酵的两倍。高浓酿造的啤酒中所含的蛋白酶 A 活力比低度酿造的啤酒中高出很多。FERMCAP~(TM)包含物,一种消泡物质,在高浓麦汁中既不影响疏水多肽的水平也不影响最终啤酒的泡沫稳定性。这表明蛋白酶 A 必定是高浓酿造啤酒泡沫稳定性差的主要因素,而不是由于发酵罐中的起泡造成的。对瓶装的高浓及低度酿造的啤酒进行泡持性的测量,周期为五个月,结果表明两种啤酒的泡沫稳定性都平稳下降。灭菌后的高浓和低度啤酒不会出现泡持力下降的趋势。     

啤酒高浓酿造中氨基酸对酵母发酵性能和啤酒色值的影响

探讨在24?°P高浓啤酒发酵过程中8?种氨基酸（Met、Phe、Trp、Arg、His、Ile、Leu、Lys）的不同添加量（分别为原麦汁中相应氨基酸含量的0.5、1?倍和2?倍）对酵母生理特性、发酵性能和啤酒色值的影响。结果表明：8?种氨基酸的补充可显著提高麦汁发酵度、乙醇产量,促进酵母生长,提高酵母活细胞率,改善啤酒色值。其中,补充1?倍氨基酸的高浓麦汁发酵性能较好,与对照组相比,发酵度、乙醇产量、最大悬浮酵母细胞数和发酵结束时的酵母活细胞率分别提高了6%、17%、11%和10%。添加氨基酸的高浓酿造啤酒经稀释后,啤酒色泽依然鲜亮,且添加1?倍氨基酸酿造而成的啤酒经稀释后色差（ΔE）最小,色泽最接近青岛纯生啤酒。     

高浓麦汁改良提高啤酒酵母发酵性能的研究进展

啤酒高浓酿造技术由于可在不增加生产设备的基础上大幅提高啤酒产量、降低能耗和劳动力、改善啤酒口感而深受啤酒酿造商的青睐。但该技术对酵母菌种的要求非常苛刻,高渗透压胁迫和高乙醇毒性导致酵母生长缓慢、细胞活性降低,严重影响到酵母的发酵性能和啤酒品质。目前,多种酵母营养添加物已经应用于高浓麦汁中来改善酵母的发酵性能,包括金属离子、脂肪酸、甾醇和氮源等。改善麦汁营养组成可降低酵母细胞对外界压力的敏感性从而提高其发酵性能。但是,麦汁组成的改变很可能对啤酒口感、酒体稳定性和啤酒泡沫产生不利的影响。系统综述了国内外通过添加多种营养物质优化麦汁组成改善细胞生理特性、酵母发酵性能及啤酒产品质量的研究进展。     

Comparing the Impact of Environmental Factors During Very High Gravity Brewing Fermentations

The impact of the initial dissolved oxygen, fermentation temperature, wort concentration and yeast pitching rate on the major fermentation process responses were evaluated by full factorial design and statistical analysis by JMP 5.01 (SAS software) software. Fermentation trials were carried out in 2L‐EBC tall tubes using an industrial lager brewing yeast strain. The yeast viability, ethanol production, apparent extract and real degree of fermentation were monitored. The results obtained demonstrate that very high gravity worts at 22°P can be fermented in the same period of time as a 15°P wort, by raising the temperature to 18°C, the oxygen level to about 22 ppm, and increasing the pitching rate to 22 × 10⁶ cell/mL. When diluting to obtain an 11.5°P beer extract, the volumetric brewing capacity increased 91% for the 22°P wort fermentation and 30% using the 15°P wort. After dilution, the fermentation of the 22°P wort resulted in a beer with higher esters levels, primarily the compound ethyl acetate.     

Optimisation of High Gravity and Diet Beer Production in a German Brewery by Flow Cytometry

Increasing the quantity of beer production without diminishing the quality of the product is a key concern of the beer producing industry. Modifications to the brewery's equipment and settings are the most commonly used methods to improve the brewing process, while the supreme importance of the physiological state of the beer producing organisms, the yeast cells, for the productivity of the brewing process is often poorly recognised. The work described here was designed to optimise two processes: the inoculation regime used to produce high gravity bottom-fermenting beer, and the production of high quality diet beer. To achieve these aims, flow cytometry was used to follow changes in the distribution of DNA, neutral lipid and 3β-hydroxsterol contents in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis strains during inoculation, fermentation and storage. This allowed potential time-saving alterations in the process to be identified. Double staining techniques proved that vigorous fermentative activity and long-term survival capacity during main and secondary fermentation requires intense multiplication of the yeast cells during inoculation. The production of high gravity beer was then enhanced by altering the schedule of the wort additions, and thus increasing the yeast's activities related to multiplication. To produce diet beer, oligosaccharides that remain after the standard brewing process are degraded by adding small amounts of wort, usually during secondary fermentation. However, during this period of fermentation the physiological activity of the yeast cells is hampered by low carbon and high ethanol concentrations. Adding small batches of wort at carefully defined time points and in optimised amounts, even during the main fermentation, improves the physiological state of the yeast cells and rapidly decreases the carbon concentration within the fermentation tank. Both of these factors help to promote quick fermentation to a high quality diet beer. Thus, the flow cytometric investigations provided a reliable basis for identifying effective means of improving the process regime for brewing both of these products.     

高浓高温对啤酒酵母发酵性能的影响

以啤酒酵母S-6为实验菌株,研究了主发酵温度和原麦汁浓度对啤酒发酵的残糖、酒精度、风味物质和絮凝性等性能指标的影响。结果表明,原麦汁浓度一定时,主发酵温度对高级醇和乙酸酯的含量影响较大,主发酵温度由10 ℃提高至16 ℃时,高级醇含量提高了10%～20%,乙酸酯含量提高了8%～16%,但CO2累积质量损失、残糖、酒精度和絮凝性基本不受温度的影响;主发酵温度一定时,原麦汁浓度对酵母絮凝性影响较大,原麦汁浓度越高,酵母絮凝性越低,将高浓（18 °Bx）发酵液稀释50%至常浓（12 °Bx）,残糖、酒精度和高级醇的含量与常浓发酵液基本相同。该研究为选育高温高浓发酵低产高级醇同时强絮凝性酵母菌株提供了重要依据。     

High Gravity Brewing by Continuous Process Using Immobilised Yeast: Effect of Wort Original Gravity on Fermentation Performance

The present work evaluated the influence of all‐malt wort original gravity on fermentative parameters and flavour‐active compound formation during primary fermentation of high gravity brewing by a continuous process using a lager yeast immobilised on a natural carrier obtained from brewer's spent grain (the main brewery by‐product). The all‐malt worts with original gravity (OG) ranging from 13.4 to 18.5°Plato were prepared by diluting a very‐high‐gravity wort (20°Plato) with sterile brewery water. The continuous assay was carried out in a bubble column bioreactor with a total working volume of 5.2 litres, at 15°C, using a constant gas flow rate of 250 mL/min (200 mL/min of CO₂ and 50 mL/min of air) and a dilution rate of 0.04 h^?1 (residence time of 25 h). The results indicated that as the wort OG was increased, the ethanol concentration of the outflowing beer increased. On the other hand, the continuous fermentation of the most concentrated worts (16.6 and 18.5°Plato) resulted in beers with unbalanced flavour profiles due to excessive ethyl acetate formation. The immobilised cell concentration appeared to be nearly independent from increasing wort OG.     

应用糖浆高浓酿造啤酒的工艺浅析

高浓酿造啤酒起源于20世纪70年代美国和加拿大，现已遍及欧美啤酒行业。其优点有：(1)提高糖化和发酵设备利用率，节省投资；(2)降低能耗和成本；(3)提高糖分的转化率；(4)提高啤酒非生物稳定性和质量；(5)可添加稀释水、麦芽提取物、酒花萃取物及糖浆生产多类型产品，灵活性较大。缺点有：(1)酒花利用率低；(2)起泡性和稳定性下降；(3)对啤酒酵母有不利影响；(4)发酵时间延长；(5)对水质要求严格；(6)需调整原料、糖化工艺和发酵工艺；(7)长期生产需专门的糖浆贮存设备和糖浆添加泵；(8)不宜酿造浓醇型啤酒。     

SOME REASONS WHY HIGH GRAVITY BREWING HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON HEAD RETENTION*

Our aim was to examine the effect of high gravity brewing on head retention with respect particularly to the effect of high gravity brewing on hydrophobic polypeptide levels. High gravity brewed beer had poorer head retention values when compared to a similarly brewed low gravity beer. Analysis of hydrophobic polypeptide levels in both high gravity wort (20° Plato) and low gravity wort (10° Plato) produced using a lauter tun, revealed that the high gravity wort contained 8% less hydrophobic polypeptide than the low gravity wort (undiluted basis). Analysis of hydrophobic polypeptides throughout the brewing process for these 10°P and 20°P brews demonstrated that the hydrophobic polypeptide content decreased, especially during the kettle boil and fermentation. Furthermore, the high gravity brewed beer suffered the greatest loss, leaving the final beer with approximately 40% less hydrophobic polypeptides than the low gravity beer. Brewing at 10°P and 20°P using a mash filter demonstrated that these filters can improve the head formation and stability of the resultant beers at sales gravity. However, the low gravity beer still produced a more stable foam (Rudin value 93 s) when compared to the high gravity beer (Rudin value 83 s). The mash filter slightly increased the hydrophobic polypeptide extraction. It is concluded that the mash filter produced higher hydrophobic polypeptide levels in the final beers, as well as having a positive effect on reducing the levels of foam negative compounds such as fatty acids in the wort, and therefore slightly improved head retention values .     

Yeast Proteolytic Activity During High and Low Gravity Wort Fermentations and its Effect on Head Retention

The aim was to discover the effect of high gravity brewing on yeast protease activity during fermentation, on the loss of hydrophobic polypeptides from wort during fermentation, and on the foam stability of stored beer. The hydrophobic polypeptide content of low (10° Plato) gravity worts showed a steady decline throughout fermentation, but for the 20° Plato wort there was a rapid decline over the first 8 days of fermentation, followed by little change over the remaining period. The decrease in hydrophobic polypeptides was greater in the high gravity fermentation. Proteinase A increased during fermentations with the highest levels being present at the end of fermentations. High gravity fermentations exhibited levels of yeast protease that from the 3rd to 11th day of fermentation were at least twice the values of the low gravity fermentations. The high gravity brewed beer contained significantly higher levels of proteinase A activity than the low gravity brewed beer. The inclusion of FERMCAP™, an antifoam, in high gravity wort did not affect either the hydrophobic polypeptide levels or foam stability of the resultant beer. This suggests that proteinase A, rather than fermenter foaming, must be the major contributor to the lack of foam stability of high gravity brewed beer. Head retention measurements conducted on the high and low gravity brewed bottled beers, over a five month period, demonstrated a steady decline in foam stability for both beers. The declines in head retention did not occur in high and low gravity beers that had been pasteurised.     

Vitamins in brewing: presence and influence of thiamine and riboflavin on wort fermentation

Thiamine and riboflavin vitamers are present in a wide range of foods including beer. These vitamers play critical roles in a variety of enzymatic complexes and can promote and maintain metabolism. Currently, the presence and role of these vitamers in the malting and brewing industry have not been widely explored. This research investigated the effects of various fermentation conditions that may lead to the variations in the vitamin content in beer observed by previous researchers. The present research found that during fermentation, the thiamine content of wort is quickly utilized within the first 6 h of a standard fermentation and the uptake of this vitamin is not affected by increases in wort gravity. While no significant changes were observed in extracellular phosphorylated vitamers of thiamine, both free thiamine and thiamine diphosphate accumulated intracellularly during the wort fermentation. Meanwhile extracellular riboflavin vitamers were only poorly utilized during beer fermentations, however flavin mononucleotide rapidly accumulated intracellularly and more so under aerobic conditions. When yeast was exposed to an all‐malt high‐gravity wort, the thiamine or riboflavin utilization was not affected. However, thiamine utilization was reduced in adjunct‐driven high‐gravity worts. Notwithstanding the lowered thiamine uptake under high‐gravity conditions; there were some minor improvements in fermentation performance and yeast viability. The addition of thiamine to an all‐malt wort did appear to enhance yeast viability, both under normal and high‐gravity conditions. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Carrier‐free,continuous primary beer fermentation

Developing a sustainable continuous fermentation reactor is one of the most ambitious tasks in brewing science, but it could bring great benefits regarding volumetric productivity to modern breweries. Immobilized cell technology is often applied to reach the large densities of yeast needed in a continuous fermentation process. However, the financial cost associated with the use of carriers for yeast immobilization is one of the major drawbacks in the technology. This work suggests that yeast flocculation could address biomass immobilization in a gas‐lift reactor for the continuous primary fermentation of beer. Nearly 25 g dry wt L^?1 of yeast was flocculated in the reactor before interruption of the fermentation. Stable sugar consumption and ethanol production (4.5% alcohol by volume) from an 11°P wort was evidenced. The key esters and higher alcohols measured in the young beer met the standards of a finished primary beer fermentation. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling